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ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD. 



SPRINGFIELD, 

CHICAGO, 

CAIRO, 
PADUCAH, 
MEMPHIS, 
NEW ORLEANS, 
NASHVILLE, 

CHATTANOOGA, 
ATLANTA, 



^Through Sleepl^T^ tn „ 



W-TO-DATB DOUBLE 
DAILY SERVICE 
BETWEEN POINTS 
MENTIONED AND 
S T. LOUIS. 



c c. Mccarty, 

^vision Passen^r Agent 
ST. LOUIS, MO. 



A. H. HANSON, 

General Passenger Agent 
CHICAGO, ILL. 




OUR HEADQUARTERS. 



1843— 1900. 



Shapleigh's Hand Book 

CONTAINING INFORMATION FOR HARDWARE MEN, 

MECHANICS AND ARTISANS. COMPILED 

FOR THE CONVENIENCE OF 

OUR VALUED PATRONS, 



NJL£ !( C SMITfl, 




1900 

A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE COMPANY, 

ST, LOUIS, MO, 



THE LIBRARY OF 

CONGRESS, 
Two Copies Received 

APR, 8 1901 

Copyright entry 
CL.ASSCl.-KKr n«. 

/ o 3o3 

COPY B. 



IS~ 



/ 






Copyrighted 1900 NILE C. SMITH. 



» • . • •• ' o •. • • a 

• • «• e o % « «i«» c • 

• • e • s <.' • o «' <• • • 

e e aw • e 9 r - ci « « r 6 • 



* Introductory* * 



IN compiling this book we have endeavored to make 
the most useful and valuable selections from leading 
works, and the entire contents has been selected and ar- 
ranged with the idea of supplying information of a 
character which it is thought will be appreciated by our 
valued patrons. 

Every effort has been made to present the contents 
in a trustworthy and convenient form, and we hope the 
labor and expense involved will be fully compensated for 
by the book proving sufficiently useful to our trade. 

We desire to thank those manufacturers who have 
kindly supplied us with valuable information which was 
unobtainable elsewhere. 

Appended will be found a display advertisement of a 
few leading firms, in some of the principal lines we carry, 
and as the selection has been made with considerable 
care, we can guarantee satisfaction to all of our friends 
who place orders for their lines with us. 

A. F.SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 



A Page. 

Accidents to Boilers, to Prevent 28 
Accidents, Prevention, from 

Machinery 21-24 

Accidents by Shafting, to Pre- 
vent 24-25 

Alexander, the Great Ill 

Alloys, Table of 137 

Anvil, Largest 50 

Anvils, Dimensions of 218 

Apothecaries' and Imperial 

Measure 105 

Apothecaries' Weight 105 

Architects, Handy Facts for 134 

Arithmetic, bhort Cuts in 106 

Avoirdupois Weight 105 

Axles, Concord 197 

Axles, Load for 197 

Axles, Sizes and Weights of 197 



Bale Ties, Wire 238 

Bank of England Doors 45 

Bankrupt, Meaning of 146 

Barbed Wire Required for 

Fences. 108 

Bar Iron, Flat, Weight of 162 

Bell Metal, Composition of 50 

Bells, the largest 50 

Belting, Camel's Hair 37 

Belting, Horse Power of 136 

Belting, Table of 136 

Bicycle Gears, How to figure 45 

Birthuays 145 

Blasting Under Water 78 

Board and Plank Measurement . 112 

Boiler Chimneys 137 

Boiler Chimneys, Diameter and 

Height of 137 

Boilers, Care of ....... 17 

Boilers Circumference, points on 19 
Boilers, to Prevent Accidents to 28 

Boilers, Horizontal Tubular 154 

Boilers. Locomotive 154 

Bolts, Carriage 201 

Bolts, Machine, Sizes and 

Weights of 198 

Bolts, Stove 199 

Bolts, Tire 200 

Brass, Weight per Square Foot 

of 170 

Brasswai'e, to Clean 51 

Brick Required to Construct 

any Building 114 

Bricks. Number Required in a 

Building 116 

Bricks, why red 107 

Bricklayers and Plasterers, 

Facts for 115 

Browning Gun Barrels 38 



Page. 
Buggy Tops, Material Required 

for 238 

Builders Estimating Tables 117 

Builders, Facts for 114 

Builders. Useful Notes for 246-247 

Building, Largest in the U. S ... 48 
Building Materials, Wear and 

Tear of 122 



Cables, How Repaired 33-37 

Calcimine, How to Prepare 42 

Camel's Hair Belting 37 

Canada. Patent Laws of 80 

Candle-Power — 50 

Care of Boilers 17 

Care of Machinery 27 

Carpenters' Work and Measur- 
ing 119-120-121 

Case, Hardening 229 

Case, Hardening Mixtures 229 

Casks or Barrels, to Measure 106 

Cast Iron, Weight of 161 

Cast Iron Balls, Weight of 131 

Cast Iron Columns, Weight of 130 

Cast Iron, Round, Weight of .... 131 
Casters, Plate and Bedstead .. 219 
Cattle, to Ascertain the Weight 

of 106 

Cellar, to Disinfect 51 

Cement 116 

Cement, How to Use 123 

Cement and Lime, Weight of ... 128 

Cements, Useful 25 

Chain, Coil 249 

Chairs and Desks, Sizes for 

Schools 127 

Chimneys, Boiler 137 

Chimneys, Brick 154 

Circles, Areas of 132 

Circles, Circumferences of 13J 

Circular Arc, Length of U5 

Circular Measure 103 

Circular Saws, Use and Care of 11-16 

Circumference of Boilers 19 

Cistern Measure 106 

Cisterns, Capacity of 153 

Cloth Measure 105 

Cloth, to Make Waterproof 151 

Coal Screens, Mesh of 32 

Coil Chain 249 

Copper, Rolled 168 

Copper and Brass Wire, Weight 

of 169 

Copper, Rolled, Weight of 167 

Copoer, Rods. Weight of.... 167 

Copper, Weight per Square Foot 

of -170 

Copyright, the Law of in the U.S. 100 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 



Page. 
Cordage, Weight and Strength 

of - 192 

Corliss Engine 49 

Corn in Crib, Rules for Measur- 
ing - 106 

Corn, to Measure on a Floor.. 108 

Cross Ties, per Mile 158 

Cubic Measure 105 

Cyclists. Rules of the Road for- 45 



Decimal, Approximations 161 

Decimal. Equivalents 134 

Doors, Bank of England 45 

Doors. Hand of « 118 

Drain Pipe, Capacity of 160 

Drill List, for Taps with "V" 

Thread 174 

Drill List, for Taps with U. S. 

Standard Threads 175 

Drills, Grinding Twist 172 

Drills. Speed of 173 

Dry Measure 105 

Dynamite, Directions for Using - 77 

Dynamite, Storage of 77 

Dynamite, What it is and How 

Made 79 



Electric Light 148 

Electrical Terms 151 

Electricity, Storage of 150 

Electricity, Wonders of 147 

Emery Wheel, Speeds 222 

Emery Wheels, Table for Selec- 
tion of Grades 32 

Emery Wheels, Value of 33 

Engine, How to Find Horse- 
Power of 25 

Engineers, Information for.. 28 



Fables, Modern and Political- 250 
Fanning-Mill Wire Cloth, Mesh 

of - 32 

Facts, for Builders 114 

Fields and Lots, Contents of 108 

Fire Insurance 104 

Fire Proofing Woodwork 41 

Fireman, Rules for the 26 

First Commercial Transaction - 109 

Fishes, Curious Facts about 109 

Flange Joint, How to Make a 

Strong 21 

Floor, Wall and Roof Measure- 116 

Floors, Weight of 127 

Food, for Stock 107 

Foreign Patent Laws 80 

France, Patent Laws 82 



Page. 
Frozen Steam Pipe, How to 
Thaw 21 

G 

Game Laws 51-52-53-54 

Gas, Facts about 125 

Gas Leakage, How to Detect 44 

Gas-Pipe Tbreads, Universal 180 

Gauge Standard in U.S. for iron 

and Steel 186 

Gauges, American and Birming- 
ham 163 

Gauges, and Equivalents 162 

Gauges, Screw Compared 182-183 

Gauges, Wire and Screw Com- 
pared 184-185 

Gear Wheels, Sizing and Cut- 
ting of 230-231 

Gears, Dimensions of 233-234-235 

Gears, How to Figure Bicycle 45 

Geometrical Definitions 248 

Germany, Patent Laws of 83 

Ghent, Location of City of 107 

Glass, to Perforate 37 

Glass. Window 119 

Gold Miners, Table for 113 

Grade per Mile, Timber, etc. 109 

Grain Measure 106 

Graphophone 148 

Great Britain, Patent Laws of..— 86 
Grindstones, to Find the Weight 

of 41 

Gun Barrels. Browning 38 

Gun Clubs, How to Organize 68 to 73 
Guns and Game, hints to begin- 
ners 74 

H 

Hand of Doors 118 

Hatchets, Broad 219 

Hatchets, Claw 219 

Hatchets, Half 219 

Hatchets. Lath 219 

Hatchets, Shingling 219 

Highest Building 49 

Horse-Power of an Engine, How 

to Find 25 

Horse Shoes. American 208 

Horse Shoes, Burden 208 

Horse Shoes, Perkins 209 

Horse Shoes, Phoenix 210 

Horse Shoes, When Frst Made— 47 

Horse Shoe Nails, Ausable 212 

Horse Shoe Nails. Champlain .... 211 

Horse Shoe Nails, Putnam 211 

Horse Shoe Nails, Standard 211 

Horse Shoe Nails, Star 210 

Horse Shoe Pads 217 

Hunting 75 

Hydraulic Information 152 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 



• Page. 

Ice, Strength of 239 

Information for Engineers 28 

Inks, How to Mix 137 

Introductory 5 

Insurance 104 

Iron, Bar, Square and Round 188 

Iron, Estimated Weight of Hoop 190 
Iron, Estimated Weight of Half 

Oval 190 

Iron, Estimated Weight of Oval 190 
Iron, Estimated Weight of Half 

Round 190 

Iron, Estimated Weight of Tire- 190 
Iron, Plat Rolled, Estimated 

Weight of 189 

Iron Ore, First Discovered in 

the United States 47 

Iron and Steel Sheets, Weight 



of 



187 



Iron, Wagon Box 191 

Iron, Weight per Square Foot 

of 170 

Iron and Wood, Weight of 128 

Italy, Patent Laws of 88 



Japan, Patent Laws of 91 

K 

Keeping Tools 31 



Land Measure 107 

Largest Structure Ever Built .... 48 
Lathe Centers, Directions for 

Hardening 223 

Lathe, How to Gear for Screw 

Cutting 20 

Lathes, Engine, Rules for Gear- 
ing 236-237 

Lead, Sheet, Weight of 160 

Live Bird Tournament, How to 

Conduct 73 

Locks, Pin Tumbler 249 

Log, Number of Cubic Feet in 

Round 109 

Logs, Reduced to inch Board 

Measure Ill 

Long Measure 105 

Lumber, to Find Quantity of, in 

a Log 109 

Lumber, Weight of Dry 121 

M 

Machine Tools, How to Erect 223 

Machinery, Care of 27 

Machinery, What It Accom- 
plishes - 248 

Man, as Denned by Plato 153 



Page. 
Mandrels, Sizes of Circular Saw 219 

Manhattan, Meaning of 123 

Mansion, Largest and Costliest— 49 

Marble Slabs, Weight of 128 

Mason Work 116 

Masonry, Weight of 128 

Materials, Estimates of 116 

Measure, Miscellaneous.. 105 

Measures of Capacity 107 

Measures. Domestic and Drop... 155 

Measures. Meaning of 165 

Mesh of Coal Screens 32 

Mesh of Fanning-Mill Wire 

Cloth 32 

Metals, Estimated Weight of 193 

Metals, Fluid Density of 140 

Metals, Tenacity of 140 

Metals, Value of .- 140 

Metals, Value as Conductors 140 

Metric Conversion, a Convenient 226 

Metric Lengths 105 

Metric Measures 105 

Metric System, Comparative 

Table 224-225 

Metric Tables 155 

Metric Weights 105 

Mexico, Patent Laws of 93 

Mica, Uses of 43-44 

Millimeters, Table of Decimal 

Equivalents of 227 

Mining Laws in the U. S 98-99 

Misnamed Things 240-241 

Modern Fables 250 

Molasses Gates 219 

Monkey Wrench.Why so Named 47 



Nails, for Different Kinds of 

work 158 

Nails, Horse Shoe 210-211-212 

Nails, Miscellaneous Wire 206 

Nails, Standard Penny Steel 

Wire 206 

Nails and Spikes 157 

Niagara Falls Ill 

Niagara, Horse Power of 50 



Ocean, Greatest Known Depth... 103 
Oil Stains, to Remove from 

Wood 50 

One Horse Power, Working 

Force of 50 



Padlocks, Comparative List of— 166 

Paint, Failure 246 

Paint, To Remove from Window 
Glass 51 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 



Page. 

Paints, How to Mix 137 

Painting, Cost of 246 

Painting and Glazing 326 

Paper Shells, Loads for 76 

Patent Laws, Foreign 80 

Patent, How to Obtain in the 

United States 101-102-103 

"Penny," Origin of Term 212 

Phonograph 147 

PianoPolish 151 

Piers, Strength of 127 

Pin Tumbler Locks 249 

Pipe, Block Tin 160 

Pistol Competitions, Rules Gov- 
erning 65-66-67-68 

Pitch, Lake of. 108 

Plane-Iron, How to Sharpen 38-39 

Planes, Comparative List of .... 165 

Plumbers, Tables for 159 

Points of Interest 47-48-49 

Polish for Wood - 43 

Powder and Shot, Quantities and 

Sizes 76 

Practical Calculations 105 

Prevention of Accidents 21-24 

Protractors. Table for Use With 177 

Pulleys, Steel, Sash - 249 

Pulleys. Calculating speed of 236 

Putty, for Plastering 115 



Rails per Mile, for R. R 158 

Railway, Electric 148 

Railway Gauges of the World 29 

Railway, New Form of an Elec- 
trical 179 

Recipes, Useful 50 

Redwood Finish 42 

Refrigerator, Misuse of 243 

Republic, the Oldest 128 

Rifle Competitions, Rules Gov- 
erning 65-66-67-68 

Rivets, Number in a Pound 202 

Rivets, Thousands 202 

Road, the Rule of the 151 

Rods, Copper, Weight of 167 

Roofers, Hints for 124 

Rope, How to Select 38 

Rules, Comparative List of 165 

Rules for the Fireman 26 

Rules of the Road for Cyclists— 45 

Rules for Trap Shooting 54-60 

Russia, Patent Laws of 95 



Salaries, Large 116 

Sash Pulleys, Steel 249 

Saws, Suggestions Concerning 
Circular. 11-16 



Page. 
Saws, Table of Speed of Circular 15 
Scantling and Timber Measure 110 

Screw- Auger, Inventor of 41 

Screw Gauges Compared 182-183 

Screw Head, Burying Out of 

Sight 43 

Screw Thread, 29 Degree 176 

Screws, Coach 201 

Screws, Coach, Gimlet Pointed-. 203 
Screws, Wood, Gross in a Case . 204 
Screws, Wood, Weight per Gross 205 

Seven Wise Men, Sayings of 113 

Seeds Required for Planting 156 

Shafting, to Prevent Accidents 

by 24-25 

Sheet Lead, Weight of 160 

Shingles, Number Required for 

a Roof 124 

Shot and Powder, Sizes and 

Quantities 76 

Shooting, Rules for Live Bird- 60-65 

Shooting Wells 78 

Shrubs, Plants and Trees, Num- 
ber in an Acre 107 

Signal Code, Railway 239 

Signs, Natural 146 

Sinks and Drains, to Disinfect. 50 

Skates, Sizes of _... 219 

Skeins, Weight of 191 

Slates, Number per Square 124 

Smoke Stains.to Take from Wall 50 
Specific Gravity of Various Sub- 
stances 139 

Speeo^pf Circular Saws 15 

Spikes, Railroad 158 

Splice Joints per Mile 158 

Springs, Coach Platform 196 

Springs, Concord 196 

Springs, Bolster or Half 196 

Springs, Elliptics, Weights and 

Sizes of 194-195 

Springs, Platform 196 

Spur Wheels 232 

Square Measure 105 

Squares and Cubes, Table of...- 

141-142-143-144 

Statue, Largest ever Built 47 

Steam Boilers, Points for those 

Operating 28 

Steam Engine, First on this Con- 
tinent 47 

Steam Engines, Horse Power of 135 

Steam for Heating 19 

Steam an Invisible Gas 31 

Steam Pipe, How to Thaw Out a 

Frozen 21 

Steel and Iron, to test 229 

Steel, Notes on the Working of.. 228 
Steel Punches, Tempering 30 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 



Page. 

Steel Sash Pulleys 249 

Steel Square, Use of 39-40 

Steel, Tempering 229 

Steel, Tensile Test of 139 

Steel, Weight per Square Foot of 170 
Stones, Crushing and Tensile 

Strength of 129 

Stones. Weight of 128 

Stovepipe, to Clean 51 

Stump Blasting 79 

Submarine Cables, How Re- 
paired 33-37 

Surveyor's Measure 105 

Suspension Bridge, Largest 47 



Tacks 157 

Taps, Machine Screw 175 

Taps, Table for Making .. : 179 

Tapers per Foot and Corres- 
ponding Angle - ... 177 

Target Shooting, Inanimate 54 

Targets ... 65 

Telegraph, First in America 47 

Telephone* 147 

Telephone, When Invented 47 

Tempering Steel Punches 30 

Temple of Worship, Largest .... 48 
Ten-Penny Cut Nails, Value of . 41 

Tensile Strength 139 

Thawing Dynamite 77 

Thermometer, How to Test 51 

Thread Parts, Table of 176 

Threads, Forms of :.*.. 171 

Thimble Skeins, Weight of 191 

Timber and Cast Iron, Compar- 
ative Strength of 117 

Timber Measure 110 

Timber, to Tell the Soundness 

of 109 

Time Measure 105 

Tire, Steel, Weight of ... 191 

Toe Calks, Length, Width and 

Thickness of 213-214-215-216 

Tools, Keeping Properly 31 

Tops, Buggy, Material Required 

for 238 

Tournament, to Conduct a Live 

Bird . 73 

Trademarks, the Law of. 101 

Transfer, How to Apply 46 



Page. 

Transverse Strength 139 

Trap Rules for Shooting 54-60 

Tree, How to Measure 106 

Troy Weight 105 

Twist Drill and Steel Wire 

Gauge, Equivalents of 178 

Twist Drills, Grinding 172 



Use of the Steel Square 39-40 

Useful Cement 25 

Useful Recipes 50 

U. S. Mining Laws 98-99 



Varnish. Points on 244-245 

Venice, Location of City of 107 

Vibration, How to Overcome 50 

Vise B<^xes and Screws .- 218 

Vises, Solid Box 218 

W 

Wandering Jew. 113 

Washington Monument 49 

Wedding Adversaries 145 

Weight of Various Substances ... 139 

Weights and Measures 105 

Weights and Measures, Handy... 155 

Wells, Shooting 78 

Wheel Proportions, Table of .... 207 

Wheel Stuff in Pairs 207 

Window Glass 119 

Wire Gauge, Different Stand- 
ards in the U. S 181 

Wire, Longest Span of 47 

Wire, Telegraph and Telephone 242 
Wire Ropes, Table of Transmis- 
sion of Power by 164 

Wire and Screw Gauge Compar- 
ed 184-185 

Wood, Bulk Measure 106 

Wood Materials, Shipping 

Weights of 220-221 

Wood, a Polish for 43 

Wood, Preserving 151 

Woods, Durability of 138 

Woodwork, Fire-Proofing 41 

Wrought Iron, Approximate 

Weight of 161 

Wrought, Iron, Assumed Weight 162 



10 



Practical Suggestions, Standard Rules, Etc., 

Concerning the Use and Care of 

Circular Saws. 

HANGING THE SAW. 

Before placing the new saw upon* the mandrel, be sure that 
the side so marked comes next to the log on your mill; if it 
does not, it should be sent to the factory to be hammered so as 
to suit your mill. 

Be sure that the mandrel is level, and that the saw when 
placed on it and the flanges screwed up, is perfectly plumb. 
The holes in the saw should be an easy fit on the mandrel and 
lug pins. 

Be sure that it does not bind on the mandrel or the pins. 
If it does, the least warmth of the mandrel will be sure to cause 
it to expand, bind and spring the saw. 

It should slip on readily, neither tight nor loose. 

Saws are often pronounced crooked when the fault is in 
the collars. 

If the position or ' ' dish ' ' of the saw is changed in the 
least by tightening the collars for work, the defect should be 
remedied at once. Put a straight-edge on the log side of the 
saw, and ascertain whether the fault is in the saw or in the 
collars. 

Thin saws, and saws of high speed, are put up very open 
so that the center will pull through, and the saw, when hung 
on the mandrel, may show concave or convex on the log side 
when standing still, but when run up to the speed for which it 
is hammered, it should straighten up and be flat, or nearly so, 
on the log side. 

When hung upon the mandrel and the collars tightened, 
the saw should be perfectly round, so that every tooth will 
do its proper work. Should the saw be too crowning or too 
dishing on the log side, the difficulty may be overcome by 
papering between the saw and the collars. If the saw is dished 
on the log side, cut a ring of paper of the size of the collar 
and about three-fourths inch wide : wet it with oil and lay it on 
the loose collar. 

Cut a smaller ring of paper of the same width to fit the 
mandrel, and place it on the mandrel against the fast collar. 
If one thickness of paper is not sufficient, add another ring, 
and so on until the saw, when clamped between the flanges, is 
brought to the proper position. 

Should the saw be too crowning on the log side, reverse 
the position of the paper rings, placing the large one next the 
fast collar and the smaller one next the loose collar. Letter 
paper for making the rings is preferable, being solid and firm. 



-LINING THE SAW WITH THE TRACK. 

Take all of the end play out of the mandrel. Run the 
carriage up past the saw so that one of the head-blocks will be 
opposite the center of the saw. Fasten a square piece of board 
on the head-block and let jbhe end of the board touch the face 
of the saw at its center. Then run the carriage back from the 
front of the saw 20 feet. Draw a line from the end of the 
board past the saw parallel with the track. The line where it 
passes the center of the saw should be from one-eighth inch to 
one-fourth inch from the face of the saw. This would show 
the track at 20 feet from the center of the saw on a line with 
the saw, and that the track at the center of the saw, if put 
down right, is one-eighth inch to one-fourth inch further off 
from the saw than at 20 feet distant. 

Some saws require more inclination toward the track than 
others, and the track being adjusted properly, any small varia- 
tion required may be accomplished by means of the set screws 
on the box. 

The track should be solid, level and perfectly straight, and 
the saw frame firmly anchored. Trouble is often caused by a 
neglect to keep the track in order, and it should be examined 
frequently. 

LEAD. 

We have shown that the lead of the saw to the log may be 
adjusted by its position to the track. It may be held to its 
work in the log by beveled filing on the back of the tooth. 
The teeth, if properly filed, should always be perfectly square 
on the front side, but if the saw tends to lead in or out of the 
log, it may be held to the proper position by beveling the back 
side of the tooth at the point. If the front of the tooth is filed 
perfectly square and the teeth are beveled on the back, on the 
broad side, this will lead your saw into the log, or, if you bevel 
on the log side, it will lead the saw out of the log. 

Should the saw lead in and out, or what is called " snaky," 
it is evident that it needs hammering, that the rim is too large 
for the center, and the saw needs opening out at the center. 
Such a saw may be run warm at the center and the difficulty 
overcome in this way; otherwise it will require hammering. 

POINTS TO BE OBSERVED. 

See that the track is solid, level and straight; that saw 
shaft is level and the saw hangs plumb ; that it goes on the 
mandrel easy, is a close fit, and that the lug pins have a bear- 
ing; that the tight collar is a little concave and the loose one 
perfectly flat; that the saw is straight on the log side when 

12 



the collars are screwed up and the saw run up to the required 
speed; that it is in line with the carriage and a little inclined 
toward the log; that the saw is perfectly round and has throat- 
room sufficient for the dust; that the teeth are not too high on 
the back side; that the teeth are filed perfectly square on the 
front side, and swaged sufficient to give clearance for the body 
of the saw; that there is very little, if any, end play to the 
mandrel; that the guides are perfectly adjusted when the saw 
is standing still. 

Do not try to lead the saw with the guide pins, but lead the 
saw by adjusting it properly to the track and by proper filing. 
If you wish the saw to run warm at the center, you can create 
friction by reducing the set or spread of the teeth. If the saw 
heats too much in the center, give it a little more set. If the 
saw heats on the rim it is because the teeth have not sufficient 
throat-room for clearance of the dust, or the backs of the teeth 
are too high. If the saw is too tight on the rim increase the 
motion if possible, and be sure to keep it cool in the center. 

The saw should be run at uniform speed both in and out 
of the cut. 

If the guide pins are run too close, the saw will heat at the 
rim and run "snaky." If gum is allowed to collect on the 
sides of the saw, the rim will heat from the friction. 

TRUEING SAW ON THE MANDREL. 

If the saw is in proper tension and does not run true, take 
all the end play out of the mandrel ; rest a small piece of board 
with one end sharpened, upon the saw frame; hold the sharp- 
ened end against the board side of the saw near the rim. Mark 
with chalk the high places or those that touch, and on the 
opposite side the hollow places or those which do not touch the 
board. Turn the saw so as to bring the high points directly 
over the arbor, and, with a sharp pull bend the points which 
are high on the board side toward you, and with a sharp push 
bend the parts which are high on the log side from you. By 
testing and bending in this way you may make a saw run per- 
fectly true on the mandrel which has been sprung or does not 
from any cause run true. 

CAUSES FOR HEATING ON THE RIM. 

Guide pins set too close. 

Teeth have not enough spread or set. 

Backs of the teeth too high. 

Not throat-room enough for saw dust. 

Accumulation of gum on the teeth. 

Saw not open enough in the body for the speed, 

13 



CAUSES OF HEATING AT CENTER. 

Teeth have not enough spread or set. 

Saw lined too much out of log. 

Mandrel runs too warm. 

Saw too open in the body or center for the speed. 

Speed not sufficient to expand the rim. 

Saw dished too much to or from the log. 

POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN ORDERING SAWS. 

In ordering a circular saw, the kind of work to be done and 
the power' at hand to drive it, should always be taken into 
account. 

GAUGE OF SAW. 

For mills of ordinary capacity, doing general work, we 
recommend saws seven gauge at the center, and eight on the 
rim. If the timber is valuable and the sawyer skillful, an eight 
by nine gauge may be used and in special cases an eight by ten 
gauge. Any lighter gauge than eight at the center and ten at 
the rim is considered impracticable for use in ordinary mills. A 
trial of very thin saws as an economical means, will in most 
cases, be followed by disappointment, for greater than ordinary 
skill is necessary to successfully manage thin saws, and the 
lumber saved by the reduced thickness of the saw is more than 
offset by the waste by bad cuts, where the sawyer is not an 
expert. 

The greater the speed and feed used, the heavier the saw 
should be to stand up to the work, hence it is that for the large 
mills, where the saving of time more than lumber is desired, 
saws of six and seven gauge are mostly in demand. 

NUMBER OF TEETH. 

With a high motion more teeth are required, for high feed 
follows great speed, and the saw having more work to do should 
have more teeth with which to do it, in order that the strain 
may be evenly distributed. 

The number of teeth, therefore, should depend not alone 
on the thickness of the saw, but on the kind of timber to be 
sawed, and the speed and feed of the mill. 

Having considered these matters, orders for circular saws 
should be accompanied by the following: 

INSTRUCTIONS FOR ORDERING CIRCULAR SAWS. 

When ordering circular saws, the following directions 
should be explicitly given; 

U 



Diameter of saw in inches; right or left hand; thickness 
or gauge of saw at rim; thickness or gauge of saw at center; 
number of teeth in saw; kind of tooth; size of mandrel hole; 
size of pin holes; distance between pin holes from center to 
center; number of revolutions per minute; greatest feed at 
each revolution of saw, in inches; kind of lumber to be sawed; 
spring set or swage; whether for ripping or cross-cutting. 
When ordering bolting saws, state whether rip or cross-cut. 

Standing in front of a circular saw, with the saw revolving 
toward you, if the log passes to the right of the saw it is a 
right-hand saw; if to the left, it is a left-hand saw. 

Saws run horizontally (such as shingle saws) are right-hand 
when revolving from left to right (against the sun) , or as you 
turn a right-hand screw thread to unscrew it. They are left- 
hand when revolving from right to left (with the sun) , or as 
you turn a right-hand screw thread to tighten it. 



TABLE OF SPEED OF CIRCULAR SAWS. 



Size of Saw. 
Inches. 


Rev. per Minute. 


Size of Saw. 
Inches. 


Rev. per Minute. 


8 


4,500 


42 


870 


10 


3,600 


44 


840 


12 


3,000 


46 


800 


14 


2,585 


48 


750 


16 


2,222 


50 


725 


18 


2,000 


52 


700 


20 


1,800 


54 


675 


- 22 


1,636 


56 


650 


24 


1,500 


58 


625 


26 


1,384 


60 


600 


28 


1,285 


62 


575 


30 


1,200 


64 


550 


32 


1,120 


66 


545 


34 


1,050 


68 


529 


36 


1,000 


70 


514 


38 


950 


72 


500 


40 


900 







The above table is figured on a periphery speed of 9,000 
feet per minute, but saws for portable mills are usually run at 
a speed of about 450 revolutions per minute, and saws for steam 
feed mills, from 600 to 900 revolutions per minute. 

15 



THE MOTION OF CIRCULAR SAWS* 

This is one of the most essential things to be observed, and 
no one can give this too much attention. If the speed of the 
saw is too high, it cannot do good work, besides rendering it 
liable to many accidents. It generates heat in the saw, makes 
it touchy and limber, and it will only run and do good work on 
light feed, and while the teeth are in the best of order, and 
have a keen, sharp, cutting corner; as soon as this is gone, the 
saw will run or dodge whenever it comes in contact with the 
least obstacle. And again: Too low has its objections, but it 
is not attended with such ruinous effects upon tne saw. These 
difficulties can be remedied to a limited extent by the hammer- 
ing of the saw, but cannot be entirely overcome. 

RULES FOR CALCULATING THE SPEED OF SAWS, PULLEYS 
OR DRUMS. 

Problem 1. The diameter of the driven being given, to find 
its number of revolutions. m 

Rule.— Multiply the diameter of the driver by its number 
of revolutions, and divide the product by the diameter of the 
driven; the quotient will be the number of revolutions of the 
driven. 

Problem 2. The diameter and revolutions of the driver 
being given, to find the diameter of the driven, that shall make 
any given number of revolutions in the same time. 

Rule.— Multiply the diameter of the driver by its number 
of revolutions, and divide the product by the number of revo- 
lutions of the driven; the quotient will be its diameter. 

Problem 3. To ascertain the size of the driver. 

Rule.— Multiply the diameter of the driven by the number 
of revolutions you wish it to make, and divide ; the product by 
the revolutions of the driver; the quotient will be the size of 
the driver. 

GENERAL HINTS RESPECTING THE MANNER OF FITTING OR 
DRESSING SAWS. 

A saw tooth should have the proper spread and pitch for 
the wood which it is to cut. Soft wood requires more spread 
or "set," and less pitch; hard wood the reverse. A saw 
swaged full on both corners with square dress will do the fast- 
est cutting, but requires the most power. In swaging use oil 
on point of tooth. 

By careless dressing we have seen saw teeth higher back of 
the cutting point than at the point itself, thereby causing the 
saw to bind and heat on the rim. 

The greater the feed the lower the back of the tooth should 
be, giving easier clearance and greater dust room. 

16 



CARE OF BOILERS. 

1. Safety Valves.— Great care should be exercised to see 
that these valves are ample in size and in working- order. 
Overloading or neglect frequently lead to the most disastrous 
results. Safety valves should be tried at least once a day to 
see if they will act properly. 

2. Pressure Gauge.— The steam-gauge should stand at zero 
when the pressure is off, and it should show same pressure as 
the safety valve when the latter is blowing off. If not, then 
one is wrong, and the gauge should be tested by one known to 
be correct. 

3. Water Level.— The first duty of an engineer before start- 
ing is to see that the water is at the proper height. Do not 
rely on glass gauges, floats or water alarms, but try the gauge- 
cocks. 

4. Gauge- Cocks and Water- Gauges. — Both must be kept 
clean. Water-gauges should be blown out frequently, and the 
glasses and passages to gauge kept clean. 

5. Feed-Pump or Injector.— These should be kept in perfect 
order, and of ample size. No make of pump can be expected 
to be continuously reliable without regular and careful atten- 
tion. It is always safe to have two means of feeding the boiler. 
Check-valves and self-acting feed-valves should be frequently 
examined and cleaned. Satisfy yourself that the valve is acting 
when the feed-pump is at work. 

6. Low Water.— In case of low water immediately cover the 
fire with ashes (wet if possible) or any earth that may be at 
hand. If nothing else is handy use fresh coal. Draw fire as 
soon as it can be done without increasing the heat. Neither turn 
on the feed, start or stop engine, or lift safety-valve until fires are 
out and the boiler cooled down. 

7. Blister and Cracks.— These are liable to occur in the 
best plate iron or steel. When first indications appear, there 
must be no delay in having it examined and carefully cared for. 

8. Fusible Plugs. — When used, must be examined when the 
boiler is cleaned, and carefully scraped clean on both water and 
fire sides, or they are liable not to act. 

9. Firing. Charge evenly and regularly, a little at a time. 
Moderately thick fires are most economical, but thin firing must 
be used when draught is poor. Take care to keep the grates 
evenly covered, and allow no air-holes in the fire. Be especially 
careful to lay the coal along the sides and in the corners. All 
lumps should be broken into the size of a man's fist. With 
bituminous coal, a "coking fire" (that is, firing in front, and 
then shoving the coal back when it is coked) , gives the best 
result. Do not "clean" fires oftener than necessary. The 

17 



cleaning of the fire is best done, in ordinary working, by a 
"rake," or other tool, working on the under side of the grate, 
and not by a "slice-bar," driven in the mass of fuel above the 
grates. 

10. Cleaning.— All heating, surfaces must be kept clean, out- 
side and in, or there will be serious waste of fuel. The fre- 
quency of cleaning will depend on the nature of the fuel and 
water. As a rule never allow over one-sixteenth inch scales or 
soot to collect on surfaces between cleanings. Hand holes 
should be frequently removed and surfaces examined, particu- 
larly in case of a new boiler, until proper intervals between 
cleanings have been established by experience. Examine mud- 
drums and remove sediment therefrom. 

11. Hot Water Feed — Cold water should never be fed into 
a boiler if it can be avoided, but when necessary, it should be 
caused to mix with the heated water before coming in contact 
with any portion of the boiler. 

12. Foaming. — When foaming occurs in a boiler, checking 
the outflow of the steam will usually stop it. If caused by dirty 
water, blowing down and pumping up will generally cure it. In 
cases of violent foaming, check the draught and cover the fires. 

13. Air Leaks. — Be sure that all openings for admission of 
air to boiler or flue, except through the fire, be carefully 
stopped. This is often an unsuspected cause of serious waste. 

14. Blowing Off.— If feed-water is muddy or salt, blow off 
a portion often, according to the condition of the water. Empty 
the boiler every week or two, and fill up fresh. When surface 
blow-cocks are used, they should be often opened for a few 
minutes at a time. Make sure no water is escaping from the 
blow-off cock when it is supposed to be closed. Blow-off cocks 
and check-valves should be examined every time the boiler is 
cleaned. 

15. Leaks.— Repair leaks as soon as possible after dis- 
covered. 

16. Emptying Boiler.— Never empty the boiler while the 
brick- work is hot. 

17. Bapid Firing.— Don 1 1 indulge in rapid firing. Steam 
should be raised slowly from a cold boiler. 

18. Standing Unused.— If a boiler is not required for some 
time, empty and dry it thoroughly. If this is impractical, fill 
it quite full of water, and put in a quantity of common wash- 
ing soda. 

19. General Cleanliness.— All things about the boiler-room 
should be kept clean and in good order. Negligence tends to 
waste and decay. 

18 



STEAM FOR HEATING. 

In estimating 1 for steam-heating 1 , allow one square foot of 
boiler surface for each ten square feet of radiating surface. 
Small boilers should be larger proportionately than large 
boilers. 

Each horse-power of boiler will supply from 250 to 350 feet 
of 1 inch pipe, or 80 to 120 square feet of radiating surface. 

Under ordinary circumstances, one horse-power will heat 
about as follows : 

Brick buildings in blocks 15,000 to 20,000 cubic feet. 

Brick stores in blocks ■ 10,000 to 15,000 

Brick dwellings, exposed, all sides.. 10, 000 to 15,000 

Brick mills, shops, etc 7,000 to 10,000 

Wooden buildings, exposed 7,000 to 10,000 

Foundries and wooden shops 6,000 to 10,000 

It is, of course, but good workmanship to make all the joints 
steam and water tight, as the slightest leak in a steam-heating 
system is apt to do considerable damage to furniture, curtains, 
carpets, etc., if the steam is intended to heat a dwelling. Red 
or white lead is all right as material to make up joints, but 
graphite is much better. For gaskets there is nothing better 
than asbestos, and this material is now manufactured into gasket 
rings, cut true to size , making asbestos gaskets not only the best, 
but furnished in a convenient form which will be highly appre- 
ciated by the steam-fitter. 

The quality of rubber sheets sold by dealers for gaskets, 
is sometimes of the poorest order, and rubber in any form, vul- 
canized or otherwise, is poor stuff to put in contact with steam. 
Gaskets made of thin lead are good, and first-class packing can be 
made of candle wicking and ordinary resin soap, but asbestos 
is the best. 

POINTS ON BOILER'S CIRCUMFERENCE. 

In text-books we have the areas and circumferences of circles, 
but if we don't know how to use them, they are of no use to us. 
They are all right for tin or any thin stuff, but not for boiler- 
makers. As an instance, supposing we have a boiler to make 
36" diameter. If we look at the table of circumference we will 
find that it takes 113.098" — one hundred and thirteen inches and 
about one-sixteenth. This would not give either side or outside 
diameter, but would be the thickness of iron, less, if we were 
wanting inside measurement, or more, if for outside diameter. 
If the shell is of %" material we must add the /£" to the diame- 
ter for inside diameter, making it 36%". For this we will find 
that it takes 113.883" or a little over % of an inch more, and for 
outside diameter we must take off the thickness of material, 

19 



making the diameter 35%". For this it would take 112.312", or 
about 113%, as near as can be got by the common rule. There 
are several ways for figuring this. A good plan is to multiply the 
diameter by three, and divide the same by seven, and add the 
product together. But it must be understood that neither this 
or the taking from tables in text-books give laps. In working 
this rule, three times 36% is 108%, and 7 into 36 will go five 
times and 1 / 7 over, but instead of calling it l h call it % , and we 
have it on the rule. For the small course there is a difference 
of six and one-half times the thickness of material. This will 
hold good in all cases, so that if we get one course out by figur- 
ing, the other may be got by adding or subtracting this differ- 
ence. As in the majority of men, they have a holy horror of 
figures, especially boiler-makers, in "manufactories. ' ' Another 
thing that is not generally understood among them is the 
properties of a circle. A circular vessel will contain a greater 
quantity than a vessel of any other shape, made of the same 
amount of material. That is to say, if an iron plate, six feet 
long, was rolled to a circle and a bottom put in it, it would hold 
more water than if it was bent square or any other shape. The 
areas of circles are to each other as the squares of their diame- 
ters. Any circle twice the diameter of another, is also four 
times its area and twice its circumference. The diameter of a 
circle is a straight line drawn through its center, touching both 
sides. The radius of a circle is half the diameter, or the dis- 
tance from the center to the circumference. 

HOW TO GEAR A LATHE FOR SCREW CUTTING. 

There is a long screw upon every screw-cutting lathe, called 
the lead-screw. This lead-screw feeds the carriage of the lathe 
while cutting screws, and has a gear wheel placed upon its end 
which takes motion from another gear wheel attached on the 
end of the spindle. Each of these gear wheels contain a differ- 
ent number of teeth, so that different threads may be cut. All 
threads are cut a certain number to the inch, from one to fifty 
or more. In order to gear your lathe properly to cut a certain 
number of threads to the inch, you will first multiply the num- 
ber of threads to the inch you wish to cut by 4, or any other 
small number, and this will give you the proper gear to put on 
the lead-screw. Now, with the same number, 4, multiply the 
number of threads to the inch in the lead-screw, and this will 
give you the proper gear to put on the spindle. 

Example. — You wish to cut a screw with ten threads to the 
inch. Multiply 10 by 4 and it will give you 40; put this gear on 
the lead-screw. The lead-screw on your lathe has 7 threads to 
the inch; multiply 7 by 4, and you will have 28. Put this gear 



on your spindle, and your lathe is geared to cut 10 threads to 
the inch. 

The rule above is for those lathes which have not a stud 
grooved into the spindle. As this stud runs with but half 
the speed of the spindle, you must change the rule somewhat. 

First, multiply the number of threads to the inch you wish 
to cut, by 4 (or some other small number) , and this will give 
you the proper gear to put on your lead- screw. Next multiply 
the number of threads to the inch on your lead-screw by the. 
same number, and multiply this product by 2, and this will give 
you the proper gear to go on your stud. 

Example. — Using same numbers— 10 times 4 is 40. Put this 
gear on your lead-screw; 7 times 4 is 28, and 2 times 28 is 56; 
put this gear on your stud, and your lathe is grooved to cut 10 
threads to the inch. 

HOW TO MAKE A STRONG FLANGE JOINT. 

To make a flange joint that won't leak or burn out on steam 
pipes, mix two parts white lead to one part red lead to a stiff 
putty; spread on the flange evenly, and cut a liner of gauze 
wire — like mosquito net wire — and lay on the putty, of course 
cutting out the proper holes; then bring the flanges "fair," put 
in the bolts and turn the nuts on evenly. For a permanent 
joint this is A 1. 

HOW TO THAW OUT A FROZEN STEAM PIPE. 

A good way to thaw out a frozen-up steam pipe, is to take 
some old cloth, discarded clothes, waste, old carpet, or any- 
thing of that kind, and lay on the pipe to be thawed; then get 
some good hot water and pour it on. The cloth will hold the 
heat on the pipe, and thaw it out in five minutes. This holds 
good in any kind of a freeze, water-wheel, or anything else. 



THE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS FROM RUNNING „ 
MACHINERY. 

A German commission was appointed to investigate acci- 
dents in mills and factories, and draw up a series of rules for 
their prevention. Some of these rules are as follows: 

SHAFTING. 

All work on transmissions, especially the cleaning and 
lubricating of shafts, bearings and pulleys, as well as the bind- 
ing, lacing, shipping and unshipping of belts, must be per- 
formed only by men especially instructed in, or charged with, 
such work. Females and boys are not permitted to do this 
work. 

21 



The lacing, binding or packing of belts, if they lie npon 
either shaft or pulleys during the operation, must be strictly 
prohibited. During the lacing and connecting of belts, strict 
attention is to be paid to their removal from revolving parts, 
either by hanging them upon a hook fastened to the ceiling, or 
in any other practical manner; the same applies to smaller 
belts, which are occasionally unshipped and run idle. 

While the shafts are in motion, they are to be lubricated, 
or the lubricating devices examined only when observing the 
following rules: a. The person performing this labor must 
either do it while standing upon the floor, or by the use of b. 
Firmly located stands or steps, especially constructed for the 
purpose, so as to afford a good and substantial footing to the 
workman, c. Firmly constructed sliding ladders, running 
on bars. d. Sufficiently high and strong ladders, especially 
constructed for this purpose, which, by appropriate safe- 
guards (hooks above or iron points below), afford security 
against slipping. 

The cleaning and dusting of shafts, as well as of belt or 
rope pulleys mounted upon them, is to be performed only when 
they are in motion, either while the workman is standing: a, 
on the floor; or b, on a substantially constructed stage or steps; 
in either case, moreover, only by the use of suitable cleaning 
implements (duster, brush, etc.), provided with a handle of 
suitable length. The cleaning of shaft bearings, which can be 
done either while standing upon the floor or by the use of the 
safeguards mentioned above, must be done only by the use of 
long-handled implements. The cleaning of the shafts, while in 
motion, with cleaning waste or rags held in the hand, is to be 
strictly prohibited. 

All shaft-bearings are to be provided with automatic lubri- 
cating apparatus. 

Only after the engineer has given the well understood sig- 
nal, plainly audible in the work-rooms, is the motive engine to 
be started. A similar signal shall also be given to a certain 
number of work-rooms, if only their part of the machinery is 
to be set in motion. 

If any work other than the lubricating and cleaning of the 
shafting is to be performed while the motive engine is standing 
idle, the engineer is to be notified of it, and in what room or 
place such 'work is going on, and he must then allow the engine 
to remain idle until he has been informed by proper parties 
that the work is finished. 

Plainly visible and easily accessible alarm apparatus shall 
be located at proper places in the work-rooms, to be used in 
cases of accident to signal to the engineer to stop the motive 
engine at once. This alarm apparatus shall always be in 

22 



working order, and of such a nature that a plainly audible 
and easily understood alarm can at once be sent to the engineer 
in charge. 

All projecting wedges, keys, set-screws, nuts, grooves, or 
other parts of machinery, having sharp edges, shall be sub- 
stantially covered. 

All belts and ropes which pass from the shafting of one 
story to that of another shall be guarded by fencing or casing 
of wood, sheet-iron or wire netting four feet six inches high. 

The belts passing from shafting in the story underneath 
and actuating machinery in the room overhead, thereby pass- 
ing through the ceiling, must be inclosed with proper casing or 
netting corresponding in height from the floor to the construc- 
tion of the machine. When the construction of the machine 
does not admit of the introduction of casing, then, at least, the 
opening in the floor through which the rope or belt passes 
should be inclosed with a low casing at least four inches high. 

Fixed shafts, as well as ordinary shafts, pulleys and fly- 
wheels, running at a little height above the floor, and being 
within the locality where work is performed, should be securely 
covered. 

These rules and regulations, intended as preventions of 
accidents to workmen, are to be made known by being con- 
spicuously posted in all localities where labor is performed. 

ENGINEERS.^ 

The attendant of a motive engine is responsible for the 
preservation and cleaning of the engine, as well as the floor of 
the engine-room. The minute inspection and lubrication of the 
several parts of the engine is to be done before it is set in 
motion. If any irregularities are observed during the perform- 
ance of the engine, it is to be stopped at once, and the proper 
person informed of the reason. 

The tightening of wedges, keys, nuts, etc., of revolving or 
working parts, is to be avoided as much as possible during the 
motion of the engine. 

When large motive engines are required to be turned over 
the dead point by manual labor, the steam supply valve is to be 
shut off. 

After stoppage, either for rest or other cause, the engine is 
to be started only after a well-understood and plainly audible 
signal has been given. The engineer must stop his engine at 
once upon receipt of an alarm signal. 

The engineer has the efficient illumination of the engine- 
room, and especially the parts moved by the engine, under his 
charge. 

The engineer must strictly forbid the entrance of unauthor- 
ized persons into the engine-room. 

23 



An attendant of a steam or other power motor, who is 
charged with the supervision of the engine as his only duty, is 
permitted to leave his post only after he has turned the care 
of the engine over to the person relieving him in the discharge 
of his duties. 

The engineer is charged with the proper preservation of 
his engine, and means therefor. He must at once inform his 
superior of any defect noticed by him. 

The engineer on duty is permitted only to wear closely fit- 
ting and buttoned garments. The wearing of aprons or neck- 
ties with loose, fluttering ends, is strictly prohibited. 

GEARING. 

Every work on gearing, such as cleaning and lubricating 
shafts, bearings, journals, pulleys and belts, as well as the 
tying, lacing and shipping of the latter, is to be performed only 
by persons either skilled in such work, or charged with doing 
it. Females and children are absolutely prohibited from doing 
such work. 

When lacing, binding or repairing the belts, they must 
either be taken down altogether from the revolving shafts or 
pulley, or be kept clear of them in an appropriate manner. 
Belts unshipped for other reasons are to be treated in the same 
manner. 

The lubricating of bearings and the inspection of lubricat- 
ing apparatus must, when the shafting is in motion, be per- 
formed either while standing upon the floor or by the use of 
steps or ladders, specially adapted for this purpose, or proper 
staging or sliding ladders. The lubrication of wheel work and 
the greasing of belts and ropes with solid lubricants is abso- 
lutely prohibited during the motion of the parts. 

In case of accident, any workman is authorized to sound 
the alarm signal at once by the use of the apparatus located in 
the room for this purpose, to the engineer in charge. 

The following rules, classified under proper sub-heads, are 
published in the Technische Verein, at Augsburg: 

TO PREVENT ACCIDENT BY THE SHAFTING. 

While the shafts are in motion, it is strictly prohibited: a. 
To approach them with waste or rags, in order to clean them. 
6. In order to clean them, to raise above the floor by means of 
a ladder or other convenience. 

It is allowable to clean the shafting and pulleys only while 
in motion. 

These parts of the machinery must be cleaned by means of 
a long-handled brush only, and while standing upon the floor. 

The workmen charged with these or other functions about 
the shafting must wear jackets with tight sleeves, and closely 

24 



buttoned up; they must wear neither aprons nor neckties with 
loose ends. 

Driving pulleys, couplings and bearings are to be cleaned 
only when at rest. 

This labor should, in general, be performed only after the 
close of the day's work. If performed during the time of an 
accidental idleness of the machinery, or during the time of rest, 
or in the morning before the commencement of work, the 
engineer in charge is to be informed. 

HOW TO FIND THE HORSE-POWER OF AN ENGINE. 

Multiply the square of the diameter of the cylinder by 
0.7854, and, if the cut-off is not known, multiply the product 
by four-fifths of the boiler pressure; multiply the last product 
by the speed of the piston in feet per minute (or twice the 
stroke in feet and decimals, multiplied by the revolutions per 
minute). Divide the final product by 33,000, and the horse- 
power will be the answer. 

USEFUL CEMENTS. 

A cement said to resist petroleum is made by taking three 
parts resin, one part caustic soda to five of water, boiled to- 
gether, the resin being melted first, of course. This makes a 
resin soap, to which must be added half its weight of plaster. 
It hardens in forty minutes. Useful for uniting lamp tops to 
glass. Glycerine and litharge, mixed thoroughly, is said to 
form a cement which hardens rapidly, and will join iron to iron 
or iron to stone. Not affected by water or acids. 

A cement for leaky roofs is made by the following articles 
in the proportions named: 4 pounds resin, 1 pint linseed oil, 2 
ounces red lead; stir in finest white sand until of the proper 
consistency, and apply hot* It possesses elasticity, and is 
fireproof. 

Starch and chloride of zinc form a cement which hardens 
quickly, and is durable. Sometimes used for stopping blow- 
holes in castings. 

A cement for uniting metal to glass is made with 2 ounces 
thick solution of glue, 1 ounce linseed oil varnish. Stir and 
boil thoroughly. The pieces should be tied together for three 
days. 

A cement of 100 parts each white sand, litharge and lime- 
stone, combined with 7 parts of linseed oil, makes the strongest 
mineral cement known. At first the mass is soft and of little 
coherence, but in six months' time it will, if pressed, become 
so hard as to strike fire from steel. 

A free application of soft soap to a fresh burn almost 
instantly removes the fire from the flesh. If the injury is very 

25 



severe, as soon as the pain ceases apply linseed oil, and then 
dust over with fine flour. When this covering dries hard, 
repeat the oil and flour dressing until a good coating is 
obtained. When the latter dries, allow it to stand until it cracks 
and falls off, as it will in a day or two, and a new skin will be 
found to have formed where the skin was burned. 

RULES FOR THE FIREMAN. 

In the care and management of the steam boiler the first 
thing required is an unceasing watchfulness — watch-care is the 
very word which describes it. The accidents arising from 
neglect or incompetency in care of the engine are few and un- 
important compared to those which come from negligence in 
attending the boiler. 

Hence the fireman needs to be a man possessed of some of 
the highest qualities of manhood. The fact that many of the 
best steam engineers in the country have begun their careers by 
handling the shovel is evidence that good men are required and 
employed in this capacity, and that they are rewarded for their 
faithfulness by advancement. 

An intemperate, reckless or indifferent man should never 
be given this place of trust. The sooner a man is dismissed 
who is either of these the better, both for himself and his 
employers, to say nothing of the innocent and unsuspecting 
public. 

An employer should know something of the character and 
habits of the man who does the firing. A daily visit, and, at 
irregular times, with an eye to things in the boiler -room, as well 
as the engine-room, will keep him posted, to his great advant- 
age. This regular inspection is most welcome to faithful and 
careful men, and is a great inspiration to good service. A 
steam-user should visit his steam department as regularly as he 
does his office, although he may not spend as much time there. 
The failure of scores of otherwise flourishing establishments is 
due to waste and recklessness in the use of fuel under the boil- 
ers, or the heavy losses incurred by repairs and explosions — by 
which the whole business is stopped while the expenses con- 
tinue undiminished. 

A feeling ot conscientious responsibility should be the 
uppermost thing upon the mind of a fireman when on duty. 
He should consider and know how to figure the total tons of 
pressure upon the plates of his boiler, and have constantly in 
mind the importance of using unceasing vigilance. 

To know how to be a good fireman cannot be taught by a 
book. The knowledge comes by experience and by instruction 
of engineers who have themselves been good firemen, but the 

m 



following- are some of the hints and rules which may be of ad- 
vantage to the new beginner. 

First — The fireman should be a sober and temperate person. 
Frivolous or reckless conduct about a steam boiler is entirely 
out of place, and should not be permitted. There is too much 
danger and too much cost — not to call it waste — of fuel to allow 
any indifference or recklessness in the man upon whom so many 
depend. 

Second— The fireman should be punctual in beginning his 
work. A loss of five minutes in starting" into vigorous activity 
the men and machines of an establishment is sometimes caused 
by inattention of the fireman, and the blame which is showered 
upon him is a stern reminder that he is held accountable for the 
loss. 

Third — A habit of neatness is an almost necessary qual- 
ity, and which pays better for the cost of investment than any 
other. 

Fourth—The tools should be kept in their places, and in 
good order. 

Fifth — The boiler and all its attachments should be kept in 
the very tidiest and attractive condition possible. 

Sixth — The fireman, notwithstanding its apparent difficulty, 
should keep himself — as said once— "respectable about his 
work." Scattered coal and ashes and dripping oil should be 
constantly cleaned up, and every effort made to make the 
boiler-room an attractive and cheerful place. 

Seventh — The fireman needs to know all the details of his 
work, and to do with exactness every duty imposed upon him. 
He needs to be cool and brave in the presence of unexpected 
conditions, such as sudden leaks, breakages of the glass gauges 
and sudden stoppages of the engine with a heavy head of 
steam on. 

Eighth — He should have an idea of the importance of his 
work, and keep in mind to learn to do everything that may fit 
him in time for an advanced position. 

THE CARE OF MACHINERY. 

The money spent in keeping machinery clean and in order 
is by no means wasted. The better the machinery, the greater 
the necessity for proper supervision. The first knock in an 
engine, the smallest leak in a boiler, the slightest variation 
from truth in a mill spindle, the wearing- down of roller bear- 
ings, heating of journals, should be rectified immediately. 
The smooth and even working of machinery has a great 
deal to do with the cost of driving, while avoidance of the risk 
of breakage saves a large sum that would otherwise be spent in 
repairs. 

27 



IMPORTANT TO THOSE OPERATING STEAM BOILERS. 

In view of the numerous boiler explosions that have 
recently occurred, we submit to them the following pertinent 
questions asked by the American Machinist, which should com- 
mand the careful consideration of every steam user in the land: 

How long since you were inside your boiler? 

Were any of the braces slack 1 ? 

Were any of the pins out of the braces? 

Did all the braces ring alike? 

Did not some of them sound like a fiddle-string? 

Did you notice any scale "on flues or crown-sheet? 

If you did, when do you intend to remove it? 

Have you noticed any evidence of bulging in the fire-box 
plates? 

Do you know of any leaky socket bolts? 

Are any of the flange joints leaking? 

Will your safety valve blow off itself, or does it stick a little 
sometimes? 

Are there any globe valves between the safety valve and 
the boiler? They should be taken out at once, if there are. 

Are there any defective plates anywhere about your boiler? 

Is the boiler so set that you can inspect every part of it 
when necessary? 

If not, how can you tell in what conditions the plates are? 

Are not some of the lower courses of tubes or flues in your 
boiler choked with soot or ashes? 

Do you absolutely know, of your own knowledge, that your 
boiler is in safe and economical working order, or do you 
merely suppose it is? 

HOW TO PREVENT ACCIDENTS TO BOILERS. 

1st. Carry regular steam pressure. 

2d. Start the engine slowly so as not to make a violent 
change in the condition of the water and steam, and when con- 
sistent, stop the engine gradually. 

3d. Carry sufficient water in the boiler. 

4th. Do not exceed the pressure in pounds per square inch 
allowed to be carried. 

5th. See that every appliance of the boiler, feed pipes and 
safety-valve, fusible plugs, etc., are in complete working order. 

VALUABLE INFORMATION FOR ENGINEERS. 

To find the capacity of a cylinder in gallons, multiply the 
area in inches by the length of stroke in inches, and it will give 
the total number of cubic inches; divide this by 231, and you 
will have the capacity in gallons. 

28 



The U. S. standard gallon measures 231 cubic inches, and 
contains 8% pounds of distilled water. 

The mean pressure of the atmosphere is usually estimated 
at 14.7 pounds per square inch. 

The average amount of coal used for steam boilers is 12 
pounds per hour for each square foot of grate. 

The average weight of anthracite coal is 53 pounds to one 
cubic foot of coal; bituminous, about 48 pounds to the cubic 
foot. 

Locomotives average a consumption of 3,000 gallons of 
water per 100 miles run. 

To determine the circumference of a circle, multiply the 
diameter by 3.1416.* 

To find the pressure in pounds per square inch of a column 
of water, multiply the height of the column in feet by .434, 
approximately, every foot elevation is equal to J£ pound press- 
ure per square inch, allowing for ordinary friction. 

The area of the steam piston, multiplied by the steam press- 
ure, gives the total amount of pressure that can be exerted. The 
area of the water piston, multiplied by the pressure of water 
per square inch gives the resistance. A margin must be made 
between the power and the resistance to move the pistons at 
the required speed, from 20 to 40 per cent., according to speed 
and other conditions. 

To determine the diameter of a circle, multiply circum- 
ference by .31831. 

Steam at atmospheric pressure flows into a vacuum at the 
rate of about 1550 feet per second, and into the atmosphere at 
the rate of 650 feet per second. 

To determine the area of a circle, multiply the square of 
diameter by .7854. 

A cubic inch of water evaporated under ordinary atmos- 
)heric pressure is converted into one cubic foot of steam 



By doubling the diameter of a pipe, you will increase its 
capacity four times. 

In calculating horse-power of tubular or flue boilers, con- 
sider 15 square feet of heating surface equivalent to one nomi- 
nal horse-power. 

RAILWAY GAUGES OF THE WORLD. 

Ireland has a standard gauge of 5 ft. 3 in.; Spain and 
Portugal 5 ft. 6% in.; Sweden and Norway have the 4 ft. 8% 
in. gauge over the majority of their railroads, but 20 per cent, 
of the Swedish roads have other gauges, varying from 2 ft. 7% 
in. up to 4 ft. 



In Asia, of the British-Indian roads, about 7,450 miles have 
a gauge of 5 ft. 5% in., the remainder being divided among six 
gauges from 2 ft. to 4 ft. Of the narrow gauges, the most 
prevalent, embracing 4,200 miles, is the metre, 3 ft. 3% in. 

In Japan, with the exception of an 8-mile piece begun in 
1885, with a gauge of 2 ft, 9 in., all the roads have a 3 f t . 6 in. 
gauge. m . 

In Africa, the Egyptian railroads, amounting to 932 miles, 
are of the 4 ft. 8% in. gauge. Algiers and Tunis, with 1,203 
miles has the 4 ft. 8% in. standard on all but 155 miles, which 
has a 3 ft. 7% in. gauge. The English Cape Colony had, in 
1885, 1,522 miles, all of 3 ft. 6 in. gauge. 

In America, practically the whole of the United States and 
Canadian railroads are of 4 ft. 8% in. to 4 ft. 9 in. gauge. In 
Mexico, in 1884, 2,083 miles were 4 ft. 8% in. , and 944 3 ft. gauge. 
In Brazil, at the end of 1884, there were 869 miles of 5 ft. 3 in. 
gauge, and 4,164 miles of various gauges between 2 ft. and 7 
m., over 3,700 miles being 1 metre, or 3 ft. 3% in. 

In Australia, the different colonies, rather singularly, have 
different gauges, that of New South Wales being 4 ft. 8% in., 
Victoria 5 ft. 3 in. , South Australia 4 ft. 3 in. and 3 ft. 6 in. , and 
the other colonies 3 ft. 6 in. 

HOW TO OVERCOME VIBRATION. 

How to put the smith shop in an upper story without hav- 
ing the working on the anvils jar the building, has been a 
problem that has frequently given manufacturers trouble. A 
mechanical engineer says it may be safely done by placing .a 
good heavy foundation of sheet lead on the floor, and on that 
putting a good thickness of rubber belting. 

Another person who is interested in the problem has tried 
the experiment, with some success, of placing the block, not 
on the floor, but on the joist direct, making a cement floor up 
to the block, and over the wooden floor, reaching back beyond 
the reach of sparks. It is sometimes said that blacksmith 
shops never burn, but they keep right on burning in spite of 
theory, and cement floors ought to be helpful in guarding 
against fires. 

TEMPERING STEEI, PUNCHES. 

Heat your steel to cherry-red, dress out the punch, cut off 
the point the size of a horseshoe nail, then heat to a cherry-red, 
immerse it a half inch perpendicularly in the water, then take 
it out and stand it up perpendicular, clean the end with a piece 
of grinding stone. When you see the first blue pass over the 
point, dip it in the water the same depth as before. Clean it 
again with the stone, and on the appearance of the blue again, 



cool it off. The second blue is to make the punch tough. The 
reason for keeping the punch perpendicular is to allow the 
atmosphere and the water to cool all sides equally, and to have 
it cool straight and true. 

KEEPING TOOLS. 

Keep your tools handy and in good condition. This applies 
everywhere and in every place, from the smallest shop to the 
greatest mechanical establishment in the world. Every tool 
should have its exact place, and should always be kept there 
when not in use. 

Having a chest or any receptacle with a lot of tools thrown 
into it promiscuously, is just as bad as putting the notes into 
an organ without regard to their proper place. If a man wants 
a wrench, chisel or hammer, it's somewhere in the box or chest, 
or somewhere else, and the search begins. Sometimes it is 
found— perhaps sharp, perhaps dull, maybe broken. 

The habit of throwing every tool down, anyhow, and in 
any way or any place, is one of the most detestable habits a man 
can possibly get into. It is only a matter of habit to correct 
this. Make an inflexible end of your life to "have a place for 
everything and everything in its place." 

It may take a moment more to lay a tool up carefully after 
using, but the time is more than equalized when you want to use 
it again, and so it is time saved. Habits, either good or bad, 
go a long ways in their influence on men's lives, and it is far 
better to establish and firmly maintain a good habit, even 
though that habit has no special bearing on the moral character, 
yet all habits have their influence. 

Keeping tools in good order, and ready to use, is as neces- 
sary as keeping them in the proper place. To take up a dull 
saw, or a dull chisel, and try to do any kind of work with it, is 
worse than pulling a boat with a broom, and it all comes from 
just the same source as throwing down tools carelessly — habit, 
nothing more or less. To say you have no time to sharpen is 
worse than outright lying, for, if you have time to use a dull 
tool, you have time to put in good order. 

STEAM AN INVISIBLE GAS. 

How many people, outside of practical men, know that 
steam is an invisible gas until the moisture it bears is con- 
densed by contact with cold air? Such is a fact, nevertheless, 
as we may readily see by boiling water in a glass vessel. The 
bubbles that rise to the surface of the water are apparently 
empty— the white vapor appears after they burst in the air at 
the surface of the water. 

31 



MESH OF COAL SCREENS. 

USED BY THE PRINCIPAL COAL. DEALERS 

2 l /2, 2 l /4 and 2-inch. Screens Furnace Coal. 

1 3 A and IV2 * 4 " Stove out of Egg Coal. 

iy 4 andl " " Nut out of Stove. 

3 / 4 and 5 / 8 " " Stove Coal. 

7 2 and 3/ 8 « '> Nut 

1/4 " " Pea " 

Vie * ' " Brickmakers' Dust. 

MESH OF FANNING-MIIX WIRE CLOTH. 

The ordinary widths are 20, 21, 22 and 24-inch, and 
the Meshes for cleaning Seed are: 

For Wheat 4x4 or 5x5 

" Corn and Oats t 2x2 

" Rye 3x3 

44 Cockle .8x8 or 9x9 

" Peas 2x4 or 2x5 

14 Clover 13x13 or 14x14 

44 Clover from Sand 20 or 22 Mesh 

44 Timothy 16x16, 18x18 or 20x20 

44 Cheat 2x9, 10 or 12, or 3x10, 11 or 12 

44 Flax 4x13, 4x14 or 4x16 

emery Wheels 

TABLE FOR SELECTION OF GRADES. 



CLASS OF WORK 



Large Cast Iron and Steel Castings 

Small 

Large Malleable Iron Castings .... 

Small " " " ... 

Chilled Iron Castings 

Wrought Iron 

Brass and Bronze Castings 

Rough Work in general 

General Machine Shop use 

Lathe and Planer Tools 

Small Tools 

Wood-Working Tools 

Twist Drills, (Hand Grinding) 

•* (Special Machines). . . 

Reamers, Taps, Milling Cutters, etc., (Hand 

Grinding) 

Reamers, Taps Milling Cutters, etc., (Spec 

ial Machines) 

Edging and Jointing Agricultural Imple 

ments .-_ 

Grinding Plow Points 

Surfacing Plow Bodies. ..■ 

Stove Mounting •.•=..... .. 

Finishing edges of Stoves .... 

Drop Forgings 

Gumming and Sharpening Saws 

Planing Mill and Paper Cutting Knives. . . 
Car Wheel Grinding.. 



No. of Emery 
or degree of 


Grade Letters 


or degrees of 


coarseness usu- 


hardness usu- 


ally furnished. 


ally furnished. 


16 to 20 


PtoQ 


20 " 36 


O " P 


16 " 20 


Q " R 


20 " 30 


P "Q 


16 " 20 


R " T 


16 " 30 


P " Q 


20 " 30 


O " P 


16 " 30 


P " Q 


30 " 46 


O " P 


30 " 46 


N " O 


46 "IOO 


N " P 


36 " 60 


M " N 


36 " 60 


M " N 


46 " 60 


G " J 


46 "IOO 


N " P 


46 " 60 


H " K 


20 " 30 


Q •• R 


20 " 30 


P " Q 


20 " 30 


N " O 


20 " 36 


P " Q 


30 " 46 


O " P 


20 " 30 


P *' Q 


36 " 60 


M " N 


30 " 46 


J "K 


20 " 30 


O " P 



Grade Letters or Degrees of Hnrdness 

Furnished in Exceptional Cases. 

Sometimes Sometimes 

Soft as ' Hard as 



O U. 

Q- 

p w. 

o u. 

Q U. 

O R. 

R 

O R. 

M P. 

L O 





W 


II 


M 


P 


L 

I 

N 


O ., 

M 

R 



32 



VALUE OF EMERY WHEELS. 

The increased quantity and quality of work that goes out 
of the modern machine shop is due to the skillful use of solid 
emery wheels. A grain of sand from the common grind-stone, 
magnified, would look like a cobble stone, a fracture of which 
shows an obtuse angle, whereas a grain of corundum or emery 
would look like a rhomboid, always breaking with a square or 
concave fracture. No matter how much it is worn down in use, 
it does not lose its sharpness, hence it is evident that the grind- 
stone rubs or grinds and heats the work brought in contact 
with it, while the corundum, or emery wheel, with its sharp, 
angular grit, cuts like a file or angular saw. 

There are two general classes of emery wheels in the mar- 
ket — one class of wheels has the grains of emery joined and 
consolidated by a pitchy material, as rubber, linseed oil, shellac, 
etc. These must run at a high speed to burn out the cement- 
ing material by friction, loosening the worn-out grains, and 
thus revealing new cutting angles. These are non-porous 
wheels. Truing up this class of wheels is done with a diamond 
tool. 

The other class consists of two kinds, one made by mixing 
the emery with a mineral cement and water into a paste, which 
will harden and bind the grains together; the other kind, by 
mixing the emery with a mineral flux or clay, molding into 
shape, and burning in a muffle at a high temperature. These 
are porous wheels, in which the grains of emery are held to- 
gether by matter having affinity therefor. This class of wheels, 
unlike the grind- stone, has sharp grains of emery bedded to- 
gether among matter which, in some cases, is as hard and sharp 
as the emery itself. Such wheels cut very greedily, and do not 
need to be run at any particular speed. 

The dresser, made of hardened steel picks, is the proper 
tool for truing up this class of wheels. 

Manufacturers in metal goods aiming at reducing the cost 
of production, would do well to look into the adaptability of 
the solid emery wheels or rotary file, and other labor-saving 
machinery, before deciding on reducing^ labor wages. 

HOW BREAKS IN SUBMARINE CABLES ARE DETECTED AND 
REPAIRED. 

The following is an account of how submarine cables are 
found and repaired at an immense depth: 

The break, which the "Minia"' was sent to repair, occurred 
in 1897. The officers of the company first located the distance 
of the break from the stations on shore, on each side of the 
ocean. The details of the instrument by which this is done are 
not easily described, though easily understood in principle. 

33 



The machine consists of a series of coils of wire, which offer a 
known resistance to the electric cnrrent. Enough of the coils 
are connected to make a resistance equal to the resistance 
offered by the entire cable when it is in working order, and 
thus, when the machine and cable are connected, a balance is 
effected. But, if the cable should break, the balance is de- 
stroyed, because that portion of the cable between the shore 
station and the break, wherever it may be, will offer less resist- 
ance to the electric current than the entire cable would do. 
Enough coils of wire are therefore disconnected from the 
machine to restore the balance. The resistance of the part of 
the cable that remains intact is thus accurately determined by 
the number of coils remaining connected with the machine. 
Having, when the cable was intact, learned the resistance 
which a mile of cable offers, by dividing the entire resistance 
by the number of miles of cable, it is easy to find how many 
miles of cable are still in good order, by dividing the entire 
resistance of the piece by the known resistance of one mile. # 

Having determined how many miles from the shore station 
the break is, orders are sent to go to the place, pick up the 
ends, and splice them to new piece. Having received such an 
order and acted on it, Captain Trott found himself and his 
ship, on July 25, 1897, in latitude 42° 30' north, and 46° 30' west, 
or just to the eastward of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, 
with one of the hardest jobs before him that he had had in some 
time, for. sounding showed that the water was about 13,000 
feet, or a good deal more than two miles deep. He knew he 
was somewhere near the break in the cable, but he did not 
know absolutely within about three or four miles, because, 
_ while he had been able to determine his own position by re- 
peated observations of the sun and stars, he could not tell how 
accurate the observations of the officers of the ship laying the 
cable had been. 

The first work done was to get a series of soundings over a 
patch of the sea aggregating twenty-five or thirty square miles. 
The sounding apparatus consisted of an oblong shot of iron, 
wighing about thirty-£wo pounds, attached to a pianoforte 
wire in such a way that, when lowered to the bottom, the shot 
would jab a small steel tube in the mud down there, and would 
then release itself from the wire, and allow the sailors to draw 
up the tube with the mud in it. The moment the weight was 
released, the men on deck stopped paying out the wire, and 
thus, knowing how much wire had been run out, they were 
able to tell the depth. It is a fact that it took twenty-four 
minutes and ten seconds for the weight of the sounding appar- 
atus to reach bottom in 2,097 fathoms of water. 

34 



The ship was now ready to begin the search proper for the 
cable. She was run off at right angles to the line of the cable 
for a distance of five miles, and a buoy got down to mark the 
limits of the territory to be grappled over in that direction. 
Buoys were afterward set elsewhere to mark the other limits of 
the territory. The grappling iron was lowered over the bows, 
the rope attached to it passing over one of the three big 
grooved wheels that revolve where the bow-sprit of an ordinary 
vessel stands. 

The grappling iron used is the invention of Captain Trott. 
It looks something like a four-pronged anchor. It has a shaft 
four feet long, and four arms about a foot long, that are set at 
right angles to each other at the bottom of the shaft. Right in 
each crotch formed by the arms is a little button that has a 
spring behind it that may be regulated in strength. The but- 
ton projects a third of an inch into the crotch. The angle of 
the arms with the shaft is so small that a rock could not get 
down in so far as to reach the button; but, when the cable is 
caught by the hooks, it presses down against the button, and 
thus closes an electrical circuit through a copper wire running 
through the grapnel's rope and the grapnel itself, and a bell is 
set ringing upon deck. But the experienced men in charge of 
the grappling are generally able to tell what the hook has hold 
of without the aid of the bell. They judge by the strain on the 
rope, which is indicated by a dynamometer on deck. The ordi- 
nary strain on the dynamometer is from 3 to 2>% tons when the 
grapnel is dragging freely over a smooth bottom as the vessel 
forges slowly ahead. Sometimes a rock catches on the hooks. 
This frequently breaks off an arm, but sometimes it fetches 
clear, the strain indicated by the dynamometer informing the 
old sailor man in charge whether an accident has happened or 
not. 

It took two hours and twenty minutes to get the grappling 
iron from the bow of the ship down to the bottom of the sea, 
13,000 feet below. The cable used to drag it with is the patent 
wire and hemp invention of the captain. The dragging began 
on July 25th, the day of arrival, but they swept backward and 
forward over the territory for ten days without finding the 
broken telegraph cable. A good part of the time they were 
steaming back and forth day and night, and the only time when 
they were not doing so was when the weather was too bad. On 
such occasions they went to the buoy at the supposed end of the 
broken cable, and hove to till the gale was ended. 

Finally, on August 5th, the bell rang, indicating that the 
grapnel had caught the cable. The grapnel drag rope was 
thereupon fastened to a buoy and thrown overboard. Then the 
steamer went off two jniles toward the end of the broken cable 

35 



and got out a cutting 1 grapnel. This is like the other one, 
except that there are knives in the crotches. When these 
crotches catch the cable and strain comes on them, they cut the 
cable off clean. 

"Why did you cut off the cable there?" was asked. 

"Because, if we had tried to get up the bight of the cable 
where we first found it, the cable might have broken under the 
strain. < That cable was laid in 1869, and is getting pretty well * 
along in years. It would have been as apt to break on the 
shore side as the other, but, when we had only an end of two 
miles to deal with, we were sure of being able to get up with- 
out damage. We grappled European end first." 

Having cut off the cable, the vessel returned to the buoy 
on the grappling rope, and, getting the rope inboard again, led 
it to a drum six feet in diameter located on the upper deck and 
operated by a steam engine. Then they began to wind in the 
grapnel rope and hoist the old cable to the bows. They started 
the drum at 1:20 in the afternoon of August 5, and at 7:51 had 
the bight of it at the bow of the ship. Then the two miles and 
odd of end that was hanging down from the bow was fished up 
and stretched in lengths along the deck until the end was 
reached. This was connected with a very complete cable tele- 
graph office located amidships, and a second later the operators 
who had been on watch for days in the British station awaiting 
this event saw the flashes on a mirror in their office that told 
them all about it. 

Sometimes it happens that, when an end of the cable is 
picked up in this way, and an attempt is made to communicate 
with the shore, it is found that there is another break, and that 
they have only the end of an odd section lying loose. Then 
they have to drop that over, after testing it to see how long it 
is, and go on toward the shore and begin over again. In this 
case, however, they found that they had hold of a sound wire 
to Great Britain. Without any delay, the end of a new cable 
was spliced to the old end brought from the bottom. Two experts, 
one who is trained in splicing cores, and one who is trained 
in splicing the outside or sheathing, are employed in this work. 

When the splice was completed and tested, and found per- 
fect, the cable was started, running out around drums and 
grooved wheels controlled by brakes, and over the stern, the 
old end having been led fair through these sheaves before the 
splicing was done. Then the ship headed for shoal water, 
and ran away at from three to four knots an hour until over a 
part of the banks where work could be done more easily than 
where the water was more than two miles deep. Of course 
this involved the abandonment of a good many miles of old 

3u 



cable, but the old cable wasn't of very much importance 
anyhow. 

Arriving in shoal water, the end of the new piece was 
attached to a buoy and put overboard. Then the old cable was 
grappled and cut as before, and a new piece was spliced to it. 
Then the ends of the two new pieces were spliced together and 
the job was complete. It had taken nearly two months to do 
it, although in the meantime two easier jobs were attended to, 
and a trip to Halifax for provisions was made, not to mention 
the encountering of the storm that damaged the rudder. 

The "Minia" has a crew of ninety, all told, including the 
captain, three deck officers, a navigator, three expert elec- 
tricians, four engine 3rs, a purser and a surgeon. A blacksmith 
and a boilermaker, with their tools, are carried. There are 
three big, round tanks to hold the 600 miles of cable carried, 
which includes sizes to fit all the old cables under the charge of 
this ship. There is a cell-room where the electricity for tele- 
graphing is generated, and two dynamos with their engines, 
one to furnish electricity for a system of arc lights used when 
at work at night, and the other 'for the incandescent system 
that lights the ship below decks. The main saloon is large, 
and is comfortably and handsomely fitted. The captain has a 
cabin under the turtle-back aft, as fine as any captain could 
wish for, and the other officers have rooms below that are as 
well fitted as those usually occupied by naval officers. The 
crew are all expert men, and get pay that averages a good deal 
better than the pay in the packet service between New York 
and Liverpool. The entire crew is kept under pay the year 
round, the ship making her headquarters at Halifax when not 
engaged in repairing cables. They are as comfortable a lot 
of sailor men as one could find anywhere. 

CAMEL'S HAIR BELTING. 

Camel's hair belting has been recently the subject of experi- 
ments at the Polytechnic School at Munich, from which it 
appears that the strength of camel's hair belting reaches 6,315 
pounds per square inch, whilst that of ordinary belting ranges 
between 2,230 pounds and 5,260 pounds per square inch. A 
contemporary says the camel's hair belt is said to work 
smoothly and well, and is unaffected by acids. 

TO PERFORATE GLASS, 

In drilling glass, stick a piece of stiff clay or putty on the 
part where you wish to make the hole. Make a hole in the 
putty the size you want the hole, reaching to the glass, of 

37 



course. Into this hole you pour a little molten lead, when, 
unless it is very thick glass, the piece will immediately drop 
out. 

HOW TO SELECT ROPE. 

A German paper, in an article on the present methods of 
rope manufacture from hemp, and the determination of the 
different qualities and the probable strength simply from the 
appearance, lays down the following rules: A good hemp rope 
is hard but pliant, yellowish and greenish gray in color, with a 
certain silvery or pearly luster. A dark or blackish color indi- 
cates that the hemp has suffered from fermentation in the 
process of curing, and brown spots show that the rope was 
spun while the fibers were damp, and is consequently weak 
and soft in those places. A.gain, sometimes a rope is made with 
inferior hemp on the inside, covered with yarns of good 
material— a fraud, however, which may be detected by dissect- 
ing a portion of the rope, or in practical hands, by its behavior 
in use; other inferior ropes are made with short fibers, or with 
strands of unequal strength or unevenly spun — the rope in the 
first case appearing wooly, on account of the number of ends 
of fiber projecting, and, in the latter case, the irregularity of 
manufacture is evident on inspection by any good judge. 

BROWNING GUN BARRELS. 

Mix 16 parts sweet spirits niter, 12 parts saturated solution 
of sulphate of iron, 12 parts chloride of antimony. Bottle and 
cork the mixture for a day, then add 500 parts of water and 
thoroughly mix. Clean the barrel to a uniform grain free from 
grease and finger stains. Wipe with a staining mixture on a 
wad of cotton. Let it stand for twenty- four hours, scratch 
brush the surface and repeat twice. Eub off the last time with 
leather moistened with olive oil. Let dry a day, and rub down 
with a cloth moistened with oil to polish. 

HOW TO SHARPEN A PLANE-IRON. 

The simple art of sharpening a plane-iron is supposed to be 
understood by every mechanic, remarks a writer in a contem- 
porary, but there are hundreds of men who cannot do a credit- 
able job in this respect. The common tendency is to round off 
the edge of the tool until it gets so stunted that under a part of 
the cutting the tool strikes the work back of the cutting edge. 
To do the job corrrctly we will begin at the beginning, and 
grind the tool properly. First, the kind of wood to be cut must 
be taken into consideration. Common white pine can best be 
worked with a very thin tool , ground down even to an angle of 
30 degrees, provided the make of the tool will allow it. Some 
planes will not, for the iron stands so "stunt," or nearly per- 



pendicular, that its grinding" causes a severe scraping action, 
which soon wears away the tool. In such cases, from 45 to 60 
degrees is the proper angle for plane-irons, and this, too, is 
about right for hard-wood planing. 

Determine the angle you want on the plane-iron and then 
grind to that angle, taking care to grind one flat bevel, and not 
work up a dozen facets. If the stone be small, say 12 to 18 
inches in diameter, the bevel will be slightly concave like the 
side of a razor, and this is a quality highly prized by many 
good workmen. In grinding, take care to avoid a ''feather 
edge. ' ' If the tool already possesses the right shape, grind care- 
fully right up to this edge, but not grinding it entirely off. The 
time to stop grinding a tool is just before the old bevel is 
ground off. 

Should the tool need any change of shape, such as the 
grinding out of a nick or a broken place, then put the edge of 
the tool against the stone and bring the tool to the desired 
shape before touching the bevel. 

Let the iron lay perfectly flat upon the stone, with a ten- 
dency only to bear harder upon the edge of the bevel than 
upon the heel. Move the iron back and forth on the stone as 
fast as your skill will allow, taking care that the heel of the 
bevel is not lifted from the stone. As you become proficient in 
whetting an iron, the heel may be lifted from the stone about 
the thickness of a sheet of paper, or just enough to prevent it 
from touching. The reason why many carpenters cannot set 
an edge is because they raise their hand too much, and perhaps 
rock the tool, thus forming a rounding bevel, the sure mark of 
a poor edge setter. 

The proper way to oil-stone a tool is to continue the grind- 
ing by rubbing on the oil-stone until the bevel left by the 
grindstone is entirely moved and the edge keen and sharp. If 
this be properly done the tool need not be touched upon its 
face to the stone, but among a dozen good edge-setters not more 
than one can do it. It is a delicate operation, and can only be 
acquired by long practice. Nine times out of ten the average 
workman is obliged to turn the plane-iron over and wet the face 
thereof, and here is where many men fail who have done the 
other things well. By raising the back of the tool only a very 
little the edge is "dubbed off," and regrinding of the face 
becomes an immediate necessity. A good stone should "set" 
an edge on a tool which will shave off the hair on a person's 
wrist without cutting the skin or missing a single hair. 

THE USE OF THE STEEIi SQUARE. 

The standard steel square has a blade 24 inches long and 2 
inches wide, and a tongue from 14 to 18 inches long and 1% 



inches wide. The blade is exactly at right angles with the 
tongue, and the angle formed by them an exact right angle, or 
square corner. A proper square should have the ordinary 
divisions of inches, half inches, quarters and eighths, and often 
sixteenths and thirty-seconds. Another portion of the square 
is divided into twelfths of an inch; this portion is simply a 
scale of 12 feet to an inch, used for any purpose, as measuring 
scale drawings, etc. The diagonal scale on the tongue near the 
blade, often found on squares, is thus termed from its diagonal 
lines. However, the proper term is centesimal scale, for the 
reason that by it a unit may be divided into 100 equal parts, and 
therefore any number to the 100th part of a unit may be ex- 
pressed. In this scale A B is one inch; then, if it be required 
to take off 73-100 inches, set one foot of the compasses in 
the third parallel under 1 at E, extend the other foot to the 
seventh diagonal in that parallel at Gr,and the distance between 
E G is that required, for E F is 1 inch and F Gr 73 parts of an 
inch. 

Upon one side of the blade of the square, running parallel 
with the length, will be found nine lines, divided at intervals of 
one inch into sections or spaces by cross lines. This in the 
plank, board and scantling measure. On each side of the cross 
lines referred to are figures, sometimes on one side of the cross 
line, and often spread over the line, thus, 1 | 4—9 | — . We will 
suppose we have a board 12 feet long and 6 inches wide. Look- 
ing on the outer edge of the blade we find 12; between the fifth 
and sixth line, under 12, will be found 12 again; this is the 
length of the board. Now follow the space along toward the 
tongue till we come to the cross line under 6 (on the edge of 
the blade), this being the width of the board; in this space will 
be found the figure 6 again, which is the answer in board 
measure, viz., six feet. 

On some squares will be found on one side of the blade 9 
lines, and crossing these lines diagonally to the right are rows 
of figures, as seven Is, seven 2s, seven 3s, etc. This is another 
style of board measure and gives the feet in a board according 
to its length and width. 

In the center of the tongue will generally be found two 
parallel lines, half an inch apart, with figures between them; 
this is termed the Brace Rule. Near the extreme end of the 
tongue will be found 24-24 and to the right of these 33.95. The 
24-24 indicate the two sides of a right-angle-triangle, while the 
length of the brace is indicated by 33.95. This will explain the 
use of any of the figures in the brace rule. On the opposite side 
of the tongue from the brace rule will generally be found the 
octagon scale, situated between two central parallel Unas. 

40 



This space is divided into intervals and numbered thus: 10, 20, 
30, 40, 50, 60. Suppose it becomes necessary to describe an 
octagon ten inches square ; draw a square ten inches each way 
and bisect the square with a horizontal and perpendicular cen- 
ter line. To find the length of the octagon line, place one point 
of the compasses on any of the main divisionsof the scale and 
the other length or point on the tenth subdivision. 

INVENTOR OF THE SCREW-AUGER. 

The screw-auger was invented by Thomas Garrett about 
100 years ago. He lived near Oxford, Chester County, Pa. 
The single screw-auger was invented by a Philadelphian, and it 
is said to be the only one used with any satisfaction in very 
hard woods, where the double screw-augers become clogged. 

TO FIND THE WEIGHT OF GRINDSTONES. 

.06363 times square of inches diameter, times thickness in 
inches=weight of grindstone in lbs. 



A pound of ten-penny cut nails will do as much work as 
two pounds of wire nails. Taking the average of all cut nails, 
they are worth nearly double as much as wire nails, from tests 
made at the Watertown Government Arsenal. 

FIRE-PROOFING WOODWORK. 

A door of the right construction to resist fire should be 
made of good pine, and should be of two or more thicknesses 
of matched boards nailed across each other, either at right 
angles or at forty-five degrees. If the doorway be more than 
seven feet by four feet, it would be better to use three thick- 
nesses of same stuff; in other words, the door should be of a 
thickness proportioned to its area. Such a door should always 
be made to shut into a rabbet, or flush with the wall when prac- 
ticable; or, if it is a slide door, then it should be made to shut 
into or behind a jamb, which would press it up against the wall. 
Both sides of the door and its jambs, if of wood, should then be 
sheathed with tin, the plates being locked at joints, and securely 
nailed under the locking with nails at least one inch long. No 
air spaces should be left in a door by paneling or otherwise, as 
the door will resist the best that has the most solid material in 
it. In most places it is much better to fit the door upon inclined 
metal sliders than upon hinges. 

This kind of door may be fitted with automatic appliances, 
so that it will close of itself when subjected to the heat of a fire; 
but these appliances do not interfere with the ordinary methods 
of opening and shutting the door. They only constitute a 
safeguard against negligence. The construction of shutters 
varies from that of doors only in the use of thinner wood. 



Lnder this heading may be classed all the doors of irqn, 
whether sheet, plate, cast or rolled, single, double or hollow, 
plain or corrugated, none of which are capable of resisting fire 
for any length of time ; also wooden doors covered with tin on 
one side only, or covered with zinc, which melts at 700 degrees 
Fahrenheit. 

The wooden door covered with tin only serves its purpose 
when the wood is wholly encased in tin, put on in such a way 
that no air, or the minimum of air, can reach the wood when it 
is exposed to the heat of a fire. < Under these conditions, the 
surface of the wood is converted into charcoal ; charcoal being 
a non-conductor of heat, itself tends to retard the further com- 
bustion of the wood. But, if air penetrates the tin casing in 
any measure, the charcoal first made, and then the wood itself, 
are both consumed, and the door is destroyed. In like manner, 
if a door is tinned only on one side, as soon as the heat suffices 
to convert the surface of the wood under the tin and next to 
the fire into charcoal, the oxygen reaches it from the outside, 
and the door is of little more value than a thin door of iron, or 
plain wooden door. 

HOW TO PREPARE CALCIMINE. 

Soak one pound of white glue over night: then dissolve it 
in boiling water, and add twenty pounds of Paris white, dilut- 
ing with water until the mixture is of the consistency of rich 
milk. To this any tint can be given that is desired. 

Lilac — Add to the calcimine two parts of Prussian blue and 
one of vermilion, stirring thoroughly, and taking care to avoid 
too high a color. 

Gray— Raw umber, with a trifling amount of lamp-black. 

Rose— Three parts of vermilion and one of red lead, added 
in very small quantities until a delicate shade is produced. 

Lavender— Mix a light blue, and tint it slightly with 
vermilion. 

Straw — Chrome yellow, with a touch of Spanish brown. 

Buff— Two parts spruce, or Indian yellow, and one part 
burnt sienna. 

REDWOOD FINISH. 

The following formula and directions have been highly 
recommended: 

Take one quart spirits turpentine. 

Add one pound corn starch. 

Add % " burnt sienna. 

Add one tablespoonful raw linseed oil. 

Add " " brown Japan. 

Mix thoroughly, apply with a brush, let it stand say fifteen 
minutes; rub off all you can with fine shavings or a soft rag, 

42 



then let it stand at least twenty-four hours, that it may sink into 
and harden the fibers of the wood; afterwards apply two coats 
of white shejlac, rub down well with fine flint paper, then put 
on from two to five coats best polishing varnish; after it is well 
dried, rub with water and pumice-stone ground very fine, stand 
a day to dry; after being washed clean with chamois, rub with 
water and rotten-stone; dry, wash as before clean, and rub 
with olive oil until dry. 

Some use cork for sand-papering and polishing, but a 
smooth block of hard wood, like maple, is better. When 
treated in this way, redwood will be found the peer of any 
wood for real beauty and life as a house trim or finish. 

A POLISH FOR WOOD. 

The wooden parts of tools, such as the stocks of planes and 
handles of chisels, are often made to have a nice appearance 
by French polishing; but this adds nothing to their durability. 
A much better plan is to let them soak in linseed oil for a week, 
and rub with a new cloth for a few minutes every day for a 
week or two. This produces a beautiful surface, and has a 
solidifying effect on the wood. 

BURYING A SCREW HEAD OUT OF SIGHT. 

To get the heads of nails and screws out of sight, where 
glue can be used without any objection, just raise up a chip 
with a thin paring chisel, and then set the nail in solid. This 
"leaf" can be covered with a coating of glue and laid back 
again in place, where it must fit on all sides to perfection. A 
dead weight will hold everything in place till the glue dries, 
and a few moments with the scraper makes the 'job complete. 
It will add to the nicety of the work to draw lengthwise with 
the grain two deep cuts with a thin case-knife just the width of 
the chisel, and this keeps the sides of the chips from splitting. 
The chisel should be set at a steep angle at first till the proper 
depth is reached, and then made to turn out a cut of even 
thickness until there is room to drive a nail. If too sharp a 
curve is given, the leaf is likely to break apart in being 
straightened out again. In blind nailing a narrow chip is taken 
with a tool made especially for this purpose, that lifts the cut 
just high enough to let in the nail on the slant, a set slightly 
concaved, being used to keep it from ever slipping off the head, 
and the upraised cut driven down again with the hammer. 

USES OF MICA. 

The peculiar physical characteristics of mica, its resistance 
to heat, transparency, capacity of flexure and high electric 
resistance, adapt it to applications for which there does not 

43 



appear to be any perfect substitute. Its use in windows, in the 
peep-holes on the furnaces used in metallurgical processes, as 
well as the ordinary use in stoves for domestic purposes, are 
examples of its adaptability to specific purposes which it does 
not seem to share with any other material. Its fitness for use 
in physical apparatus is represented by its application for the 
vanes on the Coulomb meter, recently invented by Prof. George 
Forbes, F. R. S. For electrical purposes mica has proved use- 
ful, acting as an insulator between the segments of commutat- 
ors of dynamos and safety fuses in lighting circuits, also as the 
base part of switches handling heavy currents, to obviate the 
dangers of ignition by the arc formed when the switch is 
changed. For this latter purpose it shares the field with 
sheets of slate. Both of these uses were first suggested a num- 
ber of years ago by an insurance expert in the course 
of regulations governing the safe installation of electric 
light plants. As a lubricator, mica answers a very peculiar 
purpose for classes of heavy bearing, where the powdered 
mica serves a useful office in keeping the surface separate, 
thereby permitting the free ingress of oil. It is used in roof- 
covering mixtures in a powdered condition in combination with 
coal tar, ground steatite and other materials, its foliated struct- 
ure tending to bond the material together. Not affected by 
ordinary chemicals which are corrosive to many other sub- 
stances, it has been applied in the valves to sensitive automatic 
sprinklers, where a sheet of mica placed over a leather disk has 
proved to be non-corrosive, and without possibility of adhering 
to the seat, while the leather packing rendered the whole suf- 
ficiently elastic to provide a tight joint. Mica is also used in 
making lamp Chimneys. 

HOW TO DETECT GAS LEAKAGE. 

In order to detect gas leakage, Dr. Bunte, in the Canadian 
Magazine of Science, suggests the use of paper dipped in pal- 
ladium chloride solution. Such paper changes its color in 
presence of gas coming from the leaks imperceptible by the 
odor, and which produce no effect upon the earth covering the 
pipes. Dr. Bunte suggests the following method of practically 
applying the test to street mains: Above the pipes are exca- 
vated, at intervals of two or three yards, holes twelve to sixteen 
inches deep, corresponding to the joints and sleeves. In each 
opening is placed an iron tube, half an inch in diameter, within 
which is a glass tube, containing a roll of the test paper. The 
air from about the main enters the iron tube, and the trace of 
gas which may be present reveals itself by coloring the paper 
brown or black, according to the quantity. If, after ten or 
twenty minutes, the paper is still white, it may be certainly 

44 



concluded that at the point tested there is not the smallest 
escape of gas. Various authorities who have experimented 
with Bunte's method certify to its efficacy. 

THE BANK OF ENGLAND DOORS. 

The Bank of England doors are now so finely balanced 
that a clerk, by pressing a knob under his desk, can close the 
outer doors instantly, and they cannot be opened again except 
by special process. This is done to prevent the daring and 
ingenious unemployed of the metropolis from robbing the bank. 
The bullion departments of this and other banks are nightly 
submerged several feet in water by the action of the machinery. 
In some banks the bullion department is connected with the 
manager's sleeping room, and an entrance cannot be effected 
without shooting a bolt in the dormitory, which in turn sets in 
motion an alarm. If a visitor, during the day, should happen 
to knock off one from a pile of half sovereigns the whole pile 
would disappear, a pool of water taking its place. 

HOW TO FIGURE BICYCLE GEARS. 

To ascertain the gear of a Chain- driven Bicycle, mul- 
tiply the diameter of the rear wheel by the number of the 
teeth on the front sprocket, and divide the product by the 
number of teeth on the rear sprocket. 

To ascertain the gear of a wheel driven by bevel gear- 
ing, divide the number of teeth on the driving gear on the 
crank axle by the number of teeth on the gear on the forward 
end of the gear shaft. Multiply the quotient thus obtained by 
the number of teeth on the gear at the rear end of the gear 
shaft, and divide the product by the number of teeth on the 
gear on the rear hub. Multiply the result by the diameter of 
the rear wheel. 

RULES OF THE ROAD FOR CYCLISTS. 

To ride a bicycle well means, in addition to ability to man- 
age the wheel, a knowledge of both the written and unwritten 
laws of the road and a respect for the rights of others using the 
public highways. A city street crowded with vehicles and 
pedestrians, or a narrow country road full of trouble to the 
beginner, become very clear to the rider who observes the fol- 
lowing three fundamental rules; 

1. Always keep to the right of the center of the road. 

2. Always pass to the right of a vehicle, rider or pedestrian 
approaching you. 

3. Always pass to the left of a vehicle, rider or pedestrian 
going in the same direction as yourself. 

45 



In addition to the above fundamental laws of the highway, 
the following suggestions may be of service: Pass behind a 
pedestrian crossing the street. Two or more riders in com- 
pany should all follow the same rule in passing either vehicles, 
other riders or pedestrians. Do not "scorch" on crowded 
streets. Always have your wheel under full control at road 
intersections. Keep a good lookout ahead and watch all cross- 
ings carefully. 

HOW TO APPLY A TRANSFER. 

The proper handling of a transfer is a very plain and 
simple process, yet somehow the slightest deviation from the 
proper method will spoil the ornament. The chief requisites to 
the successful handling of a transfer ornament are : 1st. A good 
transfer. 2nd. A proper sizing for transferring and a proper 
varnish for covering. 3rd. The proper degree of baking, 
if the article upon which the transfer is placed is to be 
baked. The simplest method of handling a transfer in its 
application as an ornament or name plate is as follows ; Coat 
either the transfer or the article with a thin coat of quick dry- 
ing tacky sizing. This sizing should be the very finest varnish, 
and should be very thin and flow readily. Mix with the varnish 
as much turpentine as is necessary to secure this result. Be 
sure to get as thin as possible a coat of sizing on the transfer 
or the article, as the thinner you get it the better a*d smoother 
it ought to lay. You need not be afraid of getting over the 
edge of the transfer with the varnish; be sure, however, not to 
to get any spots of varnish on the back of the transfer. Place 
the transfer on the article and rub it so that the varnish will 
stick properly wherever there is any transfer. It is usually 
customary to take a slightly damp— not wet— sponge when 
rubbing, as you make the paper pliable in that way, and take 
out stiffness, and thereby make the transfer more liable to hold 
on all spots and places. Of course before you apply the trans- 
fer the varnish must be tacky; you can tell that by trying it 
with your finger. If the transfer sticks readily to the finger 
when you lift it up it is in a fit condition to apply. After 
haying rubbed the transfer thoroughly, take a soaked sponge 
(with warm water) and rub again lightly; be very careful in 
rubbing this time, that the transfer does not slip. The object 
of this is to keep the transfer from tearing, for you can readily 
see part of the transfer may have released from the paper, 
whereas the other part may still be sticking, and any slip of 
the paper will naturally tear the transfer. Should any varnish 
accidentally have gotten on the back of the paper, covering the 
transfer, peel it off by placing a little water on the paper and 
rubbing. This will peel off that spot of varnish very easily, 

46 



and then soak that spot with water. Lift or peel off the paper, 
after the water is thoroughly soaked through, take a soft 
sponge soaked in water and clean off the fuzz and chemical 
from the transfer and around it. This will still leave the 
varnish all around the edges of the transfer. To cut that away, 
take a little gasoline, turpentine or benzine, mixed with water, 
dampen a piece of cotton or soft sponge with either of these 
mixtures, and again clean over the transfer; immediately after, 
go over with water, so as to prevent the cutting fluid eating 
away any of the transfer. After this you have a clean and 
neat appearing transfer free from all varnish, fuzz and dirt. 
Always use warm water. After the transfer is applied and 
thoroughly cleaned as above described, give it a coat of varnish 
to protect the surface of the transfer from rubbing or scratch- 
ing. If the transfer is on an enameled surface it is neces- 
sary to bake at this time. An important point to consider is 
that all transfers when just completed or when fresh are deli- 
cate, and the colors at times, may not be thoroughly dry, in 
which event they will be affected by the cleaning substance. 

Manufacturers: Use a paperhanger 1 s rubbing seaming roller, if 
you have much transferring to do. 

POINTS OF INTEREST. 

Telephone invented, 1861. 

Iron horseshoes were made in 481. 

First telegraph in operation in America was between Wash- 
ington and Baltimore, May 27, 1844. 

The first iron ore discovered in this country was found in 
Virginia in 1715. 

The first steam engine on this continent was brought from 
England in 1753. 

The largest suspension bridge is the Brooklyn. The length 
of the main span is 1,595 feet 6 inches. The entire length of 
the bridge is 5,989 feet. 

The longest span of wire in the world is used for a tele- 
graph in India over the river Ristuah. It is over 6,000 feet, and 
is stretched between two hills, 1,200 feet high. 

A "monkey wrench" is not so named because it is a handy 
thing to monkey with, or for any kindred reason. "Monkey" 
is not its name at all, but "Moncky." Charles Moncky, the 
inventor of it, sold his patent for $2,000, and invested the 
money in a house in Williamsburgh, Kings County, N. Y., 
where he now lives. 

"Liberty, ' ' Bartholdi's statue, presented to the United States 
by the French people in 1885, is the largest statue ever built. 
Its conception is due to the great French sculptor whose name 
it bears. It is said to be a likeness of his mother. Eight years 

47 



of time were consumed in the construction of this gigantic 
brazen image. Its weight is 440,000 pounds, of which 146,000 
pounds are copper, the remainder iron and steel. The major 
part of the iron and steel was used in constructing the skeleton 
framework for the inside. The mammoth electric light held in 
the hand of the giantess is 305 feet above tide-water. The 
height of the figure is 152^£ feet; the pedestal 91 feet, and the 
foundation 52 feet and 10 inches. Forty persons can find stand- 
ing room within the mighty head, which is 14% feet in diame- 
ter. A six-foot man standing on the lower lip could hardly 
reach the eyes. The index finger is eight feet in length and the 
nose 3% feet. The Colossus of Rhodes was a pigmy compared 
with this latter day wonder. 

The great pyramid of Cheops is the largest structure of any 
kind ever erected by the hand of man. Its original dimensions 
at the base were 764 feet square, and its perpendicular height 
in the highest point 488 feet; it covers four acres, one rood, 
and twenty- two perches of ground and has been estimated by an 
eminent English architect to have cost not less than £30,000,000, 
which in United States currency would be about $145,200,000. 
Internal evidence proves that the great pyramid was begun 
about the year 2170 B. C, about the time of the birth of Abra- 
ham. It is estimated that about 5,000,000 tons of hewn stone 
were used in its construction, and the evidence points to the 
fact that these stones were brought a distance of about 700 miles 
from quarries in Arabia. 

The largest and grandest temple of worship in the world is 
the St. Peter's Cathedral at Rome. It stands on the site of 
Nero's circus, in the northwest part of the city, and is built in 
form of a Latin cross. The total length of the interior is 612% 
English feet; transept, 446% feet; height of nave, 152% feet; 
diameter of cupalo, 193 feet; height of dome from pavement to 
top of cross, 448 feet. The great bell alone without the hammer 
or clapper weighs 18,600 pounds, or over 9% tons. The founda- 
tion was laid in 1450 A. D. Forty- three Popes lived and died 
during the time the work was in progress. It was dedicated in 
the year 1826, but not entirely finished until the year 1880. The 
cost, in round numbers, is set down at $70,000,000. 

The Capitol building at Washington, D. C., is the largest 
building in the United States. The corner stone was laid 
December 18, 1793, by President Washington, assisted by other 
Masons. It was partially destroyed by the British in 1814. The 
present dome was begun in 1855 and finished in 1863. The flag 
of the United States first floated from it December 12, 1863. 
The cost of the entire building has been something over $13,- 
000,000. Its length is 715 feet 4 inches; width, 324 feet. It 
covers 3% acres of ground. The distance from the ground to 

48 



the top of the dome is 307% feet; diameter of the dome, 135% 
feet— making fifth as to size with the greatest domes of the 
world. 

The largest and costliest private mansion in the world is 
that belonging to Lord Bute, called Montstuart, and situated 
near Rothesay, Scotland. It covers nearly two acres; is built 
in gothic style; the walls, turrets and balconies are built of 
stone. The immense tower in the center of the building is 120 
feet high, with a balcony around the top. The halls are con- 
structed entirely of marble and alabaster, and the rooms are 
finished in mahogany, rosewood and walnut. The fire-places 
are all carved marbles of antique design. The exact cost of 
this fairy palace is not known, but it has never been estimated 
at less than $8,000,000. 

The corner stone of the Washington monument, the high- 
est in the United States, and until 1889 the highest in the world, 
was laid July 4, 1848. Robert E. Winthrop, then the Speaker 
of the House, delivered the oration. Work progressed steadily 
for about six years, until the funds of the monumental society 
became exhausted. At that time the monument was about 175 
feet high. From 1854 until 1879 nothing to speak of was done 
on the building. In the year last above named Congress voted 
an appropriation of $200,000 to complete the work. From that 
time forward work progressed at a rapid rate until December 
6, 1884, when the aluminum apex was set at 555 feet 5% inches 
from the foundation and the work declared finished. The 
foundation is 146X feet square; number of stones used above 
the 130-foot level, 9,163; total weight stone used in work, 81,120 
tons. 

The famous Corliss engine, the largest ever constructed, 
and the one used to drive the machinery in the great hall at 
the Centennial of 1876, is now in the shops of the Pullman Car 
Company at Pullman, near Chicago, 111. The writer is aware 
that this differs from other statements that have been made, it 
being generally supposed that the Emperor of Brazil bought 
the engine and removed it to his own country. He did talk of 
buying it, but the bargain was never consummated. This tire- 
less giant works in an upright position, is over 40 feet high, of 
1,400 horse-power, and has two 40-inch cylinders and a 10-foot 
stroke. 

The highest building in the world, not counting the Eiffel 
tower and the Washington monument, is the Cologne cathedral. 
The height from the pavement to the top of the cupola is 511 
feet. It is 511 feet long, exactly the same as the height, and 
231 feet wide. It was begun August 15th in the year 1248, and 
was pronounced finished August 14, 1880, over 600 years after 
the corner stone was laid. 

49 



The largest anvil is that used in the Woolwich Arsenal, 
England. It weighs sixty tons. The anvil block upon which 
it rests weighs 103 tons. Altogether 600 tons of iron were used 
in the anvil, the block and the foundation work. It is said to 
have been six months cooling before it was sufficiently hard to 
stand the shock of the immense hammer. 

INTERESTING FACTS OF SCIENCE AND STATISTICS. 

The largest bells are the following, and their weight is given 
in tons: Moscow, 216; Burmah, 117; Pekin, 53; Novgorod, 31; 
Notre Dame, 18; Rouen, 18; Olmutz, 18; Vienna, 18; St. Paul's, 
16; Westminster, 14; Montreal, 12; Cologne, 11; Oxford, 8; 
St. Peter's, 8. 

Bell metal should have 77 parts copper, and 23 tin. 

One horse-power will raise 16% tons per minute a height of 
12 inches, working eight hours a day. This is about 9,900 foot- 
tons daily, or 12 times a man's work. 

The horse-power of Niagara is 3% million nominal, equal 
to 10 million horses effective. 



Candle-Power.— The candle-power of a light may be ap- 
proximately calculated by comparing the shadow cast by a rod 
in the light of a standard candle, with the shadow cast by the 
light to be tested. By moving the latter toward or away from 
the rod, a point will be reached at which the shadow cast by 
both lights will be of the same intensity. The intensities of the 
two lights are directly proportional to the squares of their dis- 
tances from the shadows; for example, suppose the light to be 
tested is three times the distance of the candle, its illuminating 
power is nine times as great. 

USEFUL RECIPES, ETC. 

To Take Smoke Stains from Walls— An easy and sure way 
to remove smoke stains from common plain ceilings is to mix 
wood ashes with the whitewash just before applying. A pint 
of ashes to a small pail of whitewash is sufficient, but a little 
more or less will do no harm. 

To Remoye Oil Stains from Wood — Mix together Fuller's 
earth and soap lees, and rub it into the boards. Let it dry and 
then scour it off with some strong soft soap and sand, or use 
lees to scour it with. It should be put on hot, which may easily 
be done by heating the lees. 

To Disinfect Sinks and Drains— Copperas dissolved in 
water, one-fourth of a pound to a gallon, and poured into a sink 
and water drain occasionally, will keep such places sweet and 
wholesome. A little chloride of lime, say half a pound to a 

50 



gallon of water, will have the same effect, and either of these 
costs but a trifle. 

A preparation may be made at home which will answer 
about as well as the chloride of lime. Dissolve a bushel of salt 
in a barrel of water, and with the salt water slack a barrel of 
lime, which should be made wet enough to form a thin paste or 
wash. 

To Disinfect a Cellar— A damp, musty cellar may be sweet- 
ened by sprinkling upon the floor pulverized copperas, chloride 
of lime, or even common lime. The most effective means 
ever used to disinfect decaying vegetable matter is chloride 
of lime in solution. One pound may be dissolved in two gal- 
lons of water. Plaster of Paris has also been found an excellent 
absorbent of noxious odors. If used one part with three parts 
of charcoal, it will be found still better. 

How to Thaw Out a Water Pipe— Water pipes usually 
freeze up when exposed, for inside the walls, where they can- 
not be reached, they are or should be packed to prevent freez- 
ing. To thaw out a frozen pipe, bundle a newspaper into a 
torch, light it, and pass it along the pipe slowly. The ice will 
yield to this much quicker than to hot water or wrappings of 
hot cloths, as is the common practice. 

How to Test a Thermometer— The common thermometer in 
a japanned iron case is usually inaccurate. To test the ther- 
mometer, bring water into the condition of active boiling, warm 
the thermometer gradually in the steam and then plunge it into 
the water. If it indicate a fixed temperature of two hundred 
and twelve degrees, the instrument is a good one. 

To Remove Paint from Window Glass— Rub it well with hot, 
sharp vinegar. 

To Clean Stovepipe— A piece of zinc put on the live coals 
in the stove will clean out the stovepipe. 

To Clean Brassware — Mix one ounce of oxalic acid, six 
ounces of rotten stone, all in powder, one ounce of sweet oil, 
and sufficient water to make a paste. Apply a small propor- 
tion, and rub dry with a flannel or leather. The liquid dip 
most generally used consists of nitric and sulphuric acids, but 
this is more corrosive. 

Game Laws. 

(Revised to 1900.) 

By kind permission of the Peters Cartridge Co. 

It has been found more convenient for those contemplating 
a hunt to know iclien game may be killed, rather than when pro- 
tected. The dates given indicate the time during which it is 
permitted to kill game. For example, "October 1 to January 

51 



1," signifies that during the months of October, November and 
December the game mentioned may be killed. 

It is not necessary to mention the fines and punishments. 
In general, it may be said that infractions of game laws are 
punishable by heavy fines and sometimes by imprisonment also. 

Arizona — Quail, partridge, grouse, turkey, October 15 to 
March 1. Duck, goose, brant, October 1 to April 1. Dove, 
June 1 to March 1. Deer, antelope, August 1 to December 15. 
Bucks, other than deer or antelope, for camp or domestic use, 
October 1 to February 1. Protected: Female deer and antelope, 
elk, mountain sheep or goat, spotted fawn; pheasants, prairie 
chicken, bob-white until 1902. Prohibited: Exporting. 

Arkansas— Quail, October 1 to March 1. Turkey, Septem- 
ber 1 to May 1. Deer, August 1 to February 1. Protected: 
Prairie chicken until April 12, 1901. Prohibited: Exporting 
until April 12, 1901. Non-residents taxed $25.00. Local laws. 

Colorado— Turkey, prairie chicken, sage chicken, grouse, 
August 15 to October 31. Duck, goose, snipe, curlew, brant, 
swan, crane, September 1 to April 15; in altitudes exceeding 
7,000 feet, September 15 to April 15. Pigeon, dove, July 15 
to September 30. Deer and antelope having horns, October 
25 to November 5. Protected: Quail, pheasant, partridge, 
ptarmigan, bison, buffalo, mountain sheep. Prohibited: Kill-' 
ing, by one person, more than 50 ducks and 25 other birds in 
one day, or more than one elk, antelope and deer, or two ante- 
lope, or two deer, in one season; trespassing or shooting from 
public highway. 

Idaho — Quail, October 31 to December 1. Partridge, 
pheasant, grouse, prairie chicken, sage and fool hen, August 
15 to December 1. Duck, goose, swan, August 15 to March 1. 
Deer, antelope, mountain sheep or goat, September 1 to 
January 1. Elk, September 1 to December 1. Protected: 
Moose, caribou, beaver, until 1904; Mongolian pheasant, until 
1902; buffalo, bison, indefinitely. Prohibited: Killing in one 
season more than 4 each of deer, antelope, mountain sheep or 
goat, or two elks. 

Illinois — Quail, November 1 to December 20. Pinnated 
and ruffed guouse, prairie chicken, pheasant, partridge, Sep- 
tember 1 to October 1. Woodcock, dove, September 1 to 
December 1. Snipe, plover, September 1 to April 25. Duck, 
goose, brant, all water fowl, September 1 to April 15. Tur- 
key, September 1 to January 15. Squirrel, September 1 to 
December 15. Protected: Deer, imported pheasants, cacubis, 
chucker partridge, sand grouse, black India partridge, until 
1904. Prohibited: Sale of game killed in State; exporting. 
Non-residents taxed $10.00. 

52 



Indian Territory — All game protected except for immediate 
subsistence while passing- through the country. 

Iowa — Quail, ruffed grouse, pheasant, turkey, November 1 
to January 1. Prairie chicken, September 1 to December 1. 
Woodcock, July 10 to January 1. Duck, goose, brant, Septem- 
ber 1 to April 15. Squirrel, June 1 to January 1. Protected: 
Ruffed grouse, turkey, until January 1, 1900; deer, elk, goat, 
indefinitely. Prohibited: Killing quail on public highway; 
hunting for market; killing more than 25 birds or fowl in one 
day; trespassing; exporting. 

Kansas— Quail, grouse, prairie chicken, October 1 to No- 
vember 30. Protected: Pheasant, meadow lark, dove. Pro- 
hibited : Sale of game and exporting. 

Missouri— Quail, prairie chicken, partridge, pheasant, tur- 
key, November 1 to January 1. Woodcock, dove, lark, plover, 
August 1 to January 1. Duck, October 1 to April 1. Deer, one 
year old and over, October 1 to January 1. Coon, mink, otter, 
beaver, musk rat, November 1 to April 1. Protected: Does, 
California valley and mountain quail, Texas quail, Chinese 
pheasant. Prohibited: Exporting from counties where killed; 
hunting by non-residents. 

Nebraska— Quail, turkey, November 1 to January 1. All 
kinds of grouse, pheasant, prairie chicken, September 1 to 
January 1. Snipe, woodcock, plover, duck, goose, September 
1 to May 1. Deer, elk, antelope, November 1 to January 1. 
Mink, otter, musk rat, February 15 to April 15. Protected: 
Mongolian and all imported pheasants, until 1905. Prohibited: 
Exporting. 

Nevada— Quail, partridge, pheasant, woodcock, grouse, 
bittern, yellow hammer, September 15 to March 15. Duck, 

foose, crane, brant, swan, plover, curlew, snipe, mud hen, 
eptember 15 to April 1. Sage cock, hen or chicken, August 
15 to March 1. Deer, elk, antelope, mountain sheep or goat, 
caribou, September 1 to January 1. 

New Mexico— Quail, grouse, prairie chicken, pheasant, 
partridge, turkey, September 1 to March 1. Deer and antelope 
with horns, September 1 to December 1. Protected: Elk, 
fawn, ibex, mountain sheep or goat, beaver, Mongolian pheas- 
ant, until March 10, 1902. Prohibited: Exporting. 

Oklahoma— Quail, October 15 to February 1. Prairie 
chicken, turkey, September 1 to January 1. Plover, dove, 
August 31 to December 31. Protected: Mongolian and other 
pheasants until January 1, 1904; deer, antelope, indefinitely. 

Texas— Quail, partridge, October 1 to March 15. Prairie 
chicken, August 1 to February 1. Turkey, September 1 to 

53 



April 1. Deer, September 1 to January 1. Protected: Ante- 
lope, English and Mongolian pheasants, until 1902. Pro- 
hibited: Exporting; sale of deer or antelope killed in State. 

Utah— Quail, October 1 to March 1, in Kane and Washing- 
ton counties only. Partridge, pheasant, prairie chicken, sage 
hen, grouse, August 15 to December 1. Dove, July 1 to De- 
cember 1. Duck, goose, snipe, brant, swan, September 15 to 
April 1. Protected: Quail, except in counties specified; Mon- 
golian, Chinese and English pheasants, pinnated grouse; elk, 
antelope, mountain sheep, buffalo, bison, beaver, otter. Pro- 
hibited: Exporting; killing more than 2 deer in one season. 



TRAP RULES 

OP THE 
AMERICAN SHOOTING ASSOCIATION. 

Revised November 1, 1898, by C. W. Dimiek. 



Rules for Inanimate Target Shooting. 



RUL.E 1— JUDGES AND REFEREE. 

Two judges and a referee, or a referee alone, shall be 
selected by the management, or the contestants, whose decision 
shall be final. 

RULE 2— DUTIES OF THE REFEREE. 

The referee shall see that the traps are properly set at the 
beginning of the match, and kept in order to the finish. He 
shall endeavor to make the targets conform to the flight and 
direction indicated in Rule No. 7. He shall test any trap upon 
application of the shooter at any time by throwing a trial 
target therefrom. He may at any time, and must when so 
requested by a contestant, select one or more cartridges from 
those of a shooter at the score, and publicly test the same for 
proper loading. If the cartridge, or cartridges, are found to 
be improperly loaded, the shooter shall suffer the penalty as 
provided for in Rule No. 11. 

RULE 3.— SCORER. 

A scorer shall be appointed by the management, whose 
score shall be the official one. All scoring shall be done with 
ink, or indelible pencil. The scoring of a lost target shall be 
indicated by a "0," and a broken target by the figure "1." 

51 



RULE 4.-PULLER. 

A puller or pullers, shall be appointed by the management, 
whose duty it shall be to see that the trap or traps shall be 
instantly sprung when the shooter calls "Pull," and shall be 
placed in such a position that the shooter will have no means 
of knowing by his actions which trap is to be pulled. In single 
target shooting he shall pull the trap as decided by a trap- 
pulling indicator, or other means that may have been provided 
by the management, so that the shooter will have no means of 
knowing from which trap the target is to be thrown. 

RULE 5.-PULLING THE TRAPS, 

Section 1. Traps may be pulled in regular order from 1 
to 3, or 1 to 5, or vice versa, if so decided by the management. 

Sec. 2. If the shooting is from traps to be pulled in regu- 
lar order, the shooter may refuse the target from the trap not 
so pulled; but if he shoots, the result must be scored. 

Sec. 3. If the trap is sprung before, or at any noticeable 
interval after the shooter calls "Pull," he can accept or refuse 
the target: but if he shoots, the result must be scored. 

Sec. 4. If the puller, or pullers, do not pull in accordance 
to the indicator, or other means provided, they shall be removed 
and others substituted. 

RULE 6.— arrangement of traps. 

All matches shall be shot from three or five traps, set level, 
3 or 5 yards apart, in the segment of a circle, or in a straight 
line. When in the segment of a circle, the radius of the circle 
shall be eighteen yards. In all cases the shooter's position 
shall not be less from each trap than the rises provided for in 
Rule 7. The traps shall be numbered from 1 on the left, to No. 
3 or No. 5, on the right, consecutively, according to the num- 
ber used. 

RULE 7.— ADJUSTING TRAPS. 

Section 1. All traps must be adjusted to throw the targets 
a distance of not less than 40 yards, nor more than 65 yards. 

Sec 2. The elevation of the target in its flight at a dis- 
tance of 10 yards from the trap shall not be more than 12 feet, 
nor less than 6 feet, and the angles of flight shall be as fol- 
lows: 

If three traps are used- 
No. 1 trap shall be set to throw a left quartering target. 
No. 2 trap shall be set to throw a straightaway target. 
No. 3 trap shall be set to throw a right quartering target. 
If five traps are used- 
No. 1 trap shall be set to throw a right quartering target. 

55 



No. 2 trap shall be set to throw a left quartering- target. 

No. 3 trap shall be set to throw a straightaway target. 

No. 4 trap shall be set to throw a right quartering target. 

No. 5 trap shall be set to throw a left quartering target. 

Traps Nos. 1 and 5 shall be set to throw the targets so that 
the line of flight shall cross that of the straightaway target 
at a point not less than 10 yards nor more than 20 yards from 
trap No. 3. 

Sec. 3. After the traps are set for these angles, if the target 
for any reason shall take a different course it shall be consid- 
ered a fair target, provided that the referee decides it offered a 
fair shot to the contestant. 

RULE 8.— SCREENS. 

Either pits or screens, or both, may be used, but the screens 
must not be higher than is actually necessary to fully protect 
the trapper. 

RULE 9.— THE RISE. 

In single target shooting the rise shall be: 
18 yards for 10-gauge guns. 
16 yards for 12-gauge guns. 
14 yards for 14 and 16-gauge guns. 

13 yards for 20-gauge guns. 

In double target shooting the rise shall be: 
16 yards for 10-gauge guns. 

14 yards for 12-gauge guns. 

12 yards for 14 and 16-gauge guns. 
11 yards for 20-gauge guns. 

RULE 10.— CALIBER AND WEIGHT OF GUNS. 

No gun of larger caliber than 10-gauge shall be used, and 
the weight of all guns shall be limited as follows: 
10-gauge, 9 pounds 4 ounces. 
12-gauge, 8 pounds 4 ounces. 
14 and 16-gauge, 7 pounds 12 ounces. 
20-gauge, 7 pounds 8 ounces. 

RULE 11.— LOADS. 

Charge of powder unlimited. Charge of shot not to exceed 
one and one-quarter ounces American Association, or Dixon's 
measure, struck. Any shooter using a larger quantity of shot 
shall forfeit his entrance money and rights in the match. 

Note.— If, in the opinion of the management, with the 
unanimous consent of the contestants, a shooter has not wil- 
fully violated this rule, his entrance money shall be returned 
to him. 

RULE 13.— LOADING GUNS. 

In single target shooting, only one barrel shall be loaded at 
a time, and the cartridge shall not be placed in the barrel until 
after the shooter has taken his position at the score, 

56 



In double target shooting, both barrels shall be loaded at 
the score. Cartridges must be removed from the gun before 
leaving the score. 

RULE 13— POSITION OF GUN. 

Any the shooter may adopt. 

RULE 14.— SINGLE TARGET SHOOTING. 

When the traps are set in the segment of a circle, each 
contestant shall shoot at three or more targets before leaving 
the score. If two targets are sprung at the same time and the 
contestant does not shoot, it shall be declared "No Target;" 
but if he shoots the result must be scored. 

RULE 15.— DOUBLE TARGET SHOOTING. 

Both traps must be pulled simultaneously, and each con- 
testant" shall shoot at three or five pairs, consecutively, thrown 
as follows: If three traps are used, the first pair shall be 
thrown from 1 and 2, the second pair from 2 and 3, the third 
pair from 1 and 3, the fourth pair from 1 and 2, and the fifth 
pair from 2 and 3. 

If five traps are used, the first pair shall be thrown from 
2 and 3, the second pair from 3 and 4, the third pair from 2 
and 4, the fourth pair from 2 and 3, and the fifth pair from 3 
and 4. 

If only one target is thrown, it shall be declared "No 
targets." 

If a target be lost for reasons stated in Rule 19, Sec. 1, it 
shall be declared "No targets." If one be fair and the other 
an imperfect target, it shall be declared "No targets." But if 
the shooter accepts an imperfect target, or targets, the result 
must be scored. 

If both targets are broken by one barrel, it shall be declared 
"No targets." If the shooter fires both barrels at one target 
intentionally, it shall be scored "Lost targets." But if the 
second barrel be discharged accidentally, it shall be "No 
targets." 

RULE 16.— UNKNOWN ANGLES. 

In unknown angles each trap must be changed so as to 
throw the target in a different direction from the one last 
thrown by it. The extreme angles at which the targets are 
thrown, shall not be greater than those provided for by Rule 7. 

If an unfair target is thrown, it shall be declared "No 
target; ' ' but if accepted by contestant the result must be scored. 

RULE 17.— RAPID FIRING SYSTEM. 

When the traps are set in a straight line and the rapid 
firing system is to be used, there shall be a screen before each 

57 



trap on which shall appear the number of the trap, from No. 1 
on the left, and each shooter shall stand at score opposite the 
trap from which the target is to be thrown for him to shoot at. 
After he has shot at his first target he shall pass to the next 
score to the right, and so continue until he reaches the end of 
the score, when he shall return to the score opposite No. 1, 
and continue as before until his score is finished. If shooters 
are annoyed, or there is delay in shooting by the smoke of 
previous shots, the traps may be pulled in reverse order, com- 
mencing with the trap on the right. 

RULE 18.— CLASS SHOOTING. 

All contestants who are tied on highest score shall divide 
first money, and those tied on next highest score divide second 
money, etc. Should a majority in any tie decideto shoot it out, 
high gun to take purse, any individual in said tie shall have a 
right to withdraw his pro rata of money. 

All shooting shall be class shooting unless otherwise stated 
by the management. 

RULE 19.— BROKEN TARGETS. 

A target to be scored "broken," must have a perceptible 
piece broken from it while in the air. A "dusted" target is not 
a broken target. No target shall be retrieved for shot marks. 

If a target be broken by a trap, the shooter may claim 
another target, but if he shoots, the.result must be scored. 

RULE 20.— ALLOWING ANOTHER TARGET. 

Section 1. The shooter shall be allowed another target 
for the following reasons : 

A— For a target broken by the trap. 

B— For any defect in the gun, or load, causing a mis-fire. 

C — If the contestant is interfered with, or balked, or there 
is other similar reason why it should be done, the referee may 
allow another target. 

Sec. 2. If the shooter is balked at known traps, he shall 
have another target from same trap. But if the balk occurs at 
unknown traps, the indicator shall again be turned and a new 
combination used barring traps which have been fairly sprung. 

Note.— When a shooter in breaking his gun to put in the 
shell fails to break it far enough to cock the gun, it is consid- 
ered his own carelessness, and not sufficient excuse for the 
allowance of another target. 

RULE 81.— LOST TARGETS. 

Targets shall be scored lost if the shooter fails to load, 
cock, adjust safety on gun, or pulls the wrong trigger. 

58 



RULE 22.— TIE SHOOTING. 

Section 1. All ties shall be shot off at the original dis- 
tance, and as soon after the match as practicable, at the follow- 
ing number of birds : 

Ties on Single Targets.— hi single target matches of 25 targets, 
or less, on three traps, 3 targets; five traps, 5 targets. In 
matches of 26 targets to 50 inclusive, on three traps, 6 targets; 
five traps, 10 targets. In matches of over 50 on three traps, 15 
targets; five traps, 25 targets. 

Ties on Double Targets.— ha. double target matches of 10 
pairs or less, on three traps, 3 pairs. In matches of more than 
10 pairs, 5 pairs thrown from traps 1 and 3. If five traps are 
used ,. the same number shall be thrown in each case from traps 
2 and 4 (unless otherwise arranged by the management, and so 
stated or understood previous to the beginning of the match) . 

Sec. 2. If in a series of matches the result prove a tie, 
such tie shall be shot off at the original number of targets. 

RULE 23.— ANNOUNCING THE SCORE. 

Section 1. When two judges and a referee are serving, 
one of the judges shall announce the result of each shot dis- 
tinctly, and it shall be called back by the scorer. 

(The call for a broken target shall be "Broke," and the 
call for a missed target shall be "Lost.") 

If the second judge disagrees with the decision of the 
judge calling, he shall announce it at once before another target 
is thrown, and the referee shall decide it. In case of another 
target being thrown before the referee's decision, the target so 
thrown shall be "No Target." 

Sec. 2. At the close of each shooter's score the result 
must be announced. If claimed to be wrong, the error, if any, 
must be corrected at once. 

RULE 24.— SHOOTER AT THE SCORE. 

In all contests the shooter must be at the score within 
three minutes after his name is called to shoot, or he forfeits 
his rights in the match. 

RULE 25.— FORBIDDEN SHOOTING. 

No shooting will be permitted in the enclosure other than 
at the score; and in case there is no enclosure, no shooting 
within 200 yards of the score, without the consent of the 
management. 

59 



Rules for Live Bird Shooting. 



RULE 1.— REFEREE. 

A referee shall be appointed by the contestants, or manage- 
ment, whose decisions shall be final. 

RULE 3.— DUTIES OF REFEREE. 

The referee shall see that the traps are properly set at the 
beginning of the match, and kept in order to the finish, and 
that they are kept properly filled. He may at any time, and 
must when so requested by a contestant, select one or more 
cartridges from those of a shooter at the score, and publicly 
test same for proper loading. If the cartridge, or cartridges, 
are found to be improperly loaded, the shooter shall suffer the 
penalty as provided in Rule 15. 

RULE 3.— SCORER. 

A scorer shall be appointed by the contestants, or manage- 
ment, whose score shall be the official one. 

RULE 4.— PULLER. 

A puller shall be appointed by the contestants, or manage- 
ment, and shall be placed at least 6 feet behind the shooter, and 
it shall be his duty to pull the traps evenly and fairly for each 
contestant, and instantly after the shooter calls "Full." He 
must use a trap-pulling indicator, or other device that may be 
furnished by the management, so that the shooter will not know 
which trap is to be pulled. All traps must be filled before the 
shooter calls "Pull." 

If more than one bird is liberated, the shooter may call 
"No bird;" but if he shoots, the result must be scored. 
Should the puller not pull in accordance with the indicator, he 
shall be removed and another puller substituted. 

If the trap is pulled before, or at any noticeable interval 
after, the shooter calls "Pull," he can accept or refuse the bird; 
but if he shoots, the result must be scored. 

RULE 5.— ARRANGEMENT OF TRAPS. 

All matches shall be shot from five ground traps, placed 
5 yards apart, in the segmeut of a circle. The radius of the 
circle shall be 30 yards from the shooter's score. The traps 
shall be numbered from No. 1 on the left to No. 5 on the right, 
consecutively. 

Note.— A ground trap is one that lies flat with the surface 
of the ground when open, and gives the bird its natural flight 
in starting. 



RULE 6.— THE RISE. 

The rise shall be: * 

30 yards for 10-gauge guns. 

28 yards for 12-gauge guns. 

26 yards for 14 and 16-gauge guns. 

25 yards for 20-gauge guns. 
Shooter's feet must be back of, and not on shooting mark. 

RULE 7.— BOUNDARY. 

The boundary for both single and double bird shooting 
shall be the segment of a 50-yard circle and a dead line. The 
circle shall be drawn from a point 10 yards beyond the center 
trap on a line from the sTiooter's score, and it shall terminate 
where it joins the dead line, which shall be drawn at a distance 
of 30 yards from the center trap, and at right angles with a 
line drawn from the shooter's score to the center trap. 

RULE 8.— BIRDS REFUSING TO FLY. 

When a bird refuses to fly, such artificial means as have 
been provided by the management may be used to start it, by 
direction of the referee. A bird hit with a missile shall be de- 
clared "No bird." The shooter may declare a bird refusing to 
fly when the trap is pulled, "No bird." If a bird walks one 
yard toward the shooter it shall be declared "No bird" by the 
referee. 

RULE 9. -GATHERING BIRDS. 

A bird to be scored dead must be gathered within bounds 
before another bird is shot at, and within three minutes' time, 
by a dog or person appointed by the shooter for that purpose. 
No extraneous means shall be used, and no other person shall 
be allowed to assist in gathering. If the gatherer can not 
locate the bird, he may appeal to the referee to locate it for 
him. When the bird is retrieved by a man, it shall be scored 
dead when brought to firing point; but when dog is used, the 
bird shall be scored dead when the dog has had him in his 
mouth. All birds challenged must show flesh shot marks to 
be scored "Dead." 

RULE 10.— BIRDS KILLED ON THE GROUND. 

A bird killed on the ground with the first barrel is "No 
bird." But it may be killed on the ground with the second 
barrel if the first is fired while the bird is on the wing. If a 
bird is shot at on the ground with the first barrel, and the 
shooter uses the second barrel, and the bird escapes, it is 
"Lost Bird." But if the bird is killed, it shall be "No bird." 

RULE 11.— MUTILATING BIRDS. 

No mutilation of birds will be allowed, and if it is proved 
to the referee that any contestant has wilfully mutilated a 

61 



bird, or is a party thereto, the Referee shall declare all his 
rights in the match forfeited. 

RULE 13.— OUT OF BOUNDS. 

If bird settles on top of boundary fence it must be scored 
lost. Where grounds are not enclosed and any part of bird is 
on the boundary line, after killing it shall be scored "Dead 
bird." Where fence is used for boundary and bird escapes 
through hole in same it shall be scored "No bird." A bird 
once outof bounds must be scored a "Lost bird," except where 
otherwise provided. 

RULE 13. -BIRDS SHOT AT BY ANOTHER PERSON. 

If a bird be shot at by any person other [than the shooter 
at the score, the referee shall decide whether it shall be scored, 
or another bird allowed. 

RULE 14.— POSITION OF GUN. 

Any the shooter may adopt. 

RULE 15.— LOADS. 

Charge of powder unlimited. Charge of shot not to exceed 
one and one-quarter ounces American Association, or Dixon's 
measure, struck. Any shooter using a larger quantity of shot 
shall forfeit his entrance money and rights in the match. 

RULE 16.— CALIBER AND WEIGHT OF GUN. 

No gun of larger caliber than a 10-gauge shall be used, and 
the weight of all guns shall be limited as follows: 
10-gauge, 9 pounds 4 ounces. 
12-gauge, 8 pounds 4 ounces. 
14 and 16-gauge, 7 pounds 12 ounces. 
20-gauge, 7 pounds 8 ounces. 

RULE 17. -LOADING GUN. 

No gun shall be loaded except at the score. Cartridges 
must be removed from the gun before leaving the score. 

RULE 18.— LOST BIRD. 

If a gun is not cocked, or the safety not properly adjusted, 
and the bird escapes, it shall be scored a "Lost bird." 

RULE 19.— BOTH BARRELS DISCHARGED SIMULTANEOUSLY. 

If both barrels are discharged simultaneously and the bird 
escapes, the contestant shall be allowed another bird, same as 
provided in Rule 21. But if the bird is killed it must be de- 
clared "No bird." 

RULE 30.— MIS-FIRE WITH THE FIRST BARREL. 

' If the shooter's gun mis-fire with the first barrel he shall be 
allowed another bird, but if he uses the second barrel and 

62 



misses, the bird must be scored "Lost bird." But if killed 
wiih the second barrel, on the wing, it shall be scored "Dead 
bird." 

RULE 31. -MIS- EIRE WITH THE SECOND BARREL. 

If a mis-fire occurs with the second barrel, the shooter shall 
have another bird, using a full charge of powder only in the 
first barrel. He must, however, put the gun to his shoulder 
and discharge the blank cartridge in the direction of the bird, 
and the bird must be on the wing when the first barrel is 
discharged. 

RULE 32.— SHOOTER AT THE SCORE. 

In all contests the shooter must be at the score within three 
minutes after his name is called to shoot, or he forfeits his 
rights in the match. 

RULE 33.— LEAVING THE SCORE. 

A shooter having fired his first barrel and left the score, can 
not return to fire his second barrel. 

RULE 34.— BALK. 

If a contestant is balked or interfered with, or there is other 
similar reason why it should be done, the referee may allow 
another bird. 

RULE 35.— ANNOUNCING THE SCORE. 

The referee shall announce the result of each shot distinctly 
and it shall be called back by the scorer, and at the close of 
each shooter's score the result must be announced, and if 
claimed to be wrong, the error, if any, must be corrected at 
once. 

RULE 36.— TIE SHOOTING. 

All ties shall be shot off at the original distance, and as soon 
after the match as practicable, at the following number of 
birds, unless otherwise agreed to by all contestants: 

In matches of 10 birds or less, 3 birds. 

In matches of 11 to 25 birds, inclusive, 5 birds. 

In matches of 26 to 50 birds, inclusive, 10 birds. 

In matches of 51 to 100 birds, inclusive, 25 birds. 

If in a series of matches the result prove a tie, such tie 
shall be shot off at the original number of birds. 

RULE 37.— CLASS SHOOTING. 

All shooting shall be class shooting, unless otherwise 
stated. 



RULE 28.-ENDANGERING PERSON OR PROPERTY. 

If a bird shall fly so that to shoot at it would endanger 
any person or property, it shall not be shot at, and the referee 
shall allow another bird. 

RULE 39,— FORBIDDEN SHOOTING. 

No shooting 1 shall be permitted within the enclosure other 
than at the score, and in case there is no enclosure, no shoot- 
ing within 200 yards of the score, except by those at the score, 
without the consent of the management. 

Double Birds. 

RULE 1. 

The rules for single bird shooting shall govern double bird 
contests, when not conflicting with the following: 

RULE 3.-DOUBLE RISES. 

The double rises shall be from two traps of any kind, 10 
yards apart, pulled simultaneously. The rise shall be: 
26 yards for 10-gauge guns. 
24 yards for 12-gauge guns. 
22 yards for 14 and 16-gauge guns. 
21 yards for 20-gauge guns. 

RULE 3.-ALLOWING ANOTHER PAIR. 

Both birds should be on the wing when shot at. Should 
only one bird fly, the shooter shall have another pair of birds if 
he does not shoot, or if he does shoot and kills the bird on the 
wing. But if he shoots and misses, the bird shall be scored 
lost, and in such event he shall shoot at another pair of birds, 
with a full charge of powder only in one barrel. The referee 
shall load the gun, not allowing the shooter to know which 
barrel contains the full charge, and which contains the powder 
charge only. 

RULE 4.— MIS-FIRE WITH THE FIRST BARREL. 

If the shooter's gun mis-fire with the first barrel, he will 
be entitled to another pair of birds, if he does not shoot his 
second barrel. But if he fires his second barrel, the result 
must be scored, and the shooter will shoot at another pair of 
birds, with a full charge of powder only, in one barrel, as 
provided for in Rule 3. 

RULE 5.— MIS-FIRE WITH SECOND BARREL. 

If the shooter's gun mis-fire with the second barrel, the 
result of the first barrel must be scored, and the shooter shall 

64 



shoot at another pair of birds with a full charge of powder only 
in one barrel, as provided for in Rule 3. 

RULE 6.— LOST BIRD. 

If a shooter fire both barrels at one bird intentionally, it 
shall be scored "Lost birds." But if the second barrel be dis- 
charged accidentally, it shall be "No birds." 

RULE 7.— NO BIRD. 

If both birds are killed with one barrel, it shall be declared 
"No birds," and the shooter shall shoot at another pair of birds. 

RULE 8.— TIES. 

All ties must be decided in shooting off as follows: 
In matches of 5 pairs or less, at 2 pairs. 
In matches of 6 to 10 pairs, inclusive, at 3 pairs. 
In matches of 11 to 20 pairs, inclusive, at 6 pairs. 
In matches of 21 to 50 pairs, inclusive, at 10 pairs. 

Rules Governing Rifle and Pistol Competitions. 

By A. C. Gould. 



RIFLE COMPETITIONS. 

All meetings for competition shall be conducted by an 
Executive Officer, who shall see that the regulations are rigidly 
complied with by competitors and others. A record of the 
shooting shall be kept by a score-keeper seated in the rear of 
the firing point, who shall, as each shot is signaled, call in a 
loud voice the name of the competitor and the value of the shot, 
and, at the conclusion of the score of each competitor, announce 
in like manner his name and total score. Competitors shall be 
allowed to examine the records of the score-keeper during the 
progress of the match, but in such manner as not to interfere 
with his work. 

RIFLES. 

Any rifle is allowed in the competition, with sights of any 
description, excepting such as cover the target, so as to conceal 
the danger signal when displayed. 

TARGETS. 

The following described targets are now in general use : 

GERMAN RING TARGET. 

Bull's-eye, 12 inches. The whole target, including bull's- 
eye, divided into circles % inch apart, the center circle being 
IX inches, and counting from 25 down to 1. 

65 



5HET, 4x6 FEET 




3.36 inches 


diameter 


5.54 




n 


8.00 




a 


11.00 




i< 


14.80 




a 


19.68 




(t 


26.00 




44 


34.22 




4( 


46.00 




44 


4x6 




" 



STANDARD AMERICAN TARGET 

Count 10. Bull's-eye, circular, 
" 9. " " 

8*. M " 

44 n 44 

" 6*. 

" 5. 

44 £ 44 

3! 

2. 
1. 

For rest shooting add circle inside of ten 2.33 inches in 
diameter; inside of eleven circle add another circle, 1.41 inches 
in diameter; these circles count 11 and 12 respectively. 

COLUMBIA TARGET. 

Bull's-eye, 12 inches. The whole target, including the 
bull's-eye, divided into circles % inch apart. The center circle, 
being one inch in diameter, counts 1, the second circle counts 
2, and so on out to 26. A shot outside the 26 circle counts 27. 

MARKING AND SCORING. 

The marker in the pit shall signal the location of a shot by 
placing a disk over the shot hole, after which he shall display a 
card on which is a figure indicating the value of the shot. 

POSITION. 

In off-hand shooting, the position up to and including three 
hundred yards shall be standing. The elbow may be rested 
against the hip or the body. 

At distances above three hundred yards any position may 
be taken without artificial rests to the rifle or body. 

TIES. 

Ties shall be decided as follows, viz. : The score containing 
the lowest shot shall rank lowest; in re-entry matches to be de- 
cided by the next highest score or scores, if still a tie, by inverse 
order of shots; and, if still a tie, by each competitor shooting 
three shots, until decided. 

No scores with handicap shall exceed a perfect score. 

Pistol and Revolver Competitions, 

PISTOLS AND REVOLVERS PERMISSIBLE. 

Any of the following conforming to the conditions pre- 
scribed. 

66 



Army or navy revolvers. Such in all respects as have been 
adopted by any government for the armament of its army or 
navy. 

Target revolvers. Of any caliber, maximum weight three 
pounds, maximum length ten inches, including cylinder. 

Any pistol. Breech or muzzle-loading, maximum weight 
three pounds, maximum length of bore ten inches. 

Minimum trigger pull shall be four pounds for military 
revolvers, two and one-half pounds for target revolvers and 
two pounds for single shot pistols. 

As to sights, the front and rear sights must be open, and 
not more than ten inches apart; the notch of a rear sight, to 
be considered open, must be as wide at the top of the notch as 
at any part; no aperture or peep sights, nor any manner of 
covered sights, shall be permitted. Lateral sliding bars or wind 
gauge may be used on rear open sight of target revolvers or 
single shot pistols, also any elevating front or rear open sight. 
Sights on military revolvers must be unaltered. The use of a 
notch for a front sight will not be permitted. Sights may be 
smoked or blackened in any desired manner. 

AMMUNITION. 

If factory ammunition is called for, it shall be of any make, 
of any established manufacturer, generally procurable in stores 
and brought to the shooting-point in unbroken boxes, with the 
label of the manufacturer intact. 

CLEANING. 

In any match where both pistols and revolvers are 
allowed, competitors may clean their arms at will, provided 
such cleaning does not delay the firing, which shall be at the 
rate of one shot per minute, when time limit is required, or 
oftener during the firing of each score, except in case of acci- 
dent. In such case the time may be extended, in the discretion 
of the Executive Officer. 

In matches confined to revolvers, the cylinder must be 
fully charged, or a sufficient number of chambers charged to 
complete the score. Blowing into or cleaning the barrel in 
any way will not be permitted, except when the cylinder is 
completely discharged. 

LOADING AND FIRING. 

No arms shall be loaded except at the firing-point, the 
muzzle of piece being kept in the direction of the target till the 
arm is either discharged or unloaded. 

Mis-fires shall not count; but an accidental discharge shall, 
in every instance, be scored a shot. 

67 



POSITION. 

The position shall be as follows : Standing- free from any 
other artificial support, the pistol or revolver held in one hand 
only, with the arm extended free from the body, and unsup- 
ported in any way. 

TARGETS. 

The Standard American target, full size, having an eight- 
inch bull, shall be used in matches at fifty yards distance. 
The same target, reduced to one-half size, having a four-inch 
bull, in matches at thirty yards' distance. The same target 
reduced to one-quarter size, having a two-inch bull, in matches 
at twenty yards' distance. The target reduced, in the same 
proportion to distance, in matches of a lesser range. 

MARKING AND SCORING. 

Unless otherwise specified, each competitor will have a 
separate target provided, and will fire his score throughout, 
when the target will be examined by the scorer and the score 
recorded. 

VALUE OF SHOTS. 

If a bullet touches in a line the count of that line is given; 
shots on or within that line count the same. The eye alone 
shall determine the count. Placing a bullet or other articles in 
the shot-hole is not permitted. 

APPEAL. 

In case of a challenge or of dissatisfaction in any way con- 
nected with the shooting, in matches or practice, being referred 
to the Executive Officer, he or his representative shall render a 
decision. Should his decision be unsatisfactory, an appeal may 
be made in writing to the Executive Committee; the decision of 
the majority of this committee shall be final. 

TO AVOID DANGER. 

No unnecessary talking will be allowed to or by shooters 
while on the firing point with loaded pistol. 

How to Organize a Gun Club and Conduct a 
Tournament. 



By Jack Parker. 

[COPYRIGHTED.] 



TO ORGANIZE A GUN CLUB. 

1. When a party of shooters or sportsmen desire to organ- 
ize a Gun Club, a few of the leading spirits should appoint a 
time and place for a meeting, and invite all interested to be 



present. A gun or sporting goods store is an excellent place 
to meet. The meeting should be called to order by one of the 
promoters, and a Chairman and Secretary should be elected 
to act until a permanent organization is effected. After the 
object of the meeting has been sufficiently discussed, and all 
present who desire to become members of the proposed Club 
have given their names, a committee of three or five should 
be appointed to suggest a name for the Club and to draft a 
Constitution and By-Laws for permanent organization, the 
committee to have authority to call a meeting again when 
ready to report. At " the second meeting action should be 
taken on the report of the committee, and the organization be 
completed by electing officers. A committee should be ap- 
pointed to secure suitable grounds, to prepare same and to 
purchase traps, targets and whatever is necessary for an outfit. 
This committee may have power to act, or may be required to 
report all proposed purchases and arrangements for the ap- 
proval of a meeting before completing same. The Secretary 
should be instructed to send notice at once to the press of the 
organization of the Club. 

2. A Constitution should in general embrace the following 
subjects: Name of club, object, officers and method of electing 
same, duties of officers, conditions of membership and 
method of electing to same, fees, initiation and annual 
method of dealing with members in arrears, how membership 
may be terminated, forfeiture of rights and interests, how the 
Constitution may be amended. 

3. By-Laws should pertain to time of meeting, order of 
business, regulations for shoots, management of ground, pur- 
chase of supplies, reports and auditing of same, and what- 
ever the individual club may find its peculiar circumstances may 
require. 

4. The following are the customary officers and their 
duties: A President, whose duties are to preside at meetings, 
enforce order and the rules of the Club, and exercise a general 
supervision of its affairs; a Vice-President, who acts in the 
absence of the President; a Secretary, who keeps a record of 
the membership and the proceedings of meetings, issues notices 
and attends to correspondence; a Treasurer, who collects and 
disburses funds on order of the Club, and is expected to attend 
to ordinary purchases ; a Captain , who has the management of 
shoots and the enforcement of rules on the grounds. It may 
be well to appoint the officers as an Executive Board or com- 
mittee to settle all questions and attend to all matters of not 
sufficient importance to call a meeting of the whole Club. 

5. It is important to have a good live man as Secretary, 
who will keep the papers informed of the scores and doings of 

69 



the Club. This keeps the members pleased and interested, and 
attracts the attention of the sporting fraternity in general, 
which is of value. 

TO CONDUCT A TARGET TOURNAMENT. 

1. Grounds should be as level as possible, with unob- 
structed sky as background. Cashier's office or tent should be 
central and 30 yards or more from shooting scores. Shelter 
for shooters when in action or resting, tables or racks for guns 
and plenty of chairs or benches should be always provided. 

"The shooting score should be roped off and no person allowed 
inside but the shooters at the score, the squad immediately to 
follow and those whose duty require their presence. Spec- 
tators should be arranged on the right or left, or immediately 
in the rear of shooting scores. 

2. Arrangement of traps should be according to American 
Association rules: Five traps five yards apart, or the W. Gr. 
Sergeant System, three traps four feet apart. Pit for trappers, 
three feet deep and eight feet long, with screen to protect nine 
feet long and three feet high. The shooting scores should be 
five in number, two yards apart, circular in form and sixteen 
yards from center trap: five to constitute a squad. Each con- 
testant fires, in ten-bird event, twice before moving; in fifteen- 
bird event, three times, and so on, according to number of 
targets in event, shooting always at known trap and unknown 
angle. This arrangement is commended as the most pleasing 
and satisfactory in results. 

3. Targets enough for the entire day's shoot should be 
unpacked, and conveniently placed before the tournament 
begins, in order to avoid delay and confusion later on. They 
should not be exposed to rain or to the sun on a hot day. 
Each target should be tried before placing in trap by pulling in 
opposite directions. 

4. The manager should be a man of experience, able to 
instruct and direct his assistants, settle all disputes, prevent 
friction and keep up the general interest. 

5. The referee should have good eyes and good judgment, 
and should be familiar with trap shooting. He should stand to 
the right or left of shooters near the scorers, and should call 
"dead" or "lost" distinctly, so that contestants and scorers 
can plainly hear. His decisions should be final. 

6. The cashier has a very trying and responsible position. 
He should be courteous, of even disposition and not easily ex- 
cited. He should also be a good penman and accountant. He 
should make all entries in a cash book, should record all totals 
of scores on a separate card or book, receive and pay out all 
moneys, and be personally responsible for the cash. He 

70 



should, before opening 1 up, provide himself with plenty of 
change (say $25.00 worth), pencils, clips, files and writing 
material. 

7. The assistant cashier should transfer names from cash 
book to score sheets, check the totals of scores received from 
scores, verifying same, furnish newspaper reporters with 
scores, keep the scores in order, each event by itself and 
according to number of squad, and assist the cashier in every 
way. 

8. The squad hustler should exert himself to give prompt 
movement to the various events, should receive score sheets 
from the assistant cashier, place names on blackboard, call up 
squad and see that each man is in his place, hand score sheet 
to scorer, and then proceed in same way to get next squad in 
readiness. When he hands to scorer the score sheet of second 
squad, he should receive from him the score sheet of first squad 
and compare its scores with those on the blackboard. If found 
correct he should pass it to the assistant cashier, at the same time 
receiving from him the score sheet for next squad. If score 
sheet and blackboard do not agree, he should stop the shooting, 
call the attention of the referee and the individual interested, 
and, if necessary, the manager, to the discrepancy, and require 
an adjustment. 

9. The scorers should make faithful record of all "dead" 
or "lost" birds, as called out by the referee. There should be 
two scorers, one to record on score sheet and one to record on 
blackboard; or, if there is no blackboard, each to record on 
separate score sheet. They should be near each other, should 
keep their eyes off the targets and on their work, and should 
take turns in calling back to the referee, to show that they have 
heard correctly. 

10. The trap puller should be situated about two yards 
behind No. 3 score, and should watch each shooter closely, so 
that he may both see and hear him call. He should promptly 
pull, the instant the call is made, as the failure to do so is sure 
to disturb the shooter. 

11. The trappers should be strong, active, young men, 
and carefully instructed in placing targets and operating traps. 
They should keep the tension springs on carriers carefully 
adjusted so as not to break targets because too tight, or to let 
them fall out because too loose. They should also keep work- 
ing parts oiled, and should be sure that targets are not cracked 
or imperfect. 

12. Added money is an attraction to a tournament, and 
contributes much to its success now-a-days, though formerly it 
was not thought necessary. It is, however, liable to abuse, and 
often results in driving the smaller clubs out of the .tournament, 

71 



because not able to afford this extra money. A medium course 
should be adopted where clubs can not afford to add to purses, 
such as guaranteed purses with surplus added. A liberal 
guarantee would probably have the same effect in interesting 
shooters as added money. 

13. Division of moneys is an important consideration. 
The Rose system tends to the equalization of moneys, but takes 
away the chance of winning a big purse alone, for which all 
shooters strive. It has the merit, however, of preventing, to 
considerable extent, "dropping for place," that bane of all 
tournaments. "High guns" is another way of dividing purses. 
But the percentage system is generally preferred, which con- 
sists of a division of the whole into five parts, of the following 
per cents, 30, 25, 20, 15 and 10. 

14. Handicaps may be imposed by means of added birds, 
varying distances and styles of shooting. This method of 
conducting a tournament meets with favor or disfavor accord- 
ing to the locality. In determining its advisability in a given 
case, there should be taken into account the general sentiment 
prevailing among shooters in the section where the tournament 
is to be held. 

15. Style of shooting should be to imitate as far as pos- 
sible live bird or field shooting. Machine-like methods should 
be broken up, both barrels should be brought into action and 
the "unexpected" should be an important element. Wherever 
it can be introduced, there should be one or more events each 
day requiring targets at eighteen to twenty-one yards rise, un- 
known traps and angles, and the use of both barrels. 

16. The programme should be printed in neat and tasty 
manner, and should contain information as to how to reach the 
grounds, rules, conditions, handicaps, styles of shooting, 
prizes, purses, and whatever may be useful to attendants at the 
tournament. 

17. In general:/ 

American Association Rules should govern. 

"Dropping for place" should be strictly prohibited. 

Good luncheon should be furnished on grounds, or good 
meals if hotel is near by. 

Score sheets should be on paper which will allow of mani- 
folding by means of carbon paper, as it is quite necessary to 
furnish scores to the press. 

Each blackboard should be large enough for two squads to 
be entered thereon, with space enough to score 25 targets. 

Shells should be for sale on the grounds. 

There should be on hand, chalk, sponges for erasing, ham- 
mer, monkey wrench, screw driver, extra carriers, main springs, 

iz 



and whatever might be necessary for prompt repairing of 
traps. 

Everything should be done to secure large attendance, 
but the real success of a tournament depends upon good order, 
the fairness, smoothness and dispatch with which the various 
events are conducted and the faithful carrying out of all 
promises. 

To Conduct a Live Bird Tournament. 

Much that has already been said in relation to the Target 
Tournament will also apply in this case. Nor is it necessary 
to repeat the general rules observed by the American Associa- 
tion in Live Bird Shooting. A few words only of special advice 
will be offered. 

1. The grounds should be as level as possible and large 
enough for a fifty-yard boundary. There should be an open 
sky to shoot against. The boundary should be distinctly 
marked by stakes or flags, or, better still, by a low wire fence, 
in that it prevents birds that strike inside from bounding out. 
Spectators and those not actually employed in running the 
tournament should be kept at a good distance to the rear or side. 
The shooter should be entirely isolated, and no loud talking or 
remarks pertaining to him while at the score should be permit- 
ted by the referee, who has power in such matters. 

2. Traps and method of trapping vary considerably. 
Ground traps, of which there are several different styles, give 
general satisfaction. The method of trapping in favor at a 
number of the principal shooting parks is what is called the 
Elliott underground system. It is thought to work smoothly 
and expeditiously. The trappers and birds are located in an 
underground chamber or cellar. The trapper loads the trap 
from underneath through a hole in the bottom of the trap. 
The dead birds are retrieved by a dog or boy from the score. 

Another method of trapping, and which is meeting with 
favor, is that recently introduced by E. D. Fulford. A pit is 
made three feet deep, five feet wide and about twelve feet 
long, and is situated between and just back of Nos. 2 and 3 
traps. To prevent shot from striking downward into the pit, 
a board a foot high can be placed back of the pit and banked 
up with earth in a sloping manner. Two boys or men with a 
crate of birds can lie in the pit and trap and retrieve from them. 
A bell or gong can be arranged near the edge of the pit with a 
rope leading back to the score, and trappers can be notified 
from there, by ringing same, when to load trap and when to 
retrieve. This system, with regulations carefully observed, is 
free from danger and is saving of time and labor, 

73 



Where a club can not afford the first-named system, or has 
not grounds suitable for the second, the old style can be used, 
the trapping- and retrieving 1 being- done from the score. A good 
fast dog- retriever is better than a boy or man; but when a dog- 
is not available, two good active boys are necessary, one to load 
trap and one to retrieve. 

3. The handling of birds is an important matter. The 
birds should be kept in a large roomy place, with plenty of 
light. The place should be kept clean, and gravel should fre- 
quently be scattered on the floor. The birds should have 
plenty of water and food until about eighteen hours before 
the shoot takes place, when they should be deprived of food. 
They should be carried to the shooting grounds in good sized 
crates, and should be taken from crates to traps by the trap- 
per, with the ends of both wings, the tail and feet held in his 
hands. 

No mutilation of birds should be allowed, and all wounded 
birds should be immediately killed. The dead birds should be 
laid on their backs, and when the weather is warm a few feathers 
should be plucked near the tail. Dead birds should never be 
piled in a heap, even if placed in a cooler or refrigerator, until 
the animal heat has left their bodies. 

4. In regard to methods of shooting, where there is a 
large number of entries, the event can be shot in squads, each 
squad shooting entirely out before the next squad begins. But 
this is generally considered unfair, as the weather conditions 
may change before the shoot is over, thus favoring some at 
the expense of others. The better way is, for each shooter to 
take his turn, and so on, through all the entries, until an event 
is finished. 

No outside shooting at escaped birds should be allowed, 
except by permission of the referee or manager. 

A blackboard is not necessary in live bird shooting; but 
scores should be manifolded, so that copies can be sent to the 
press. 

5. In awarding prizes, high guns, or miss and out, are 
generally conceded the best, and are the most popular methods 
of dividing purses. The method of class dividing is not gen- 
erally regarded with favor, as it cuts the money into too small 
portions. 

Hints to Beginners on Guns and Game. 

By Jack Parker. 

[.COPYRIGHTED. J 

CHOOSING A GUN. 

In selecting a gun, regard should be had for the kind 
of shooting to be done. For field shooting, 16 or 12-gauge 

74 



guns are the most popular. The barrels should be from 26 
to 30 inches in length. One barrel should be cylinder, the 
other moderate choke. Weight of gun, 6 to 7X pounds. For 
trap shooting, the 12-gauge gun is in universal use. Both 
barrels should be full choke, and 28 to 30 inches in length. 
Weight of gun, 7% to 1% pounds. For duck shooting, 12 or 
10-gauge guns are used. Length of barrels, 30 to 32 inches, 
both full choke. As to weight of guns for this purpose, the 
heavier the better. 

HUNTING. 

1. In shooting at ducks over decoys from a point or blind, 
always have the wind at your back, or blowing sideways across 
your decoys. Never, if you can help it, have the wind in your 
face, as the ducks have to light against the wind, and therefore 
will not come into decoys with the wind. In lying out on open 
water, always lie to windward of decoys. In paddling on ducks 
in open water, always go down with the wind, as they have to 
rise against the wind, and you will then be enabled to get a 
nearer and better shot. 

2. In punting ducks, such as mallard, wood duck, teal, 
etc., in rice beds or marshes, it is better to punt against the 
wind, so that they may not hear your approach. Live decoys 
are much better than wooden ones for mallard shooting. A 
retriever is necessary for marsh shooting in a boat, and the 
Irish water spaniel is the best dog for such purpose, because he 
is a smaller dog, is not so heavy and does not bring so much 
water into the boat. 

3. In hunting snipe, go with the wind, as they have to rise 
against the wind, and will quarter past you, thus giving a much 
easier shot than if flying straightaway, on account of their 
twisting and erratic flight. A good retriever, that will stay well 
at heel, is necessary for snipe shooting. 

4. In hunting partridge or ruffed grouse, do not look for 
them on burnt or barren ground. They are generally found in 
brush or thickets, where clover is growing, and on the sunny 
side on a frosty morning. Clover, winter green and wild grapes 
or berries are their favorite food. Do not hunt earlier than 8 :30 
in the morning. Never send a dog to retrieve until you have 
reloaded your gun. 

5. In hunting quail, seek stubble field, buckwheat patches, 
and old corn fields with a thicket or cover near by. Work your 
dog as much as possible against the wind. In flushing a bevy, 
always take pains to mark down well the scattered birds, and 
do not be in too much hurry to follow them up, as they lie very 
close just after being flushed. After a little while they will 
commence to run together, and can be easily found by the dog. 

75 



Quantities of Black Powder and Different Sizes of Shot in Load- 
ed, Paper Shells, Best Adapted for Tarious Uses. 

13-GAUGE GUN. 



Amount of Amount of 






Powder 


Shot. 




Size Shot. 


Adapted to Shooting. 


3 Dr. Oz. 


10 


Woodcock. 


3X ' 


1% 


" 


9 


Snipe. 


334 ' 


1 


u 


8 


Quail. 


3X ' 


1% 


tc 


8 


Quail and Prairie Chicken. 


3% ' 


1% 


(< 


8 


Prairie Chicken. 


3 


IX 


" 


8 


Inanimate Targets. 


3X ' 


IX 


(( 


8 


Inanimate Targets. 


3% ' 


IX 


i( 


8 


Live Pigeons. 


3% ' 


IX 


it 


7 


Clay Pigeons. 
Ruffed Grouse. 


3X ' 


1% 


" 


7 


3% ' 


1% 


" 


7 


Teal. 


3X ' 


1% 


" 


7 


Live Pigeons. 


3X ' 


1% 


" 


6 


Bluebill. 


3% ' 


IX 


" 


6 


Pintail. 


3% ' 


■1% 


t( 


5 


Mallard. 


3% ' 


1% 


(( 


4 


Red Head. 


3% ' 


1% 


•' 


3 


Canvas Back. 


4 ' 


1% 


(( 


2 


Turkey. * 


4 ' 


IX 


(( 


1 


Brant. 


4 ' 


1% 


(( 


B.B. 


Goose. 








10- GAUGE GUN. 


4 D 


r. 1% Oz 


10 


Woodcock. 


4 ' 


1% 


(( 


9 


Snipe. 


4 ' 


1% 


l< 


8 


Quail. 


4X ' 


1% 


(t 


8 


Quail and Prairie Chicken. 


3% ' 


IX 


(( 


8 


Inanimate Targets. 


4 


IX 


(( 


8 


Inanimate Targets. 


4X*' 


IX 


U 


8 


Inanimate Targets. 


4% ' 


IX 


(( 


8 


Live Pigeons. 


4% ' 


IX 


(,( 


7 


Clay Pigeons. 
Ruffed Grouse. 


4^ ' 


1% 


'* 


7 


4% ' 


1% 


4 I 


7 


Teal. 


4X ' 


IX 


it 


7 


Live Pigeons. 


4X ' 


1% 


u 


6 


Bluebill. 


&i ' 


IX 


it 


6 


Pintail. 


4X ' 


IX 


(< 


5 


Mallard. 


4X ' 


IX 


(6 


4 


Red Head. 


4% ' 


IX 


(i 


3 


Canvas Back. 


5 ' 


IX 


" 


2 


Turkey. 


5 ' 


IX 


(( 


1 


Brant. 


5 ' 


IX 


" 


B.B. 


Goose. 


To 


secure the best results, two thick felt wads, one cardboard wad 


over the 


powder, and 


one 


thin cardboard 


wad over the shot should be used. 



76 



Directions for Using Dynamite. 

STORAGE. 

Store and ship Caps separately from Dynamite. You need 
not fear accidents if this rule is observed. 

THAWING. 

Dynamite is very sensitive to cold, and freezes at 42 degrees 
Fahrenheit, and when in a frozen or chilled state, will not ex- 
plode; but should a partial explosion result, it will be unsatis- 
factory and ineffective; therefore, it must be thoroughly thawed 
before using. 

Most serious casualties have resulted from thawing Dyna- 
mite improperly. It must be done slowly. 

Never attempt to thaw it near any open fire, or in a stove 
oven. 

A very simple and safe process is to place your Dynamite in 
an ordinary tin bucket, and then place the bucket in a tub of 
hot water, not permitting the water to overflow the bucket, wet- 
ting the Dynamite. Then by covering the whole with a folded 
horse blanket, the heat of the water will be retained for a long 
time, and thoroughly thaw your powder. As it requires a heat 
equal to 360 degrees Fahrenheit to explode Dynamite, and as 
boiling water only reaches 212 degrees Fahrenheit, this method 
commends itself. 

General Directions, 

In the first place, always see that your Cartridges are 
thoroughly thawed. Please observe remarks under the 
head of "Thawing." 

The charge should fill the diameter of the hole. When a 
number of Cartridges are used in the same charge, the last or 
top Cartridge should contain the Cap or Exploder, with Fuse 
attached. 

When only one Cartridge is used, a piece of Cartridge a 
couple inches in length, with Cap or Exploder attached, should 
be placed firmly on the top of the charge as a primer. To pre- 
pare said primer, cut the Fuse straight across the end, insert it 
in the cap, then crimp the cap tightly around the Fuse. Open 
the end of the Cartridge, and with a pointed stick, punch a hole 
in the Dynamite. Then insert the cap with the Fuse attached, 
leaving at least a quarter of an inch of the Cap above the surface 
of the Dynamite. Never insert your Cap in the side of the Car- 
tridge,- as in that case, it is liable to set fire to the upper portion 
of the Cartridge, thereby destroying a large portion of the 
force of the charge. 

77 




Fasten the fuse tightly with 
a string, tied around the Fuse 
and Cartridge, in order to re- 
tain the Cap and Fuse in their 
proper position. (See cut.) 

Then lower the Cartridge into 
the hole, gently pressing it 
home. Then place in the hole 
about four inches of clay or 
sand, after which fill the hole 
entirely with hard tamped earth. 
Do not use iron in tamping, as wood answers just as well, 
or better, therefore its use is recommended. 

It is important to use good Caps and Fuse. Tape Fuse is 
recommended, as it resists the force of tamping and the influ- 
ence of moisture, and never, under any circumstances, attempt 
to use a weak, cheap Cap. Even if an explosion occurs, its 
strength is reduced by a weak Cap. 

Great care should be exercised in handling the Caps, and 
they should not be stored, carried, packed or shipped with 
Dynamite. 

UNDER WATER BLASTING. 

For work of this character always use water-proof fuse. 
To prevent the water destroying the fulminate in the Cap, the 
joint where the Fuse enters the Cap, as well as the end of the 
Cartridge, where the Cap is inserted, must be made water-tight, 
with soap or tallow, or grease of some sort. The water, how- 
ever, will not injure the Dynamite. 

FOR SHOOTING WELLS. 

In dry seasons, there is always great difficulty in obtaining 
sufficient water from wells. This defect can nearly always be 
remedied by what is termed "shooting a well." After a well 
has been dug to a sufficient depth, and no water found, or at 
least an iD sufficient supply, a continuous flow may be gained 
by exploding a charge of Dynamite at the bottom of the well. 
This will loosen the seams in the rock, and cause an adequate 
supply of water. The mode is quite simple, adopting the direc- 
tions for blasting under water. 

WARNING. 

It occasionally happens that a blast will fail to explode, on 
account of the Cap or Fuse being defective, or either becoming 
disconnected from the Cartridge, or again when the Cartridges 
are frozen. NEVER ATTEMPT to bore or drill out the charge, 
but carefully clear oat the hole to within about eight inches of 
the old charge, and place a fresh Cartridge, or a piece of one, 

78 



in the hole, and fill it up again. This method will explode the 
original charge below. 

STUMP BLASTING. 

In placing the charge under a stump, observe the nature of 
the ground, and the size and direction of the roots. Then place 
the Dynamite in position to create the greatest force against the 
strongest part of the stump, in heavy soil, go deep down among 
the roots; but in light soil, bore into the stump, or close under 
the bottom of it. Always use Dynamite enough to do the work 
well. Where several holes are charged , all coming close together 
under the stump, one primer of a single Cartridge in one of the 
holes will explode the balance. For directions for charging the 
holes, and making the primers, see instructions under the head 
of ' ' General Directions. ' ' For throwing out pine stumps in light 
soil, it will be necessary to use a larger charge than when blow- 
ing out either soft or hardwood stump in heavy soil. As pre- 
viously stated, use plenty of powder, and do not expect too 
much. A big solid stump requires a charge of something like 
three pounds, but after a little experience in the work of throw- 
ing out stumps, you will be able to decide the amount of Powder 
yourself much better than can be described in this book. 

WHAT DYNAMITE IS AND HOW IT IS MADE. 

Few people know what dynamite is, though the word is in 
common use. It is a giant gun powder, that is, an explosive 
material, varying in strength and safety of handling, according 
to the percentage of nitro-glycerine it contains. Nitro-glycer- 
ine, whence it derives its strength, is composed of ordinary 
glycerine and nitric acid, compounded together in certain pro- 
portions, and at a certain temperature. Nitro-glycerine, though 
not the strongest explosive known, being exceeded in 
power by nitrogen and other products of chemistry, is 
thus far the most terrible explosive manufactured to any 
extent. Nitro-glycerine by itself is not safe to handle, hence 
dynamite is preferred. It is extensively made and consumed in 
this^ country under the various names of Giant, Hercules, 
Jupiter and Atlas Powders, all of which contain anywhere from 
30 to 80 per cent, of nitro-glycerine, the residue of the com- 
pound being made up of rotten stone, non-explosive earth, 
sawdust, charcoal, plaster of paris, black powder, or some other 
substance that takes up the glycerine and makes a porous 
spongy mass. 

Nitro-glycerine was discovered by Salvero, an Italian 
chemist, in 1845. Dynamite is prepared by simply kneading 
with the naked hands 25 per cent, of infusorial earth and 75 per 
cent, of nitro-glycerine until the mixture assumes a putty con- 

79 



dition, not unlike moist brown sugar. Before mixing, the 
infusorial earth is calcined in a furnace, in order to burn out all 
organic matter, and it is also sifted to free it of large grains. 
While still moist it is squeezed into cartridges, which are pre- 
pared of parchment paper, and the firing is done by fulminate 
of silver in copper capsules provided with patent exploders. 

Nitro-glycerine is made of nitric acid one part and sul- 
phuric acid two parts, to which is added ordinary glycerine, 
and the mixture is well washed with pure water. The infusion 
is composed of small microscopic cilicious shells, which have 
lost their living creatures. The cellular parts receive the nitro- 
glycerine and hold it by capillary attraction, both inside and 
out. The earth is very light. Water is expelled from it by 
means of a furnace, and then, in the form of a powder, it is 
mixed with nitro-glycerine. Nitro-glycerine has a sweet, aro- 
matic, pungent taste, and the peculiar property of causing a 
violent headache when placed in a small quantity on the tongue 
or wrist. It freezes at 40 degrees Fahrenheit, becoming a 
white, half crystallized mass, which must be melted by the 
application of water at a temperature of about 100 degrees 
Fahrenheit. 

Foreign Patent Laws. 

CONDENSED STATEMENT OF THE CONDITIONS AND FOR MALI 

TIES REQUIRED IN THE PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIAL 

COUNTRIES FOR OBTAINING A PATENT 

OF INVENTION. 



Canada. 

(not a member op the international union.) 

WHO MAY OBTAIN A PATENT. 

The inventor, his executor, administrator, or assign. Ap- 
plication must be made by the inventor, if living. 

PATENTABLE INVENTIONS. 

Any new and useful art, machine, manufacture, or compo- 
sition of matter or any improvement on any art, machine, 
manufacture, or composition of matter not known or used by 
others before the invention thereof by the applicant and not 
in public use or on sale for more than one year previous to the 
application in Canada, with the consent or allowance of the 
inventor. 

An inventor who has patented his invention in a foreign 
country may obtain a patent in Canada if he applies within a 
year from the date of the issue of said patent. Notice to the 



Commissioner of intention of applying for patent, if given 
within three months from the date of the issue of foreign 
patent, entitles the inventor, after applying for and obtaining 
such patent, to prevent further manufacture of his invention by 
any person who may have commenced such manufacture during 
the year following the issue of the foreign patent and preceding 
the application for the Canadian patent. _ 

In all cases the Canadian patent expires at the earliest date 
on which any foreign patent expires. 

INVENTIONS EXCLUDED FROM PROTECTION. 

All inventions having an illicit object in view or consisting 
in any mere scientific principle or abstract theorem. 

NATURE AND DURATION OF THE PATENT— TAXES, 

Patents are granted for eighteen years; but it is optional 
with the applicant whether he shall pay for the whole term or 
only for six or twelve years, with permission to renew. 
Fees: 

Full fee for eighteen years $60 

Partial fee for twelve years 40 

Patial fee for six years 20 

Fee for further term of twelve years 40 

Fee for further term of six years 20 

Lodging a caveat 5 

APPLICATION-FORMALITIES AND DOCUMENTS. 

The application must be accompanied by an oath or affirma- 
tion to the effect that the applicant believes himself to be the 
original inventor. If applicant is a foreigner, he must elect 
domicile at some place in Canada. 

There must also be given title of invention, specification in 
duplicate (specification shall correctly and fully describe mode 
of operation and clearly state features claimed, shall bear the 
name of the place where made, and be signed by inventor or 
legal representative and two witnesses), when necessary, draw- 
ings, in duplicate, in black ink, on tracing-linen, eight by thir- 
teen inches, signed by applicant or attorney; also, extra drawing 
on bristol board, same size, but not necessarily giving all the 
figures, only the one giving the best general idea of the inven- 
tion; no writing on the face, no title, certificate, or signature, 
but on the back of the sheets the inventor's name and title of 
invention in pencil. Oath may be made before any person 
authorized to administer oaths in the locality where it is made. 

THE GRANT— WORKING. 

Preliminary examination with reference to the formalities of 
the application and novelty and patentability of the invention. 

Si 



The invention must be worked in Canada within two years 
from the date of the patent. Articles may be imported for one 
year only, unless extension of privilege is asked for. Such 
extension is limited to one year. 

France. 

(member of the international union.) 

WHO MAY OBTAIN A PATENT. 

Any person who makes application therefor may obtain a 
patent for any new discovery or invention in any class of in- 
dustry. 

PATENTABLE INVENTIONS. 

The invention of new industrial products. 

The invention of new means or the new application of 
known means for obtaining an industrial result or product. 

No discovery, invention, or application which in France or 
abroad and previous to the date of the filing of the application 
has received sufficient publicity to enable it to be carried out 
will be considered new, except in case of applications made in 
compliance with the terms of the International Convention. 

INVENTIONS EXCLUDED FROM PROTECTION. 

First.— Pharmaceutical compositions or remedies of all 
kinds. 

Second.— Plans and combinations of credit or finance. 

NATURE AND DURATION OF THE PATENT— TAXES. 

First.— Patents of invention. Duration, five, ten or fifteen 
years, to start from the filing of the application. 

Second.— Certificates of addition. Same duration as that 
of the principal patent to which they refer. 

The duration of patents granted for inventions already 
patented abroad cannot^ exceed that of such patents granted 
abroad. 

Taxes: First, patents of invention, 100 francs a year; sec- 
ond, certificates of addition, single tax of 20 francs. 

Franc— $0,193. 

APPLICATION— FORMALITIES AND DOCUMENTS. 

The applicant for the patent must file, under seal, at the 
office of the secretary of the prefecture in the Department in 
which he resides, or in any other Department which he elects as 
domicile- 
First, his application to the Minister of Commerce, Indus- 
try, Posts and Telegraphs; 

Second, a description of the discovery or invention; 

82% 



Third, the drawings. or samples necessary for understand- 
ing the description ; 

Fourth, a memorandum of the documents filed. 

The application must be limited to a single principal sub- 
ject, including the details which it comprises and the uses to 
which it may be applied. It must mention the duration 
assigned to the patent and indicate a title, closing with a sum- 
mary and precise designation of the subject of the invention. 
The description must be written in French. The denomination 
of weights and measures must be in the decimal system. 

The drawings must be line drawings, in good black ink, 
according to the metric scale. They need not be signed. 

A duplicate of the description and the drawings must be 
joined to the application. 

All the documents must be signed by the applicant or his 
representative, whose power of attorney must accompany the 
application. 

The application will be received only on the production of 
a receipt for the payment of the first annuity of 100 francs, at 
Paris, at the office of the Central Receiver of Finances of the 
Seine or in the Departments at the office of the receivers of 
finance. 

A certificate of the filing is sent to the applicant on receipt 
of the price of the stamp. 

MODELS. 

The applicant may file a model if he thinks it necessary to 
the understanding of the invention. 

THE GRANT. 

When the application has been regularly prepared, the 
patent is issued, without preliminary examination, at the risk 
and peril of the applicant, and without guarantee either of the 
reality, the novelty, or the merit of the invention or of the 
fidelity or exactness of the description. 

WORKING. 

Patented invention must be worked in France within two 
years from grant of patent, and must not be discontinued for 
more than two years. 

Germany. 

(not a member of the international union.) 
WHO MAY OBTAIN A PATENT. 

The patent is granted to the inventor or his assignee. 
Persons not residing in Germany must appoint a resident 
representative. 



Models of Utility, (Gebrauchsmuster.) 
The model of utility is registered for the benefit of the first 
applicant. 

A person having neither residence or establishment in Ger- 
many can claim legal protection only when it has been pub- 
lished in the Reichs-GesetzMatt that German models of utility 
enjoy legal protection in the country where he has his domicile 
or establishment. In depositing his model such person must 
appoint a representative in Germany. 

PATENTABLE INVENTIONS. 

New inventions that are susceptible of industrial use. 

An invention which at the time of filing of the application 
has already been described in printed publications anywhere 
within the last century, or which ha3 already been used in the 
country in a sufficiently public manner for those skilled in the 
art to be able to work it, will not be considered new. 

Models of Utility, (Gebrauchsmuster.) 
The law protects as models of utility working tools or in- 
ventions designed for practical use, or their parts, in so far as 
by a new configuration, a new arrangement, or a new mechan- 
ism they may serve for work or practical use. 

Models will not be considered new which at the time of the 
application were already described in printed publications, or 
had already been notoriously utilized in the country. 

INVENTIONS EXCLUDED FROM PROTECTION. 

First.— Inventions, the use of which would be contrary to 
the laws or to good morals. 

Second.— Inventions of food products, objects of consump- 
tion ( Genussmittel) , and medicines, as well as materials obtained 
by chemical means, in so far as these inventions do not relate 
to the process of manufacture. 

NATURE AND DURATION OP THE PATENT— TAXES. 

Two kinds of patents: 

First. — Patents of invention. Duration, fifteen years, to 
start from the day following the date of filing the application. 

Second.— "Patents of addition." Granted for the remain- 
der of the term of the principal patent. May become in effect 
a principal patent if the principal patent for any cause becomes 
void. 

Application fee, 20 marks; first annuity, 30 marks; second 
annuity, 50 marks; third annuity, 100 marks, and so on, with 
an annual increase of 50 marks. 

"Patents of addition" pay only the filing fee and first 
annuity. 

84 



Models of Utility, (Gebrauchsmuster.) 

The applicant receives a certificate of registry. 

The duration of the protection is three years, to start from 
the date following the date of filing, and may be extended three 
years more. 

Filing fee, for the first three years, 15 marks. Fee for ex- 
tension, for the following three years, 60 marks. 

Mark=$0.238. 

APPLICATION— FORMALITIES AND DOCUMENTS. 

First. — Application for a patent, addressed to the Imperial 
Patent Office. 

Second. — Description of the invention, in duplicate, written 
on paper thirty-three by twenty-one centimeters. 

Third. — (a) A drawing (or several) on bristol or card 
board, drawn in india-ink, without color or wash: (&) a tracing 
on muslin of the above drawing, which may be colored. 
Dimensions of the drawings of the two kinds: Thirty-three 
centimeters high by twenty-one wide, or thirty- three centi- 
meters high by forty-two wide, or thirty- three centimeters high 
by sixty-three wide. A single line traced two centimeters from 
the edge must surround the drawings. Within this line, at the 
top, a space of three centimeters in height must remain free. 
The lower right hand corner must receive the signature of the 
applicant or his representative. 

Fourth.— A power of attorney, not authenticated, if the ap- 
plication is filed by representative. 

Models of Utility, (Gebrauchsmuster.) 

First.— A declaration addressed to the Imperial Patent 
Office containing — 

(a) An application for registry; 

(&) The title under which the model is to be registered; 

(c) A statement of the new configuration or new mechan- 
ism to be protected; 

(d) The declaration that the fee of 15 marks has been paid 
to the treasury of the Patent Office, or that it will arrive at the 
same time with the declaration; 

(c) The name, profession, and residence of the applicant, 
if the filing is done by representative; 

(/) The list of the annexes; 

(g) The signature of the person effecting the filing, with 
statement of his profession and residence. 

Second. — A picture or reproduction of the model. The 
picture (drawing, photograph, etc.) must be on bristol or card 
board thirty-three by twenty-one centimeters, or on tracing- 

85 



muslin not over thirty- three centimeters each way. The repro- 
duction must not exceed fifty centimeters in each dimension. 

Third.— A power of attorney if the filing is effected by a 
representative. 

All the documents mentioned under 1 and 2 should be filed 
in duplicate, except in case of filing a reproduction of the model, 
where it will suffice that it shall be accompanied by a picture of 
the latter. They must all bear the designation given to the 
model (see 1, b), the name and residence of the applicant, and 
the date of filing. 

All the written documents must be drawn up on sheets of 
paper thirty-three by twenty-one centimeters. 

MODELS. 

The Patent Office may require the filing of models of the 
objects to be patented whenever it is considered necessary. 

When it is a question of applications for patents relating 
to processes for the manufacture of chemical products, there 
must be filed a sample of the products in question, as well as 
the intermediate products necessary for the application of these 
processes. If the invention relates to colors derived from tar, 
there must likewise be filed samples of wool, silk, or cotton 
dyed in these colors. 

THE GRANT. 

First. — Preliminary examination relating to the formalities 
of the application and the patentability and novelty of the in- 
vention. 

Second.— Publication of the application, with call for op- 
position. Time allowed for opposition, two months. In case of 
rejection of "application, or in case of allowance of a contested 
application the interested party may appeal, within a term of 
one month, to the Patent Office, Division of Appeals. 

Models of Utility, (Gebrauchsmuster.) 

Registry is accorded without examination on compliance 
with the legal formalities. Patentee may be compelled to grant 
licenses to others. 

WORKING. 

Patented invention must be worked within three years after 
publication of grant of patent. 

Great Britain. 

(member of the international union.) 
WHO MAY OBTAIN A PATENT. 

The patent is valid only when granted to the true and first 
inventor either alone or jointly with another or others. 



A person resident in the United Kingdom to whom an in- 
vention has been communicated from abroad is considered a 
first and true inventor. 

In case of decease of the inventor the patent is granted to 
his legal representative. 

PATENTABLE INVENTIONS. 

Any manner of new manufactures, provided they are not 
in use or publicly known at the time of the grant of the patent 
and are not contrary to the law nor mischievous to the State by 
raising the price of commodities in the United Kingdom or 
injuring trade or generally inconvenient. (Statute of 1623.) 

NATURE AND DURATION OF THE PATENT— TAXES. 

Only one kind of patent is issued, having duration of four- 
teen years from the date of filing the application. 

Taxes: At the filing of the application for provisional pro- 
tection, 1 pound; at the subsequent filing of the complete 
specification, 3 pounds j at the filing of the complete specifica- 
tion with the first application, 4 pounds (the payment of these 
filing fees assures the legal protection during the first four years 
of the patent) ; fifth year, 5 pounds; sixth year, 6 pounds, and 
so on, increasing by 1 pound a year. 

Pound=$4.866X- 

APPLICATION— FORMALITIES AND DOCUMENTS. 

The application, addressed to the Patent Office, must de- 
clare that the applicant is in possession of an invention of which 
he is the true and first inventor. It must be accompanied by a- 
specification, either provisional or complete. 

The provisional specification must describe the nature of 
the invention. 

The complete specification must describe and explain in 
detail the nature of the invention and the manner in which it 
must be carried out and be accompanied by drawings, if 
necessary. 

The specification (provisional or complete) must begin with 
the title. The complete specification must end with a precise 
indication of the invention claimed. 

If the application is accompanied by a provisional specifica- 
tion, the applicant may file the complete specification within 
the nine months following. 

If agents represent applicants, they must be duly appointed 
by the applicant. 

Every application that is to enjoy the time allowance of 
priority established by Article 4 of the International Convention 
or a similar arrangement of a convention concluded between 
Great Britain and a foreign State, must contain a declaration 

87 



proving the filing of the anterior application made abroad and 
specify the foreign States in which applications have been made 
for patents for the same invention, as well as the official dates 
of these applications. The application must be made by the 
person who made the foreign application within seven months 
following the first foreign application. 

There must also be furnished a certified copy of the speci- 
fication filed by the applicant in the Patent Office of the foreign 
State, together with a statutory declaration affirming the iden- 
tity of the invention with the invention in reference to which 
the first foreign application was made. If the foreign specifica- 
tion be in a foreign language a translation must be annexed and 
certified to in conformity with the original. 

The applications and specifications mentioned above must 
be drawn up on blanks that may be procured at the principal 
post offices of the United Kingdom. 

MODELS. 

The Department of Science and Arts may at any time re- 
quire the patentee to furnish a model of his invention on pay- 
ment of the expenses of the manufacture of the model. 

THE GRANT. 

First.— Examination of the complete specification to see that 
it has been prepared in the manner prescribed, and if the in- 
vention described in detail is the same as that described in the 
provisional specification. 

Second.— Publication of the acceptance of the complete 
specification, when the application is open for two months to 
the public for opposition by interested parties. 

The patent is issued if unopposed or in event of an unsuc- 
cessful opposition. 

WORKING. 

Any interested party can oblige the inventor to grant him 
a license on such terms as the Board of Trade may determine. 

Italy. 

(member of the international union.) 
WHO MAY OBTAIN A PATENT. ' 

The right to the patent is accorded to the author of a new 
industrial invention or discovery or his assignee. 

PATENTABLE INVENTIONS. 

Any new industrial invention. 

An invention is called "industrial" when it has directly for 
its object, first, an industrial product or result; second, an in- 
strument, a machine, a tool, a mechanism, or any mechanical 



construction whatsoever; third, a process or method of indus- 
trial production; fourth, a motor or the industrial application 
of a force already known; fifth, the technical application of a 
scientific principle, provided it gives immediate industrial 
results. 

An invention is not considered new when it has been 
previously known in Italy, or has been published in Italy or 
elsewhere. 

Description in a printed publication due to requirement of 
foreign patent law does not invalidate a patent of importation. 

INVENTIONS EXCLUDED FROM PROTECTION. 

First. — Inventions relating to industries contrary to law, to 
morality, and to public safety. 

Second. — Inventions which have not for their aim the pro- 
duction of material objects. 

Third.— Inventions or discoveries purely theoretical. 

Fourth.— Medicines. 

NATURE AND DURATION OF THE PATENT— TAXES, 

Three kinds of patents : 

First. — Patents of invention. Duration, one to fifteen years, 
as elected by the applicant, reckoning from the last day of 
March, June, September or December next following the date 
of application. Patents granted for a less term than fifteen 
years may be prolonged to the full term. 

Second. — "Patents of importation," for new inventions 
already patented abroad. The same duration as the foreign 
patent conceded for the longest term, without, however, ex- 
ceeding the term of fifteen years. 

Third.— "Patents of improvement." 

Fourth. — "Patents of addition." The same duration as the 
principal patent to which they refer. 

Taxes: First, Patents of invention and importation, 40 lire 
for the first three years, besides 10 lire per year indicated in the 
application for the patent; 65 lire for each of the years four to 
six; 90 lire for each of the years seven to nine; 115 lire for each 
of the years ten to twelve ; 140 lire for each of the last three 
years; second, "patents of addition," single tax of 20 lire. 
There is also a "prolongation tax" of 49 lire, payable in ad- 
dition to the annuities and proportional tax when it is desired 
to prolong the term of a patent originally taken for less than 
fifteen years. 

Lira=$0.193. 

APPLICATION-FORMALITIES AND DOCUMENTS. 

The application for a patent must be addressed to the Min- 
ister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce through the local 
prefecture or sub-prefecture. It must contain — 



First, the surname and Christian name, the country, and the 
residence of the applicant and of his representative, if the case 
calls for it; 

Second, the title of the invention; 

Third, a statement of the duration desired for the patent. 

To the application must be joined— 

First, the description of the invention; 

Second, the drawings, when possible, and the models which 
may be considered necessary for the understanding of the in- 
vention; 

Third, the receipt for the payment of the prescribed taxes 
and stamp fees; 

Fourth, the original title or certified copy of the patent 
granted to the foreigner, when a patent of importation. 

Fifth, if the application is filed by a representative, the 
power of attorney in authentic form, or in unauthenticated form 
with the signature of the applicant certified to by a notary or 
by the magistrate (syndic) of the commune where the said ap- 
plicant resides; 

Sixth, a list of the documents and articles filed. 

The description must be written in Italian or French, and 
must contain a complete and detailed statement of all the par- 
ticulars necessary to enalfle one skilled in the art to put the in- 
vention into practice. 

Three copies of the description and t\& drawings, signed by 
the applicant, must be filed. 

If a model is filed, it will be sufficient to file two copies of 
the drawings. 

The application and the three copies of the description must 
be written on paper stamped with 50 centimes. The descrip- 
tion must be headed "Description of the invention having for 
title," etc. 

The drawings must be furnished in triplicate, one being on 
bristol-board, in good black ink, for photographic reproduction, 
and two copies on tracing-cloth. There are no fixed dimen- 
sions for the sheet. It is only essential that the figures shall 
not exceed forty centimeters in any direction. Each sheet 
must have a fifty-centime stamp. 

MODELS. 

Models need be filed only when the inventor considers it 
necessary for the understanding of the invention. In this case 
each model must be furnished with a tag of carboard or wood, 
on which shall be placed the signature of the party receiving 
the deposit and that of the one making it. 



the grant. 

The patent is granted without preliminary examination as 
to the novelty of the invention. 

The administration refuses the patent only if the applica- 
tion bears upon an invention in a class declared not patentable 
by law, or if the filing has not been regularly effected. In 
case of refusal the applicant may within fifteen days address 
a complaint to a special commission named each year by the 
Minister. 

Patents relating to beverages or foods are hot granted ex- 
cept upon the favorable judgment of the Superior Council of 
Health. 

WORKING. 

If the patent is granted for five years or less, the invention 
must be worked in Italy within one year from the date of the 
patent, and working must not be omitted for more than one 
year. If the patent is granted for more than five years, the in- 
vention must be worked within two years, and working must 
not be omitted for more than two years. 

Japan. 

(not a member op the international union.) 
WHO MAY OBTAIN A PATENT. 

The inventor only may apply for a patent. In case a per- 
son who has applied for or obtained a patent dies his rights de- 
volve on his heirs or assigns. 

In case of interfering applications the patent is granted to 
the prior inventor. When in case of interference between an 
application and a patent priority is awarded to the applicant 
and the existing patent is revoked, the patent granted to the 
applicant dates from the date of the revoked patent and has the 
same term. 

Applicants residing abroad must appoint a representative 
residing in Japan. 

PATENTABLE INVENTIONS. 

Any new and useful technical process, machine, manu- 
facture, or compound, or any new and useful improvement 
thereof. 

Inventions publicly known or publicly used before applica- 
tion for patent is made are not considered new. 

Inventions from which no good result can be expected are 
not considered patentable. 

When the general use of an invention is considered desira- 
ble for the public interest, or it is considered desirable that the 
invention be kept secret for military purposes, the Minister of 

91 



State for Agriculture and Commerce may grant a conditional 
patent, or refuse to grant a patent, or may fix conditions to or 
cancel a patent already granted. In such case he must give the 
inventor or owner of the patent adequate compensation. 

An improvement on a patented invention can be patented 
only after a license to use the original invention with the im- 
provement has been obtained from the owner of the patent 
either by agreement, or in certain cases, by direction of the 
Minister of State for Agriculture and Commerce on payment of 
adequate compensation. 

INVENTIONS EXCLUDED FROM PROTECTION. 

First.— Articles of food, drink, or fashion. 

Second.— Medicines or methods of compounding them. 

Third. — Articles which have been in public use before the 
application for a patent. This does not exclude articles which 
have been on public trial not more than two years. 

NATURE AND DURATION OF THE PATENT— TAXES. 

Patents are granted for terms of five, ten, or fifteen years, 
as the applicant may elect. Term is reckoned from day of 
registration. 

A patent which is lost or damaged may be reissued on pay- 
ment of a fee of 1 yen. 

A patent of which the drawing or specification is insufficient 
may be amended, provided the essential features of the inven- 
tion are not changed. 

Fees: For application of patent, 5 yen; for the grant of 
Letters Patent for five years, 20 yen; for ten years, 30 yen; for 
fifteen years, 40 yen. For amended Letters Patent: For a 
patent for five years, 10 yen; for ten years, 15 yen; for fifteen 
years, 20 yen. 

Yen=$1.00. 

APPLICATION— FORMALITIES AND DOCUMENTS. 

Application addressed to the Minister of State for Agricult- 
ure and Commerce stating the name, status, occupation, domi- 
cile, and present residence of the applicant, the title of the 
invention, the date at which the invention was made, and the 
term for which a patent is desired, signed and sealed by the 
applicant, together with the specification and necessary draw- 
ings, must be filed at the Patent Bureau. Registration stamps 
of a value corresponding to the required fee must be affixed. 

A foreigner making application for patent must furnish a 
certificate of nationality. All documents must be written in 
Japanese. A power of attorney, certificate of nationality, or 
other document written in a foreign language must be accom- 
panied by a translation. 

92 



The specification must be clearly written without erasure or 
alteration on Mino paper, thirteen lines per page "and twenty- 
five characters per line. It must comprise — 

First, title sufficiently indicating the nature of the in- 
vention; 

Second, brief statement of the nature and purpose of the 
invention; 

Third, brief explanation of the drawings, if any; 

Fourth, detailed explanation of the invention, referring to 
the drawings, if any, sufficiently clear to enable any person of 
ordinary ability to work the invention without difficulty, the 
meaning of words used in the claims being explained; 

Fifth, in case of an improvement the difference between the 
original invention and the improvement must be pointed out; 

Sixth, claims in which the essential features of the inven- 
tion shall be pointed out. 

Drawings must be in black india-ink and must be suitable 
for reproduction by photolithography. Space occupied by 
figures, 7.2 by 4.6 suns. (Sun=1.19 inch.) Margin at top, .1 
sun; at bottom, .8 sun; at left, .3 sun; at right, 1.5 sun. On 
the drawing shall be put only the name of the applicant and his 
agent, with the seal of the latter. Not more than one sheet 
shall be used unless necessary. As little shading shall be used 
as possible. Section shall be shown by parallel lines about .3 
sun apart. Four copies of drawings are required, which must 
be on Mino paper. 

MODELS. 

Models or specimens, when required, must be filed within 
ninety days from the date of notice that they are required. 

THE GRANT. 

Preliminary examination as to formalities and as to novelty 
and patentability. In case of rejection re-examination may be 
demanded. Any person dissatisfied with the re-examination 
may appeal to the Director of the Patent Bureau, who hears-the 
case with two or more assistants. Costs in appeals are assessed 
as in civil suits. 

WORKING. 

Patented inventions must beworked within three years from 
the date of the patent, and working must not be discontinued 
for more than three years. 

Mexico. 

(not a member of the international union.) 
WHO MAY OBTAIN A PATENT. 

The patent is granted to the inventor only, or, if already 
patented abroad, to the applicant for the foreign patent or his 

93 



assignee. Persons not residing in Mexico must appoint a resi- 
dent representative. Patentee has the exclusive right for one 
year after the grant to patent improvements. 

PATENTABLE INVENTIONS. 

A patent may be obtained on a new industrial product, a 
new method of production, or a new application of means 
already known to obtaining a result or an article useful in in- 
dustry. Chemical or pharmaceutical preparations are likewise 
patentable. Inventions are not new if given such publicity in 
Mexico or abroad as to enable them to be worked; but this 
does not include publication by foreign patent office. 

INVENTIONS EXCLUDED FROM PROTECTION. 

First.— Inventions of which the operation is forbidden by 
law or imperils the lives and property of citizens. 

Second.— Scientific principles or discoveries of a purely 
.speculative order and not taking any tangible shape. 

NATURE AND DURATION OF THE PATENT— TAXES. 

Patents are granted for twenty years, dating from the date 
of the grant. The term may be extended for five years at the 
discretion of the executive. Patents granted for inventions 
previously patented abroad expire at the same time with the 
foreign patent, or, if more than one, with the foreign patent 
first granted. 

"The taxes are, before the expiration of the fifth year, $50 
(Mexican) ; before the expiration of the tenth year, $75; before 
the expiration of the fifteenth year, $100. 

APPLICATION— FORMALITIES AND DOCUMENTS. 

Application in due form must be made to the Department 
of Public Works, ancl must include petition, duplicate specifi- 
cation (in Spanish) , and duplicate drawings on cloth or paper of 
any convenient size, with margin at the sides. 

A non-resident who is unable to appear personally must 
appoint a resident agent by notarial power, legalized by Mexi- 
can counsel. 

MODELS. 

Models are not usually required. 

THE GRANT. 

Patents are granted without preliminary examination; but 
notice of application must be published three times in the 
Official Journal, with call for opposition, Time allowed for op- 
position, two months. 

94 



WORKING. 

Patented inventions must be worked within five years from 
the date of the patent. 

Russia. 

(not a member of the international union.) 

WHO MAY OBTAIN A PATENT. 

The right to the patent belongs to the inventor or to his 
assignee. The patent is granted to the first applicant. 

If the petitioner be living abroad, he must appoint a rep- 
resentative living in Russia. 

PATENTABLE INVENTIONS. 

Inventions which present an element essentially new, either 
in whole or in one or several of their parts or in the original 
combination of their parts when they are already known sep- 
arately. 

INVENTIONS EXCLUDED FROM PROTECTION. 

The inventions, first, which represent scientific discoveries 
and abstract theories; second, which are contrary to public 
order, to morality, and to good manners; third, which previous 
to the application for the patent have been patented in Russia, 
or have been used there without a patent, or which have been 
described in print in a manner sufficiently complete to be re- 
produced; fourth, which are known abroad without a patent or 
which are there patented in the name of the person other than 
the petitioner, except in case the invention shall have been as- 
signed to the latter j fifth, which do not represent a sufficient 
novelty, but constitute trifling modifications of inventions 
already known. 

Patents are not granted _for chemical products, foods, and 
the like, for compounded medicines, though for the processes 
and apparatus designed for the manufacture of the latter, patents 
may be obtained. In addition, patents are not at present 
granted for munitions of war unless adapted to other purposes, 
in which case the grant is subject to the right of the Govern- 
ment to use the same without compensation. 

NATURE AND DURATION OF THE PATENT— TAXES. 

Two kinds of patents: 

First.— Patents of invention. Duration, fifteen years, to 
start from the date of the signing of the patent. 

Second. — "Patents of addition. ' ' Expire with the principal 
patent to which they refer. 

Taxes: First, patents of invention, fee for filing, 30 rubles; 
first year, 15 rubles; second year, 20 rubles; third year, 25 

95 



rubles; fourth year, 30 rubles; fifth year, 40 rubles; sixth year, 
50 rubles; seventh year, 75 rubles; eighth year, 100 rubles; 
ninth year, 125 rubles; tenth year, 150 rubles; eleventh year, 
200 rubles; twelfth year, 250 rubles; thirteenth year, 300 rubles; 
fourteenth year, 350 rubles; fifteenth year, 400 rubles; second, 
"patents of addition," single tax, 30 rubles. 

A patent granted for an im*ention already patented abroad 
previous to the date of the filing of the application expires as 
soon as the patent or one of the foreign patents of anterior date 
has ceased to exist. 

Ruble=$0.772. 

APPLICATION— FORMALITIES AND DOCUMENTS. 

First.— Application for a patent addressed to the Depart- 
ment of Trade and Manufactures, with the heading "To the 
Committee on Technical Affairs." It must be written upon a 
sheet of paper of ordinary size, furnished with two stamps of 
80 copecks and containing a request for the granting of a patent 
for the invention indicated in the description and the title of 
the invention, corresponding to the nature of the latter. 

Second. — A memorandum of the documents inclosed, the 
principal of which are the description, the explanatory draw- 
ings, the receipt for the fee for filing of 30 rubles, and, the case 
requiring it, the power of attorney in favor of the representa- 
tive. 

The application must be signed by the petitioner or by his 
representative, signing by power of attorney, which in the case 
of a foreign applicant must be legalized. 

The description must be written in the Russian language 
and be clear and plain. It must be accompanied, if the case 
requires, by drawings and models sufficiently plain to enable 
one to reproduce the invention. At the end it must contain an 
enumeration of the distinctive particulars of the invention. 
The description must be written on paper of ordinary size, in 
duplicate, and signed by the petitioner or his representative. 
A stamp of 80 copecks must be affixed to each sheet of one of 
the copies. 

The drawings must be in black lines, on thick white draw- 
ing paper. Their size must be thirteen inches long by eight 
inches in width, or thirteen inches by sixteen, or thirteen inches 
by twenty-four. Each drawing must be surrounded by a mar- 
gin of about one inch. Upon the upper margin must be indi- 

96 



cated the application to which the drawing* relates. The 
addition of explanatory words and the use of colors are pro- 
hibited. 

The drawing's must be filed in duplicate, one of which must 
be on drawing-paper and one on tracing-cloth. The usual 
designation of the figures— i. e., "Fig."— must not appear on 
the drawing. 

The applications presented by the representative must be 
accompanied by a power of attorney. If the petitioner is living 
abroad, and if the power of attorney is written in a foreign 
language, this power of attorney must bear the signature of the 
local Russian consul, certifying that it is executed according to 
the laws of the country, and be accompanied by a certified 
translation in the Russian language. 

If the invention be already patented abroad, the application 
must be accompanied by a certified copy of that foreign patent 
which is the first to expire. 

If the patent is asked for an invention patented abroad in 
the name of another person, the petitioner must file a certified 
assignment stating that he has received the exclusive right to 
use the invention in Russia. 

MODELS. 

The filing of models is required if it be necessary iti order 
to easily reproduce the invention. 

THE GRANT. 

The applicant for a patent who has complied with the pre- 
scribed formalities receives a certificate of protection, which 
permits him to use his invention, to make it known, and to 
threaten infringers with prosecution. This certificate ceases to 
be in force if a patent is denied. 

The application is submitted to the Committee of Technical 
Affairs of the Department of Commerce and Manufactures, 
which determines whether the application and the description 
of the invention answer to the conditions established by law. 
These researches do not bear either upon the utility of the in- 
vention or upon the existence of the right of the petitioner. 

In case of refusal the interested party may appeal within 
the three months to the Department of Commerce and Manu- 
factures. 

WORKING. 

Patented invention must be worked in Russia within five 
years from the grant of the patent. 

97 



U. S. MINING LAWS. 

Valuable Information for Owners and locators of Mines. 

"X "X THERE papers have once been filed with the Register 

^^ ^^ and Receiver, they become a part of the record, and 
can neither be withdrawn nor returned, but must be 
transmitted to the General Land Office. 

An application will be rejected when the description of the premises is erroneous 
or insufficient. 

Application for patent will be rejected because: 

i. The notice was published without the knowledge ot the Register. 

2. The notice was not published in a newspaper designated as published nearest 
the claim. 

3. Record title was found defective ; and, 

4. A previous application had been made for the same premises, which was 
withdrawn pending a suit in court commenced by the adverse claimant. 

An application for patent will be rejected when the survey does not accurately 
define the boundaries of the claim. 

Where the claim was not located in accordance with law. 

Where several parties own separate and distinct portions of a claim, application 
for patent may be made by either for that portion of thi 
claim owned by him ; but where several parties own un- 
divided interests in a mining claim, all should join in 
an application for a patent. 

A person or association may purchase as many placer 
locations as the local law admits, and embrace them all 
in one application for a patent. 

Two or more lodes cannot be embraced in one applica- 
tion for a patent except for placer claims embracing two 
or more lodes within their boundaries. 

Paper sworn to before any person purporting to act as 
a deputy for the Register and Receiver, cannot be re- 
corded as evidence. 
In all patents for mining claims situated within the in- 
terior boundaries of a town site, a clause is inserted "excepting and excluding all 
town property, rights upon the surface, and all houses, buildings, structures, lots, 
blocks, streets, alleys, or other municipal improvements not belonging to the grantee 
herein, and all rights necessary or proper to the occupation, possession and enjoy- 
ment of the same." 

Publication of notice must be made in only one newspaper for the period of sixty 
days. 

Notice must be published ten consecutive weeks in weekly newspapers, and in 
daily newspapers sixty days must elapse between the first and last insertion. 

Where the Register designates the daily issue of a newspaper for publication of 
notices of a mining application for patent, it is not a compliance with law to change 
to the weekly edition of the same paper, without authority of the Register. 

The existence of a salt spring on a tract of land withdraws it from the operation of 
the homestead and pre-emption laws. A hearing for the purpose of proving the 
agricultural character of such lands is not allowed. Land containing valuable de- 
posits of slate may be entered under the mining acts. 

Adverse Claims. 

Adverse claimants must file a separate and distinct claim against each applica- 
tion which it is alleged conflicts with the premises owned by such adverse claimant 

The papers in an adverse claim once filed cannot be withdrawn, but become part 
of the record. 

When an adverse claim has been filed it cannot be amended so as to embrace a 
larger portion of the premises than that described in the original adverse claim. 

An adverse claim must be made out in proper form and filed in the proper local 
office during the period of publication of the application for the patent to be effect- 

lve * 98 -, , 

TC J 




U. S. MINING LA WS. 

3t 5s the duty of the adverse claimant to commence suit in proper form within 
trie required time, and if he trusts the uncertain medium of the United States mail, 
he must abide the consequences, should the delay ensue through misfortune or 
accident. Should the failure to commence suit be the result of the corrupt or dis- 
honest action of his attorney, the Interior Department cannot redress the wrong. 

An adverse claimant should set forth in detail the facts upon which he bases his 
adverse claim. A statement in general terms, embodying conclusions of law, with- 
out stating the facts generally, will not be considered in evidence. 

An adverse claimant should show a compliance with the local laws in recording 
his claim and in regard to expenditures, and shall file a copy of the original notice 
of his location, and show the nature or extent of the conflict alleged. 

An allegation of parties to a suit that they compose the company is sufficient, and 
they are not required to prove that they are the original locators or the identical 
parties who presented the adverse claim. 

Agricultural or Mineral Lands. 

Where land is of little if any value for agricultural purposes, but is essential to 
the proper development of mining claims, it should be disposed of under the Mining 
Act. 

Where lands containing valuable mineral deposits have been included in an agri- 
cultural entry, said entry will be canceled at any time prior to issuance of patent, 
upon satisfactory evidence of the existence of such valuable deposits. " 

Where valuable deposits of mineral are discovered upon a tract after the same 
has been entered as agricultural, but before patent has been issued, the parties 
claiming the mine might make application for patent for same, and the agricultural 
entry will be canceled to that portion of the land embraced by said mining claim. 

Where mineral deposits are discovered on agricultural lands after patent has 
been issued to an agricultural claimant, they pass with the patent. 

Agricultural college scrip cannot be received in payment for claims. 

Aliens. 

A foreigner may make a mining location and dispose of it, provided he becomes a 
citizen before disposing of the mine. Proof that the party was not a citizen before 
disposing of his claim must be affirmatively shown. 

Locators and intermediate owners other than applicants will not be presumed 
aliens in the absence of allegation or objection prior to issuance of patent. 

The portion of a mining claim sold to an alien cannot be patented while such 
owner is an alien ; but on his declaration to become a citizen his right dates back 
to his purchase, and he may thereupon secure a United States patent for his claim. 

Tunnels. 

There is no authority of law for a tunnel location 3,000 by 1,500 feet. A proper 
location is the width of the tunnel for 3,000 feet. 

There is no provision of law for patenting tunnel locations, but lodes discovered 
in running a tunnel may be patented in like manner as other lodes. 

When a lode is struck or discovered for the first time in running a tunnel, the 
tunnel owners have the option of recording their claim of 1,500 feet all on one side 
of the point of discovery or intersection, or partly on one side thereof and partly on 
the other. 

Prospecting for blind lodes is prohibited on the line of a located tunnel, while the 
tunnel is in progress, but other parties are in no way debarred from prospecting for 
blind lodes or running tunnels, so long as they keep without the line of such tunnel. 

The right is granted to tunnel owners to 1,500 feet of each blind lode not pre- 
viously known to exist, which may be discovered in their tunnel. 

Cross Ledges. 

Revised Statutes. Section 2336. Where two or more ledges cross or intersect 
each other, priority of title shall govern, and such prior location shall be entitled to 
all ore or mineral contained within the space of intersection, but the subsequent 

LofC. " 



THE LA W OF COPYRIGHT. 

location shall have the right of way through the space of intersection for the pur- 
pose of the convenient working ef the mine. And where two or more veins unite, 
the oldest or prior location shall take the vein below the point of union, including 
all the space of the intersection. 



THE LAW OF COPYRIGHT. 

i. A. printed copy of the title (besides the two copies to be 
deposited after publication)^ of the book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composi- 
tion, engraving, cut, print or photograph, or a description of the painting, drawing, 
chromo, statue, statuary or model or design for a work ofthe fine arts, for which copy- 
right is desired, must be sent by mail or otherwise, prepaid, addressed "Librarian 
of Congress, Washington, D. C." This must be done before the publication of the 
book or other article. The applicant must state distinctly the name and resi- 
dence of the claimant, and whether copyright is claimed as author, designer 
or proprietor. The printed title required may be a copy of the title page 
of such publications as have title pages. In other cases, the title must be printed 
expressly for copyright entry, with name of claimant of copyright. The style 
of type is immaterial, and the print of a typewriter will be accepted. But a sepa- 
rate title is required lor each entry, and each title must be printed on paper as large 
as commercial note. The title of a periodical must include the date and number. 

2. The legal fee for recording each copyright claim is 50 cents, and for a coPy 
of this record (or certificate of copyright) an additional fee of 50 cents is required. 
Certificates covering more than one entry are not issued. 

3. Within ten days after publication of each book or other article, two complete 
copies of the best edition issued must be sent, to perfect the copyright, with the 
address "Librarian of Congress, Washington, D. C." The postage must be pre- 
paid, or else the publication inclosed in parcels covered by printed Penalty Labels, 
furnished by the Librarian, in which case they will come freb by mail, without 
limk of weight. Without the deposit of copies above required the copyright is 
void, and a penalty of $25 is incurred. 

4. No copyright is valid unless iCtice is given by inserting in every copy pub- 
lished, on the title page or the page ioilo zing, if it be a book ; or, if a map, chart, 
musical composition, print, cut, engraving, photograph, painting, drawing, chromo, 
statue, statuary or model design intended to be perfected as a work of the fine arts, 
by inscribing upon some portion thereof, or on the substance on which the same is 
mounted, the following words, viz: "Entered according to act of Congress, in the 

year , by , in the office of 'the Librarian of Congress, at Washington," 

or, at the option of the person entering the copyright, the words : "Copyright, 
18—, by ." 

The law imposes a penalty of $100 upon any person who has not obtained a copy- 
right who shall insert the notice "Entered according to act of Congress," or "Copy- 
right," etc., or words ofthe same import, in or upon any book or other article. 

5. Any author may reserve the right to translate or dramatize his own work. 
In this case, notice should be given by printing the words "Right of translation 
reserved," or "All rights reserved," below the notice of copyright entry, and noti- 
fying the Librarian of Congress of such reservation, to be entered upon the record. 

6. The original term of copyright runs for twenty-eight years. Within six 
months before the end of that time, the author or designer, or his widow or children, 
may secure a renewal for the further term of fourteen years, making forty-two years 
in all. 

7. The time within which any work entered for copyright may be issued from 
the press is not limited by any law or regulation, but depends upon the discretion 
of the proprietor. A copyright may be secured for a projected work as well as for 
a completed one. But the law provides for no caveat, or notice of interference — 
only for actual entry of title. 

8. A copyright is assignable in law by any instrument of writing, but such as- 
signment must be recorded, in the office of the Librarian, of. Congress within sixty 

100 



PATENTS AND TRADEMARKS. 

days from its date. The fee for this record and certificate is $i, and for a certified 
copy of any record of assignment $i. 

g. A copy of the record (or duplicate certificate) of any copyright entry will be 
furnished, under seal, at the rate of 50 cents each. 

10. In the case of books published in more than one volume, or of periodicals 
published in numbers, or of engravings, photographs or other articles published 
with variations, a copyright is to be entered for each volume or part of a book, or 
number of a periodical, or variety, as to style, title or inscription, of any other 
article. But a book published serially in a periodical, under the same general title, 
requires only one entry. To complete the copyright on such a work, two copies of 
each serial part, as well as of the complete work (if published separately), must be 
deposited. 

11. To secure a copyright for a painting, statue, or model or design intended to 
be perfected as a work of the fine arts, so as to prevent infringement by copying, 
engraving, or vending such design, a definite description must accompany the ap- 
plication for copyright, and a photograph of the same, at least as large as "cabinet 
size," should be mailed to the Librarian of Congress within ten days from the com- 
pletion of the work or design. 

12. Copyrights cannot be granted upon trademarks, nor upon mere names of 
companies or articles, nor upon prints or labels intended to be used with any article 
of manufacture. If protection for such names or labels is desired, application must 
be made to the Patent Office. 

13. Citizens or residents of the United States only are entitled to copyright 



THE LAW OF TRADEMARKS. 

Any person, firm or corporation can obtain protection for any 
(awful trademark by complying with the following : 

1. By causing to be recorded in the Patent office the name, residence and place 
of business of persons desiring the trademark. 

a. The class of merchandise and description of the same. 

3. A description of the trademark itself with fac-similes. 

4. The length of time that the said mark has already been used. 

5. By payment of the required fee— $6.00 for labels and #25 for trademarks. 

6. By complying with such regulations as may be prescribed by the commis- 
sioner of patents. 

7. A lawful trademark must consist of some arbitrary word (not the name of a 
person or place), indicating or not the use or nature of the thing to which it is ap- 
plied ; of some designation symbol, or of both said word and symbol. 



HOW TO OBTAIN A PATENT. 

Patents are issued in the name of the United States, and under 
the seal of the Patent Office, to any person who has invented or 
discovered any new and useful art, machine, manufacture or 
composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement 
thereof, not known or used by others in this country, and not 
patented or described in any printed publication in this or any 
foreign country, before his invention or discovery thereof, and 
not in public use or on sale for more than two years prior to his 
application, unless the same is proved to have been abandoned ; 
and by any person who, by his own industry, genius, efforts and 
expense has invented and produced any new and original design 
for a manufacture, bust, statue, alto-relievo, or bas-relief ; an/ 

101 



HOW TO OBTAIN A PATENT. 

new and original design for the printing of woolen, silk, cotton 
or other fabrics ; any new and original impression, ornament, 
pattern, print or picture to be printed, painted, cast or otherwise 
placed on or worked into any article of manufacture ; or any 
new, useful and original shape or configuration of any article of 
manufacture, the same not having been known or used by others 
before his invention or production thereof, or patented or 
described in any printed publication, upon payment of the fees 
required by law and other due proceedings had. 

Every patent contains a grant to the patentee, his heirs or assigns, for the term 
of seventeen years, of the exclusive right to make, use and vend the invention or 
discovery throughout the United States and the Territories, referring to the specifi- 
cation for the particulars thereof. 

If it appear that the inventor, at the time of making his application, believed 
himself to be the first inventor or discoverer, a patent will not be refused on account 
of the invention or discovery, or any part thereof, having been known or used in 
any foreign country before his invention or discovery thereof, if it had not been before 
patented or described in any printed publication. 

Joint inventors are entitled to a joint patent ; neither can claim one separately. 
Independent inventors of distinct and independent improvements in the same 
machine cannot obtain a joint patent for their separate inventions; nor does the 
fact that one furnishes the capital and another makes the invention entitle them to 
make application as joint inventors; but in such case they may become joint 
patentees.. 

The receipt of letters patent from a foreign government will not prevent the in- 
ventor from obtaining a patent in the United States, unless the invention shall have 
been introduced into public use in the United States more than two years prior to 
the application. But every patent granted for an invention which has been pre- 
viously patented by the same inventor in a foreign country will be so limited as to 
expire at the same time with the foreign patent, or, if there be more than one, at the 
same time with the one having the shortest unexpired term, but in no case will it be 
in force more than seventeen years. 

Applications. 

Application for a patent must be made in writing to the Commissioner of Patents. 
The applicant must also file in the Patent Office a written description of the same, 
and of the manner and process of making, constructing, compounding and using it, 
in such full, clear, concise and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the 
art or science to which it appertains, or with which it is most nearly connected, to 
make, construct, compound and use the same ; and in case of a machine, he must 
explain the principle thereof, and the best mode in which he has contemplated ap- 
plying that principle, so as to distinguish it from other inventions, and particularly 
point out and distinctly claim the part, improvement or combination which he 
claims as his invention or discovery. The specification and claim must be signed 
by the inventor and attested by two witnesses. 

When the nature of the case admits of drawings, the applicant must furnish one 
copy signed by the inventor or his attorney in fact, and attested by two witnesses, 
to be filed in the Patent Office. In all cases which admit of representation by 
model, the applicant, if required by the Commissioner, shall furnish a model of 
convenient size to exhibit advantageously the several parts of his invention or dis- 
covery. 

The applicant shall make oath that he verily believes himself to be the original 
and first inventor or discoverer of the art, machine, manufacture, composition or 
improvement for which he solicits a patent ; that he does not know and does not 
believe that the same was ever before known or used, and shall state of what coun- 
try he is a citizen. Such oath may be made before any person within the United 
States authorized by law to administer oaths, or, when the applicant resides in a 
foreign country, before any minister, charge d'affaires, consul or commercial agents 

102 



HOW TO OBTAIN A PATENT. 

holding commission under the Government of the United States, or before any 
notary public of the foreign country in which the applicant may be. 

On the filing of such application and the payment of the fees required by law, if, 
on such examination, it appears that the claimant is justly entitled to a patent 
under the law, and that the same is sufficiently useful and important, the Commis- 
sioner will issue a patent therefor. 

Assignments. 

Every patent or any interest therein shall be assignable in law by an instrument 
in writing; and the patentee or his assigns or legal_ representatives may, in like 
manner, grant and convey an exclusive right under his patent to the whole or any 
specified part of the United States. 

Reissues. 

A reissue is granted to the original patentee, his legal representatives, or the as- 
signees of the entire interest when, by reason of a defective or insufficient specifica- 
tion, or by reason of the patentee claiming as his invention or discovery more than 
he had a right to claim as new, the original patent is inoperative or invalid, pro- 
vided the error has arisen from inadvertance, accident or mistake, and without any 
fraudulent or deceptive intention. In the cases of patents issued and assigned prior 
to July 8, 1870, the applications for reissue may be made by the assignees ; but in 
the cases of patents issued or assigned since that date, the applications must be 
made and the specifications sworn to by the inventors, if they be living. 

Caveats. 

A caveat, under the patent law, is a notice given to the office of the caveator's 
claim as inventor, in order to prevent the grant of a patent to another for the same 
alleged invention upon an application filed during the life of the caveat without 
notice to the caveator. 

Any citizen of the United States who has made a new invention or discovery, and 
desires further time to mature the same, may, on payment of a fee of $10, file in the 
Patent Office a caveat setting forth the object and the distinguishing characteristics 
of the invention, and praying protection of his right until he shall have matured 
his invention. Such caveat shall be filed in the confidential archives of the office 
and preserved in secrecy, and shall be operative for the term of one year from the 
filing thereof. 

An alien has the same privilege, if he has resided in the United States one year 
next preceding the filing of his caveat, and has made oath of his intention to be- 
come a citizen. 

The caveat must comprise a specification, oath, and, when the nature of the case 
admits of it, a drawing, and, like the application, must be limited to a single inven- 
tion or improvement. 

Fees. 

Fees must be paid in advance, and are as follows: On filing each original appli- 
cation for a patent, $15. On issuing each original patent, $20. In design cases: 
For three years and six months, $10 ; for seven years, $15 ; for fourteen years, $30. 
On filing each caveat, $10. On every application for the reissue of a patent, $30. On 
filing each disclaimer, $10. For certified copies of patents and other papers, in- 
cluding certified printed copies, 10 cents per hundred words. For recording every 
assignment, agreement, power of attorney or other paper, of three hundred words 
or under, $1 ; of over three hundred and under one thousand words, $2 ; of over 
one thousand words, $3. For copies of drawings, the reasonable cost of making 
them. 



Greatest Known Depth of the Ocean. 

The greatest known depth of the ocean is midway between the 

islands of Tristan d'Acunha and the mouth of the Rio de la Plata. The bottom 
was here reached at a depth of 46,2^6 feet, or eight and three-fourths miles, 
exceeding by more than 13,000 feet the height of Mt. Hercules, the loftiest mountain 
in the world. The average depth of all the oceans is from 2,000 to 3,000 fathoms. 

103 



INSURANCE. 



A STOCK Insurance Company is one whose capital is 
owned by stockholders, they alone sharing the profits 
and they alone being liable for losses. The business of 
6uch a company, and also of a mixed company, is managed by 
directors chosen by the stockholders. Policy-holders, unless at 
the same time stockholders, have no voice in the management 
of the company's business or in the election of its officers. 

A Mutual Insurance Company is one in which the profits 
and losses are shared among the policy-holders (the insured.) 

Mixed Companies are a combination of the foregoing. In a 
mixed company all profits above a certain fixed dividend are 
usually divided among the policy-holders. 

Some mutual an ' mixed companies issue what are called non- 
Participating policies* The holders of these do not share in the 
profits or losses. 

FIRE INSURANCE. 

Policies for fire insurance are generally issued for a period of 
one to five years. Ordinarily, in case of loss by fire, the 
insured will be paid the extent of his loss up to the amount of 
insurance, unless the insurance company prefer to replace or re- 
pair the damaged property, which privilege is usually reserved. 
If the policy contains the "average clause" the payment will 
cover only such portion of the loss as the amount of insurance 
bears to the value of the property insured. 

A Floating Policy is one which covers property stored in 
several buildings or places. The name is applied more particu- 
larly to policies which cover goods whose location may be 
changed in process of manufacture, or in the ordinary course of 
business. The "average clause" is a usual condition of policies 
of this class. 

Short Rates are rates for a term less than a year. If an insur- 
ance policy is terminated at the request of the policy-holder, 
the company retains the customary "short rates" for the time 
the policy has been in force, as shown by the following tables: 



Policy for 


Policy for 


Policy 


for Policy for 


Policy for 


Charge this pro- 
portion of whole 
Premium. 


1 year. 


2 years. 


3 yea 


•s. 4 years. 


5 years. 


1 mo. 


2 mo. 


3 m 


x 4 mo. 


5 mo. 


20 per cent. 


2 " 


4 " 


C ' 


8 ° 


10 •• 


30 " 


3 «• 


6 " 


9 ' 


12 " 


15 •' 


40 ** 


4 " 


8 « 


12 ' 


16 " 


20 " 


50 « 


6 " 


10 M 


15 ' 


20 " 


25 u 


60 ° 


6 •* 


12 " 


18 ■ 


24 M 


30 M 


70 " 


7 " 


14 «■ 


21 ' 


28 " 


35 " 


75 M 


8 •• 


16 " 


24 • 


32 " 


40 " 


80 " 


9 •• 


18 " 


27 * 


36 " 


45 " 


85 " 


10 •• 


20 " 


30 ' 


40 " 


50 " 


90 " 


Jl " 


22 " 


33 ' 


44 " 


55 M 


95 M 104 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 



Troy Weight — 24 grains make 1 pennyweight, 20 penny- 
weights make i ounce. By this weight, gold, silver and jewels only are weighed. 
The ounce and pound in this are same as in Apothecaries' weight. 

Apothecaries' Weight — 20 grains make one scruple, 3 

scruples make i dram, 8 drams make i ounce, 12 ounces make 1 pound. 

Avoirdupois Weight — 6 drams make 1 ounce, 16 ounces 

make one pound, 25 pounds make 1 quarter, 4 quarters make 1 hundredweight, 
2,000 pounds make 1 ton. 

Dry Measure — 2 pints make 1 quart, 8 quarts make 1 peck, 

4 pecks make 1 bushel, 36 bushels make 1 chaldron. 

Liquid or Wine Measure — 4 gills make 1 pint, 2 pints 
make 1 quart, 4 quarts make 1 gallon, 31 J£ gallons make 1 barrel, 2 barrels make 1 
hogshead. 

Time Measure — 60 seconds make 1 minute, 60 minutes make 
1 hour, 24 hours make 1 day, 7 days make 1 week, 4 weeks make 1 lunar month, 28, 
29, 30 or 31 days make 1 calendar month (30 days make 1 month in computing 
interest), 52 weeks and 1 day, or 12 calendar months, make 1 year; 365 days, 5 hours, 
48 minutes and 49 seconds make 1 solar year. 

Circular Measure — 60 seconds make 1 minute, 60 minutes 

make 1 degree, 3. degrees make 1 sign, 90 degrees make 1 quadrant, 4 quadrants or 
360 degrees make 1 circle. 

Long Measure — Distance — 3 barleycorns 1 inch, 12 inches 

1 foot, 3 feet 1 yard, 5% yards 1 rod, 40 rods 1 furlong, 8 furlongs 1 mile. 

Cloth Measure — 2% inches 1 nail, 4 nails 1 quarter, 4 

quarters i yard. 

Miscellaneous — 3 inches one palm, 4 inches 1 hand, 6 

inches i span, 18 inches i cubit, 21.8 inches 1 Bible cubit, 2^ feet 1 military pace. 

Square Measure — 144 square inches 1 square foot, 9 square 
Feet 1 square yard, 30% square yards 1 square rod, 40 square rods 1 rood, 4 roods 1 
acre. 

Surveyors' Measure — 7.92 inches 1 link, 25 links 1 rod, 4 

rods i chain, 10 square chains or 160 square rods 1 acre, 640 acres 1 square mile. 

Cubic Measure — 1,728 cubic inches 1 cubic foot, 27 cubic feet 
1 cubic yard, 128 cubic feet 1 cord (wood), 40 cubic feet 1 ton (shipping), 2,150.42 
cuDic inches 1 standard bushel, 268.8 cubic inches 1 standard gallon, 1 cubic foot 
four-fifths of a bushel. 

Metric Weights — 10 milligrams 1 centigram, 10 centigrams 

1 decigram, 10 decigrams 1 gram, 10 grams 1 dekagram, 10 dekagrams 1 hekto- 
gram, 10 hektograms 1 kilogram. 

Metric Measures — (One milliliter — Cubic centimeter.) — 
10 milliliters 1 centiliter, 10 centiliters 1 deciliter, 10 deciliters 1 liter, 10 liters 1 
dekaliter, 10 dekaliters 1 hektoliter, 10 hektoliters 1 kiloliter. 

Metric Lengths — 10 millimeters 1 centimeter, 10 centi- 
meters 1 decimeter, 10 decimeters 1 meter, 10 meters 1 dekameter, 10 dekameters 1 
hektometer, 10 hektometers 1 kilometer. 

Relative Value of Apothecaries' and Imperial 
Measure. 

Apothecaries. Imperial, 

x gallon equals 6 pints, 13 ounces, 2 drams, 23 minims. 

1 pint " 16 " 5 " 18 " 

2 fluid ounce equals 1 *' o " 20 '* 

1 fluid dram ** ..,.,,,.,,,,,.,,.. ? ** *H " 

1QS 



PRACTICAL CALCULATIONS. 



Short Cuts in Arithmetic — Handy Tables for Ready Reckoning. 
To Ascertain the Weight of Cattle — Measure the girt 

close behind the shoulder, and the length from the fore part of the shoulder-blade 
along the back to the bone at the tail, which is in a vertical line with the buttock, 
both in feet. Multiply the square of the girt, expressed in feet, by ten times the 
length, and divide the product by three; the quotient is the weight, nearly, of the 
fore quarters, in pounds avoirdupois. It is to be observed, however, that in very fat 
cattle the fore quarters will be about one-twentieth more, while in those in a very 
lean state they will be one-twentieth less than the weight obtained by the rule. 

Rules for Measuring Corn in Crib, Vegetables, etc., 

and Hay in Mow — This rule will apply to a crib of any size or kind. Two cubic 
feet of good, sound, dry corn in the ear will make a bushel of shelled corn. To get, 
then, the quantity of shelled corn in a crib of corn in the ear, measure the length, 
breadth and height of the crib, inside the rail; multiply the length by the breadth 
and the product by the height, then divide the product by two, and you have the 
number of bushels of shelled corn in the crib. 

To find the number of bushels of apples, potatoes, etc., in a bin, multiply the 
length, breadth *and thickness together, and this product by eight, and point off one 
figure in the product for decimals. 

Te find the amount of hay in a mow, allow 512 cubic feet for a ton, and it will 
come out very generally correct. 

To Measure Bulk Wood — To measure a pile of wood 

multiply the length by the width, and that product by the height, which will give 
the number of cubic feet. Divide that product by 128, and the quotient will be the 
number of cords. A standard cord of wood, it must be remembered, is four feet 
thick; that is, the wood must be four feet long. Farmers usually go by surface 
measure, calling a pile of stove wood eight feet long and four feet high a cord. Un- 
der such circumstances thirty-two feet would be the divisor. 

How to Measure a Tree — Very many persons, when 
looking for a stick of timber, are at a loss to estimate either the height of the tree or 
the length of timber it will cut. The following rule will enable any one to approxw 
mate nearly to the length from the ground to any position desired on the tree: Take 
a stake, say six feet in length, and place it against the tree you wish to measure. 
Then step back some rods, twenty or more if you can, from which to do the meas- 
uring. At this point a light pole and a measuring rule are required. The pole is 
raised between the eyes and the tree, and the rule is brought into position against 
the pole. Then by sighting and observing what length of the rule is required to 
cover the stake at the tree, and what the entire tree, dividing the latter length by 
the former and multiplying by the number of feet the stake is long, you reach the 
approximate height of the tree. For example, if the stake at the tree be six feet 
above ground and one inch on your rule corresponds exactly with this, and if then 
the entire height of the tree corresponds exactly with say nine inches on the rule, 
this would show the tree to possess a full height of fifty-four feet. In practice it 
will thus be found an easy matter to learn the approximate height of any tree, 
building, or other such object. 

To Measure Casks or Barrels — Find mean diameter by 

adding to head diameter two-thirds (if staves are but slightly curved, three-fifths) of 
difference between head and bung diameters, and dividing by two. Multiply square 
of mean diameter in inches by .7854, and the product by the height of the cask in 
inches. The result will be the number of cubic inches. Divide by 231 for standard 
or wine gallons, and by 282 for beer gallons. 

Grain Measure — To find the capacity of a bin or wagon- 
bed, multiply the cubic feet by .8 (tenths). For great accuracy, add % of a bushel 
for every 100 cubic feet. To find the cubic feet, multiply the length, width and 
depth together. 

Cistern Measure — To find the capacity of a round cistern 
or tank, multiply the square of the average diameter by the depth, and take 3-16 ol 

106 



PRACTICAL CALCULATIONS. 



the product. For great accuracy, multiply by .1865. For square cisterns 

or tanks, rrultiply the cubic feet by .2%. The result is the contents in barrels. 

Land Measure — To 'find the number of acres in a body of 

land, multiply the length by the width (in rods), and divide the product by 160. 
When the opposite sides are unequal, add them, and take half the sum for the mean 
length or width. 

Measures of Capacity — The following table, showing con- 
tents of boxes, will often be found convenient, taking inside dimensions : 
24 in. x 24 in. x 14.7 will contain a barrel of 31% gallons. 

15 in. x 14 in. x 11 in. will contain 10 gallons. 
8% in. x 7 in. x 4 in. will contain a gallon. 

4 in. x 4 in. X3.6 in. will contain a quart. 
24 in. x 28 in. x 16 in. will contain 5 bushels. 

16 in. -x 12 in. x 11. 2 in. will contain a bushel. 

12 in. x 1 1. 2 in. x 8 in. will contain a half bushel. 

7 in. X6.4 in. x 12 in. will contain a peck. 

8.4 in. x 8 in. x 4 in. will contain a half peck, or 4 dry quarts. 

6 in. x 5 3-5 in., and 4 in. deep, will contain a half gallon. 

4 in. x 4 in., and 2 1-10 in. deep, will contain a pint. 

Food for Stock. 

One hundred pounds of good hay for stock are equal to: Beets, 

white silesia, 669; turnips, 469; rye straw, 429; clover, red, green, 373; carrots, 371; 
mangolds, 368%; potatoes, kept in pit, 350; oat straw, 317; potatoes, 360; carrot 
leaves (tops), 135; hay, English, 100; Lucerne, 89; clover, red, dry, 88; buckwheat, 
78%; corn, 62%; oats, 59; barley, 58; rye, 53^; wheat, 44%; oil-cake, linseed, 43; 
peas, dry, 37^; beans, 28. 

Number of Shrubs, Plants or Trees in an Acre. 



Distances 


No. ot 


Distances 


No. of 


Distances 


No. of 


apart. 


Plants. 


apart. 


Plants. 


apart. 


Plants. 


1 byl 


43,560 


5 by 2 


4,356 


15 by 15 


193 


VA " VA 


19,360 


5 " 3 


2,904 


16 " 16 


170 


2 "1 


21,780 


5 " 4 


2,178 


17 »« 17 


150 


2 "2 


10,890 


5 «' 5 


1,742 


18 " 18 


134 


IV2 " V/2 


6,969 


&4" 5V 2 


1,417 


19 " 19 


120 


3 "1 


14,520 


6 " 6 


1,210 


20 " 20 


108 


3 "2 


7,260 


6H" bH 


1,031 


24 ° 24 


75 


3 "3 


4,840 


7 " 7 


888 


25 " 25 


69 • 


SA "W 


3,555 


8 " 8 


680 


27 " 27 


59 


4 "1 


10,890 


9 " 9 


537 


30 " 30 


48 


4 "2 


5,445 


10 " 10 


435 


40 " 40 


27 


4 "3 


3,630 


11 " 11 


360 


50 " 50 


17 


4 "4 


2,722 


12 " 12 


302 


60 " 60 


12 


$A " 4J4 


2,151 


13 " 13 


257 


66 " 66 


10 


5 "1 


8,712 


14 " 14 


222 







The city of Ghent, Belgium, stands on twenty-six islands, con- 
nected with each other by eighty bridges. The city of Venice is built on eighty 
islands, connected by nearly 400 bridges. In Venice canals serve for streets and 
gondolas for carriages. 

Bricks and common pottery ware owe their red color to the 
iron naturally contained in the clay of which they are formed, the iron, by the ac- 
tion of the heat, being converted into red oxide of iron. Some varieties of clay, like 
that found near Milwaukee, contain little or no iron, and bricks made from such clay 
are consequently of a light yellow color. 

107 



Barbed Wire Required for Fences. 

Estimated number of pounds of barbed wire required to fence 
space or distances mentioned, with one, two or three lines of 
wire, based upon each pound of wire measuring one rod (16)^ 
feet). 

i Line. 2 Lines. 3 Lines. 

i square acre 50% Bbs. 101 % fibs. 152 Bbs. 

1 side of a square acre 12% Bbs. 25)£ fibs. 38 fibs. 

1 square half-acre 36 fibs. 72 fibs. 108 lb s. 

1 square mile 1280 fibs. 2560 fibs. 3840 lbs. 

1 side of a square mile 320 Bbs. 640 lbs. 960 fibs. 

t rod in length 1 lb. 2 Bbs. 3 Bbs. 

100 rods in length 100 Bbs. 200 Bbs. 300 Bbs. 

100 feet in length 6 1-16 Bbs. 12^ fibs. 18 3-16 fibs. 



To Measure Corn or Similar Commodity on a Floor 
■—Pile up the commodity in the form of a cone; find the diameter 
in feet; multiply the square of the diameter by .7854, and the 
product by one-third the height of the cone in feet; from this last 
product deduct one-fifth of itself, or multiply it by .803564, and 
the result will be the number of bushels. 

Contents of Fields and Lots — An acre is 43,560 square 
feet. The following table will assist farmers in making an ac- 
curate estimate of the amount of land in different fields under 
cultivation: 



10 rods 


X 16 rods 


= 


1 A 


100 ft 


. x iosa ft 


• = H a 


8 " 


X 20 " 


= 


1 " 


25" 


X 


100 " 


= .0574 " 


5 " 


X 32 " 


= 


1 " 


25" 


x no " 


= .0631 " 


4 " 


X 40 " 


= 


1 " 


25" 


X 


120 " 


= .0688 " 


5 yards 


X 968 " 


=r 


1 " 


1 25" 


X 


125 " 


= .0717 " 


10 " 


X 484 yds 


= 


1 " 


25" 


X 


150 " 


= .109 " 


20 " 


X 242 " 


= 


1 " 


2178 square feet 


= .05 " 


40 " 


X 121 " 


= 


1 " 


4356 


(( 


u 


= .10 " 


80 " 


X 60^ " 


= 


1 " 


6534 


(I 


a 


= .15 " 


70 " 


X 69^ " 


= 


1 " 


8712 


(I 


u 


= .20 " 


220 feet 


X 198 feet 


= 


1 " 


10890 


u 


It 


= .25 " 


440 " 


X 99 " 


— 


1 " 


13068 


M 


ti 


= .30 " 


110 " 


X 369 " 


== 


1 " 


15246 


(( 


u 


= .35 " 


60 " 


X 726 " 


= 


1 " 


17424 


(( 


a 


= .40 " 


120 " 


X 363 " 


= 


1 " 


19603 


(I 


u 


= .45 " 


240 " 


X 181^ ft. 


= 


1 " 


21780 


U 


u 


= .50 " 


200 " 


X 108^ " 


= 


K u 


32670 


(( 


u 


== .75 " 


100 " 


X 145^ " 


= 


H " 


34848 


« 


it 


= .80 " 



There is a lake of pitch in the island of Trinidad, about a mile 
and a half in circumference. While the asphaltum near the shores is sufficiently 
hard at most seasons to sustain men and quadrupeds, it grows soft and warm toward 
the center, and there it is in a boiling state. 

108 



GRADE PER MILE, TIMBER, ETC. 



Grade per Mile — The following table will show the grade 
per mile as thus indicated: 
An inclination of — 



foot in 15 is 352 feet per mile 
" 20 is 264 " " 

" 25 is 211 " 
" 30 is 176 " " 
35 is 151 " " 



1 foot in 40 is 132 feet per mile 
1 " 50 is 106 " 
1 " 100 is 53 " 
1 " 125 is 42 " 




To Find the Quantity of Lumber in 
a Log — Multiply the diameter in inches at 
the small end by one-half the number of 
inches, and this product by the length of the 
log in feet, which last product divide by 12. 

Rxample. How many feet of lumber can 
be made from a log 30 inches in diameter and 
14 feet long? 

30 X 15 = 450 X 14 = 6300 -*- 12 == 525 
feet. Ans. 

To Tell the Soundness of Timber — Apply the ear to 
the middle of one of the ends, while another party strikes the 
other end. The blow will be clearly and distinctly heard, how- 
ever long the beam may be, if the wood is sound and of good 
quality, but if decay has set in, the sound will be muffled and in- 
distinct. The toughest part of a tree will always be found on 
the side next the north. 

The Number of Cubic Feet in a Round Log of Uni- 

form Diameter — Square the diameter, in inches, multiply by .7854, and multiply 
this product by the length in feet, divide by 144, and the quotient is the number 
of cubic feet. 

Number of Cubic Feet in the Trunk of a Standing 

Tree — Find the circumference in inches, divide by 3.1416, square the quotient, 
multiply by the length in feet, divide by 144, deduct about one-tenth for thickness of 
bark, and the result will be, approximately, the number of cubic feet 



Following are some curious facts about fishes. While natural- 
ists have generally accepted Cuvier's view that the existence of fishes is silent, 
emotionless and joyless, recent observations tend to show that many fishes emit 
vocal sounds. The anabas seandens, the climbing perch of India, quits the water 
and wanders over banks for considerable distances, and is even said to climb trees 
and bushes. At Tranquebar, Hindoostan, may be seen the strange spectacle of fish 
and shell-fish dwelling high on lofty trees. The perch there climbs up tall fan-palms 
in pursuit of certain shell-fish which form his favorite food. Covered with viscid 
slime, he glides smoothly over the rough bark. Spines, which he may sheathe and 
unfold at will, serve him like hands to hang by, and with the aid of side fins and a 
powerful tail he pushes himself upward. One species of fish, the sticklebacks, are 
known to build nests. There are several varieties of this fish, all natives of fresh 
water with one or two exceptions. They are found in the Ottawa River. The 
cyprinodon is a sightless fish which gropes in the dreary waters of the Mammoth 
Cave of Kentucky. 

Abraham's purchase of the cave of Machpelah is the first re- 
corded commercial transaction. 

109 



Seantling and Timber Measure Reduced to One-Ineh 
Board Measure. 

To ascertain the number of feet of scantling or timber, say 18 feet long and 2 by 
3 inches: Find 2 by 3 in the top columns, and 18 in the left hand column, and under 
2 by 3 and against 18 is 9 feet. If the scantling is longer than contained in the 
table, add two lengths together. If shorter, take part off same length. 





THICKNESS AND WIDTH IN INCHES. 


fa 


2x2 


2x3 


2x4 


2x5 


2x6 


2x7 


2x8 


2x9 


3x3 


3x4 


3x5 


3x6 


3x7 


|3x8 


3x9 


4x4: 


"6 


~2~7 


3. 


4. 


5. 


6. 


7. 


T~ 


9. 


4.6 


"67 


7.6 


9. 


10.6 


12. 


13.6 


"87 


7 


2.4 


3.6 


4.8 


5.10 


7. 


8.2 


9.4 


10.6 


5.3 


7. 


8.S 


10.6 


12.3 


14. 


15.9 


9.4 


8 


2.8 


4. 


5.4 


6.8 


8. 


9.4 


10.8 


12. 


6. 


8. 


10. 


12. 


14. 


16. 


18. 


10. 


9 


3. 


4.6 


6. 


7.6 


9. 


10.6 


12. 


13.6 


6.9 


9. 


11. S 


13.e 


15.9 


18. 


20.3 


12. 


10 


3.4 


5. 


6.8 


8.4 


10. 


11.8 


13.5 


15. 


7.6 


10. 


12.6 


15. 


17.6 


20. 


22.6 


13.4 


11 


3.8 


5.6 


7.4 


9.2 


11. 


12.10 


14.8 


16.6 


8.3 


11. 


13.9 


16. i 


19.3 


22. 


24.9 


14.8 


12 


4. 


6. 


8. 


10. 


12. 


14. 


16. 


18. 


9. 


12. 


15. 


18. 


21. 


24. 


27. 


16. 


13 


4.4 


6.6 


8.8 


10.10 


13. 


15.2 


17.4 


19.6 


9.9 


13. 


16.3 


19. e 


22.9 


26. 


29.3 


17.4 


14 


4.8 


7. 


9.4 


11.8 


14. 


16.4 


18.8 


21. 


10.6 


14. 


17.6 


21. 


24.6 


28. 


31.6 


18.8 


15 


5. 


7.6 


10. 


12.6 


15. 


17.6 


20. 


22.6 


11.3 


j5. 


18.9 


22.6 


26.3 


30. 


33.9 


20. 


16 


5.4 


8. 


10.8 


13.4 


16. 


18.8 


21.4 


24. 


12 


16. 


20. 


24. 


28. 


32. 


36. 


21.4 


17 


5.8 


8.6 


11.4 


14.2 


17. 


19.10 


22.8 


25.6 


i2.9 


17. 


21.3 


25. e 


29.9 


34. 


38.3 


22.8 


18 


6. 


9. 


12. 


15. 


18. 


21. 


24. 


27. 


13.6 


j8. 


22.6 


27. 


31.6 


36. 


40.6 


24. 


19 


6.4 


9.6 


12.8 


15.10 


19. 


22.2 


25.4 


28.6 


14.3 


19. 


23.9 


?s. e 


33.3 


38. 


42.9 


24.4 


20 


6.8 


10. 


13.4 


16.8 


20. 


23.4 


26.8 


30. 


15. 


20. 


25. 


3U. 


35. 


40. 


45. 


26.8 


21 


7. 


10.6 


14. 


17.6 


21. 


24.6 


28. 


31.6 


15.9 


21. 


26.3 


31.6 


36.9 


42. 


47.3 


28. 


22 


7.4 


11. 


14.8 


18.4 


22. 


25.8 


29.4 


33. 


16.6 


22. 


27.6 


33. 


38.6 


44. 


49-6 


29.4 


23 


7.8 


11.6 


15.4 


19.2 


23. 


26.10 


30.8 


34.6 


17.3 


23. 


28.9 


34.6 


40.3 


46. 


51.9 


30.8 


24 


8. 


12. 


16. 


20. 


24. 


28. 


32. 


36. 


18. 


24. 


30. 


36. 


42. 


48. 


54. 


32. 


25 


8.4 


12.6 


16.8 


20.10 


25. 


29.2 


33.4 


37.6 


18.9 


25. 


31.3 


37.6 


43.9 


50. 


56.3 


33.4 


30 


10. 


15. 


20. 


25. 


30. 


35. 


40. 


45. 


22.6 


30. 


37.6 


45. 


52.6 


60. 


67.6 


40. 


34 


11.4 


17. 


22.8 


28.4 


34. 


39.3 


45.4 


51. 


25.6 


34. 


42.6 


51. 


59.6 


68. 


76.6 


45.4 


40 


13.4 


20. 


26.8 


33.4 


40. 


46.8 


53.4 


60. 


30. 


40. 


50. 


60. 


70. 


80. 


90. 


53. 


*> 


THICKNESS AND WIDTH IN INCHES. 


£ 


5x4 


4x6 


4x7 


4x8 


4x9 


5x5 


5x6 


5x7 


5x8 


5x9 ( 


3x6 


3x7 


6x8 


6x9 


6x10 


6 


10. 


12. 


14. 


16. 


18. 


2.6 


15. 


17.6 


20. 


22.6 


18. 


21. 


24. 


27. 


30. 


7 


11.8 


14. 


16.4 


18.8 


21. 


14.7 


17.6 


20.5 


23.4 


26.3 


21. 


24.6 


28. 


31.6 


35. 


8 


13.4 


16. 


18.8 


21.4 


24. 


L6.8 


20. 


23.4 


26.8 


30. 


24. 


28. 


32. 


36. 


40. 


9 


15. 


18. 


21. 


24. 


27. 


L8.9 


22.6 


26.3 


30. 


33.9 


27. 


31.6 


36. 


40.6 


45. 


10 


16.8 


20. 


23.4 


26.8 


30. 


20.10 


25. 


29.2 


33.4 


37.6 


30. 


35. 


40. 


45. 


50. 


11 


18.4 


22. 


25.8 


29.4 


33. 


22.11 


27.6 


32.1 


36.8 


41.3 


33. 


38.6 


44. 


49.6 


55. 


12 


20. 


24. 


28. 


32. 


36. 


25. 


30. 


35. 


40. 


45. 


36. 


42. 


48. 


54. 


60. 


13 


21.8 


26. 


30.4 


34.8 


39. 


27.1 


32.6 


37.1 


1 43.4 


48.9 


39. 


45.6 


52. 


58.6 


65. 


14 


23.4 


28. 


32.8 


37.4 


42. 


29.2 


35. 


40.1 


3 46.8 


52.6 


42. 


49. 


56. 


63. 


70. 


15 


25. 


30. 


35. 


40. 


45. 


51.3 


37.6 


43.9 


50. 


56.3 


45. 


52.6 


60. 


67.6 


75. 


16 


26.8 


32. 


37.4 


42.8 


48. 


53.4 


40. 


46.8 


53.4 


60. 


48. 


56. 


64. 


72. 


80. 


17 


28.4 


34. 


39.8 


45.4 


51. 


35.5 


42.6 


49.7 


56.8 


63.9 


51. 


59.6 


68. 


76.6 


85. 


18 


30. 


36. 


42. 


48. 


54. 


37.6 


45. 


52.6 


60. 


67.6 


54. 


63. 


72. 


81. 


90. 


19 


31.8 


38. 


44.4 


50.8 


57. 


39.7 


47.6 


55.5 


63.4 


71.3 


57. 


66.6 


76. 


85.6 


95. 


20 


33.4 


40. 


46.8 


53.4 


60. 


U.8 


50. 


58.4 


66.8 


75. 


60. 


70. 


80. 


90. 


100. 


21 


35. 


42. 


49. 


56. 


63. 


13.9 


52.6 


61.3 


70. 


78.9 


63. 


73.6 


84. 


94.6 


105. 


22 


36.8 


44. 


51.4 


58.8 


66. 


15.10 


55. 


64.2 


73.4 


82.6 


66. 


77. 


88. 


99. 


110. 


23 


38.4 


46. 


53.8 


61.4 


69. 


17.11 


57.6 


67.1 


76.8 


86.3 


69. 


80.6 


92.1 


03.6 


115. 


24 


40. 


48. 


56. 


64. 


72. 


SO. 


60. 


70. 


80. 


90. 


72. 


84. 


96.] 


08. 


11: 


25 


41.8 


50. 


58.4 


66.8 


75. 


32.1 


62.6 


72.1 


1 83.4 


93.9 


75. 


87.6 ] 


[00.1 


L12.6 


30 


50. 


60. 


70. 


80. 


90. 


32.6 


75. 


87.6 


100. 


112.6 


90.1 


05. j 


120.] 


35. 


150. 


34 


56.8 


68. 


79.4 


90.8 


102. 


ro.io 


85. 


99.2 


113.4 


127.61 


02.1 


19. 1 


136.] 


153. 


170. 


40 


66.8 


80. 


93.4106.8120. 


33.4 


LOO. 


116.8 


133.4 


150. 1 


20.1 


40. 1 


L60. ] 


L80. 


200. 



110 



I*os:s Reduced to Incli Board Measure 

Find the length of the log in feet in the left hand column, and its mean diameter 
In inches (found by adding the two end diameters and dividing their sum by two) at 
the heads of the other columns, and trace them until they meet, and the figures so 
found will express the diameter of feet board measure of inch boards the log will 
measure. 



•4 
10 

11 

12 
13 
14 
15 

16 
17 
18 
19 

20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 


s 

a 

Q 

49 
54 
59 
64 
69 
74 
79 
81 
88 
93 
98 
103 
108 
113 
118 
123 


CO 

6 

3 

61 
67 
73 
79 
85 
91 
97 
103 
109 
116 
122 
128 
134 
140 
146 
152 


a 

3 

72 
79 
86 
93 
100 
107 
114 
122 
129 
136 
143 
150 
157 
164 
172 
179 


i/5 

i 

5 

89 
98 
107 
116 

142 

160 
169 
178 
187 
196 
205 
214 
223 


a 

a 
3 

99 
109 
119 

129 

178 
188 

208 
218 
228 
238 
248 


i 

3 

~116 

127 
139 
150 

208 
219 

243 

255 
266 
278 
289 


OO 

6 

3 

133 
147 
160 
173 

213 

240 
253 
267 
280 
293 
307 
320 
333 


OS 

6. 

a 

s 

150 
165 
180 
195 

240 

270 
285 

315 
330 
345 
360 
375 


i 

s 

175 

192 
210 
227 
245 
262 
280 

315 
332 

368 
385 
403 
420 
438 


Ei 

8 
a 

s 

190 
209 
228 
247 
266 
285 
304 

342 
361 

399 
418 
437 

456 
475 


<M 

a 

s 

209 
230 
251 
272 
292 
313 
334 

376 
397 
418 
439 
460 
480 
501 
522 


co 
cn 

6 

s 

235 
259 
283 
306 
330 
353 
377 

424 
447 

495 

518 
542 
566 
589 


oj 

& 

rt 

5 

252 
278 
303 
328 
353 
379 
404 

454 
480 

530 
555 
581 
606 
631 


13 

a 
5 

287 
315 
344 
373 
401 
430 
459 

516 
545 
573 
602 
631 
659 
688 
717 


CO 
CN 

a 
« 

3 

313 
344 

373 
408 
439 
469 
500 

562 
594 

656 
688 
719 
750 
781 


Si 

a 

d 

3 

342 
377 
411 
445 
479 
514 
548 
582 
616 
650 
684 
719 
753 
787 
821 
856 


8 

s 

363 
400 
436 
473 
509 
545 
582 
618 
654 
692 
728 
764 
800 
837 
873 
910 



u 

fa 

•4 
10 

11 

12 
13 
14 
15 

16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
?1 


§5 

i 

s 

381 
419 
457 
495 
533 
571 
609 
647 
685 
723 
761 
800 
838 
876 
914 
952 


So- 
il 
3 

411 
451 
493 
534 
575 
616 
657 
698 
739 
780 
821 
863 
904 
945 
986 
1027 


CO 

a 

3 

448 
448 
532 
570 
622 
666 
710 
755 
799 
843 
888 
932 
976 
1021 
1065 
1109 


CO 

a 

.2 
O 

460 
506 
552 
598 
644 
690 
736 
782 
828 
874 
920 
966 
1012 
1058 
1104 
1150 


S3 

a 
3 

490 
539 
588 
637 
686 
735 
784 
833 
882 
931 
980 
1029 
1078 
1127 
1176 
1225 


CO 

a 

rt 

3 

500 
550 
600 
650 
700 
750 
800 
850 
900 
950 
1000 
1050 
1100 
1150 


to 

co 

a 
3 

547 
602 
657 
712 
766 
821 
876 
931 
985 
1040 
1095 
1150 
1204 
195Q 


CD 
CO 

i 

3 

577 
634 
692 
750 
807 
865 
923 
980 
1038 
1096 
1152 
1210 
1268 
1322 
1380 


co 
1 

3 

644 

708 
772 
836 
901 
965 
1029 
1094 
1158 
1222 
1287 


IS 

a 

a 
3 

669 
734 
801 
868 
934 
1001 
1068 
1134 
1201 
1268 
1335 


CO 

a 

3 

700 
770 
840 
910 
980 
1050 
1120 
1190 
1260 
1330 
1400 


o 

i 

3 

752 
828 
903 
978 
1053 
1129 
1204 
1279 
1354 
1430 
1505 


i 

3 

795 
874 
954 
1033 
1113 
1192 
1272 
1351 
1431 
1510 
1590 


a 
.a 



840 
924 
1007 
1091 
1175 
1259 
1343 
1427 
1511 
1595 
1679 


1 

Q 

872 
959 

1046 
1135 
1222 
1309 
1396 
1485 
1571 
1658 
1745 


?fl 
















?3 
















?4 


120011314 
















25 


1250 


11369 


1438 


.... 






1 









The Falls of Niagara have cut a channel through the solid 

rocks eoo feet deep, i, 200 to 2, ooo feet wide and seven miles long. The evidence 
is conclusive that the falls were formerly at Queenstown, seven miles below their 
present situation. It has been shown that they have receded not more than a foot a 
year for the past half century. 

Alexander the Great was born in Europe, died in Asia, 

and was buried in Africa. The preparations for his funeral consumed two yearsT 
time. The immense car containing the golden sarcophagus was drawn by sixty- 
four white mules, richly caparisoned, a distance of a thousand miles— from th« 
Euphrates to the Nile. 

Ill 



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a3 « S 

BTSTS 

III 



112 



Table For Gold Miners. 

To ascertain the quantity of gold in any bulk of ore it Is not 
necessary to reduce the mass. A proportional reduction will 
suffice, and the following table is based on trials of four hundred 
grains of ore : 



If 400 Grains 

of Ore give 

Fine Gold, 


One Ton of 

Ore 
Will Yield 


If 400 Grains 

of Ore give 

Fine Gold, 


One Ton of 

Ore 
Will Yield 


Grains. 
.001 


Oz. Dwts. Grs. 

1 15 
3 6 
4 21 
6 12 
8 4 
9 19 
11 10 
13 1 
14 16 

16 8 

1 12 16 

2 9 

3 5 8 

4 1 16 

4 18 

5 14 8 

6 10 16 

7 7 

8 3 8 


Grains. 

.200 

.300 

.400 

.500 

.600 

.700 

.800 

.900 

1.000 

2.000 

3.000 

4.000 

5.000 

6.000 

7.000 

8.000 

9.000 

10.000 

20.000 


Oz. Dwts. Grs. 
16 6 16 


.002 


24 10 


.003 


32 13 8 


.004 


40 16 16 


.005 


49 


.006 


57 3 8 


.007 


65 6 16 


.008 


73 10 


.009 

.010 


81 13 8 
163 16 16 


.020 

.030 

.040 


245 
326 13 8 
408 6 16 


.050 

.060 


490 
570 13 8 


.070 


653 6 16 


.080 

.090 


735 
816 13 8 


.100 


1633 6 16 



The sayings of the Seven Wise Men are the famous mottoes 

inscribed in the temple of Apollo at Delphi: Solon of Athens — "Know thyself.' 
Chilo of Sparta — "Consider the end." Thales of Miletus — "Suretyship is the pre- 
cursor of ruin." Bias of Priene — "Most men are bad." Cleobulus of Lindus— 
"Avoid excess." Pittacus of Mitylene — "Know thy opportunity." Periander of 
Corinth — "Nothing is impossible to industry." 

The "Wandering Jew" was last seen in the seventeenth cen- 
tury. On January i, 1644, he appeared at Paris and created a great sensation 
among all ranks. He claimed to have lived sixteen hundred years and to have 
traveled through all regions of the world. He was visited by many prominent per* 
sonages, and no one could accost him in a language of which he was ignorant. He 
replied readily and without embarrassment to any questions propounded, and he was 
never confounded by any amount of cross-questioning. He seemed familiarwith the 
history of persons and events from the time of Christ, and claimed an acquaintance 
with all the celebrated characters of sixteen centuries. Of himself he said that he 
was usher of the court of judgment in Jerusalem, where all criminal cases were 
tried at the time of our Saviour; that his name was Michab Ader; and that for thrust* 
ing Jesus out of the hall with these words, "Go, why tarriest thou? " the Messiah 
answered him, "I go, but tarry thou till I come," thereby condemning him to live 
till the day of judgment. The learned looked upon him as an impostor or mad- 
man, yet took their departure bewildered and astonished. 

113 



Brick Required to Construct Any Building, 

(Reckoning 7 brick to each superficial foot.) 



Superficial Feet of 


Number of Bricks to Thickness of 


Wall. 


4 in. 


8 in. 


12 in. 


16 in. 


20 in. 


24 in. 


1 

2 


7 

15 

23 

30 

38 

45 

53 

60 

68 

75 

150 

225 

300 

375 

450 

525 

600 

675 

750 

1500 

2250 

3000 

3750 

4500 

5250 

6000 

6750 

7500 


15 

30 

45 

60 

75 

90 

105 

120 

135 

150 

300 

450 

600 

75-0 

900 

1050 

1200 

1350 

1500 

3000 

4500 

6000 

7500 

9000 

10500 

12000 

13500 

15000 


23 

45 

68 

90 

113 

135 

158 

180 

203 

225 

450 

675 

900 

1125 

1350 

1575 

1800 

2025 

«2250 

4500 

6750 

9000 

11250 

13500 

15750 

18000 

20250 

22500 


30 

60 

90 

120 

150 

180 

210 

240 

270 

300 

600 

900 

1200 

1500 

1800 

2100 

2400 

2700 

3000 

6000 

9000 

12000 

15000 

18000 

21000 

24000 

27000 

1 30000 


38 

75 

113 

150 

188 

225 

263 

300 

338 

375 

750 

1125 

1500 

1875 

2250 

2625 

3000 

3375 

3750 

7500 

11250 

15000 

18750 

22500 

26250 

30000 

33750 

37500 


45 
90 


3 


135 


4 


180 


5 


225 


6 


270 


7 


315 


8 


360 


9 


405 


10 

20 


450 
900 


30 


1350 


40 


1800 


50 


2250 


60 


2700 


70 


3150 


80 


3600 


90 


4050 


100 


4500 


200 


9000 


300 

400 


13500 
18000 


500 


22500 


600 


27000 


700 


31500 


900 

1000 


36000 
40500 
45000 



Facts for Builders. 

1,000 shingles, laid 4 inches to the weather, will cover 100 sq. 

ft. of surface, and 5 His. of shingle nails will fasten them on. 

One-fifth more siding and flooring is needed than the number 
of square feet of surface to be covered, because of the lap in the siding and match* 
ing. 

1,000 laths will cover 70 yards of surface, and 7 lbs. of lath 
nails will nail them on. Eight bushels of good lime, 16 bushels of sand, and 1 
bushel of hair will make enough good mortar to plaster ioo square yards. 

A cord of stone, 3 bushels of lime, and a cubic yard of sand, 

will lay 100 cubic feet of wall. 

Cement 1 bushel and sand 2 bushels will cover 3^ square 
yards 1 inch thick, 4]^ square yards % inch thick, 6% square yards \i inch thick. 
1 bu. cement and one of sand will cover 2% square yards 1 inch thick, 3 square 
yards % inch thick, and 4^ square yards y z inch thick. 

114 



FACTS FOR BUILDERS. 

Five courses of brick will lay i foot in height on a chimney. 
8 bricks in a course will make a flue 4 ins. wide and 12 ins. long, and 16 bricks in a 
.vourse will make a flue 8 ins wide and 16 ins. long. 

Twenty-two cubic feet of stone, when built into the wall, is 1 

perch. 

Three pecks of lime and four bushels of sand are required to 
each perch of wall. 

There are 20 common bricks to a cubic foot when laid; and 15 
common bricks to a foot of 8-inch wall when laid. 

Fifty feet of boards will build one rod of fence five boards high, 
first board being 10 inches wide, second 8 inches, third 7 inches, fourth 6 inches, 
fifth 5 inches. 

Useful Facts for Bricklayers and Plasterers. 

The average weight of smaller-sized bricks is about 4 lbs.; of 
the larger about 6 lbs. 

Dry bricks will absorb about one -fifteenth of their weight in 
water. 

A load of mortar measures a cubic yard, or 27 cubic ft.; re- 
quires a cubic yard of sand and 9 bus. of lime and will fill 30 
hods. 

A bricklayer's hod 1 ft. 4 in. by 9 in. by 9 in. equals 1,296 cubic 
in. in capacity, and contains 20 bricks. 

A single load of sand and other materials equals a cubic yard, 
or 27 cubic ft.; a double load twice that quantity. 

One thousand bricks, closely stacked, occupy about 56 cubic 
ft. One thousand old bricks, cleaned and loosely stacked, oc- 
cupy about 72 cubic feet. 

One superficial foot of gauged arches requires ten bricks. 

One superficial foot of facings requires seven bricks. 

One yard of paving requires 36 stock bricks laid flat, or 52 on 
edge, and 36 paving bricks laid flat, or 82 on edge. 

The bricks of different makers vary in dimensions, a id those 
of the same maker vary also, owing to varying degrees of heat 
in burning. 'The calculations given above are therefore approxi- 
mate. 

One hundred yards of plastering will require 1,400 laths, 4)^ 
bus. lime, four-fifths of a load of sand, 9 lbs. hair, and 9 lbs. nails, 
for two-coat work. 

Three men and one helper will put on 450 yards, in a day's 
work, of two-coat work, and will put on a hard finish for 300 
yards. 

A bushel of hair weighs, when dry, about 15 lbs. 

Putty, for Plastering, is a very fine cement made of lime 

only. It is_thus prepared : Dissolve in a small quantity of water, as two or three 
gallons, an equal quantity of fresh Jime, constantly stirring it with a stick until the 
lime be entirely slacked, and the whole becomes of a suitable consistency, so that 
when the stick is taken out of it, it will but just drop therefrom; this, being sifted or 
run through a hair sieve, to take out the gross parts of the lime, is fit for use. Putty 
differs from fine stuff in the manner of preparing it. and its being used without 
hair. 115 



ESTIMATES OF MATERIALS. 

To Find the Number of Bricks^Reqjjired in a Building 

•-Rule — Multiply the number of cubic feet by 22%. The number of cubic feet is 
found by multiplying the length, height and thickness (in feet) together. Bricks are 
usually made 8 inches long, 4 inches wide and 2 inches thick; hence it requires 27 
bricks to make a cubic foot without mortar, but it is generally assumed that the 
mortar fills 1-6 of the space. 

Estimates of Materials. — 3)^ barrels of lime will do 100 

square yards plastering, two coats. 

2 barrels of lime will do ioo square yards plastering, one coat 

ij£ bushels of hair will do ioo square yards plastering. 

1% yards good sand will do ioo square yards plastering. 

Y$ barrel of plaster (stucco) will hard-finish too square yards plastering. 

1 barrel of lime will lay r.ooo bricks. (It takes good lime to do it.) 

2 barrels of lime will lay i cord rubble stone. 

Yz barrel of lime will lay i perch rubble stone (estimating % «ord to perch). 
To every barrel of lime estimate about ffc yards of good sand for plastering and 
brick work. 

Mason Work — Brick. — 1% barrels lime and % yard sand 

will lay 1,000 brick. 

One man with x~%. tenders will lay i, 800 to 2,000 brick per day. 

Rubble. — 1)^ barrels lime and 1 yard of sand will lay 100 feet 

of stone. 

One man will lay 150 feet of stone per day with one tender. 

Cement. — 13^ barrels cement and % yard sand will lay 100 
feet rubble stone. Same time as to mason and tender as rubble. 

Floor, Wall and Roof Measure. — To find the number of 

square yards in a floor or wall: Rule — Multiply the length by the width or height 
in feet) and divide the product by 9; the result will be square yards. 



Big Salaries. — There are a score of men in New York who 

ate paid as much for their services each year as the President of the United States. 
Forty thousand dollars a year is a very tidy salary. There are hundreds of men who 
get $25,000 a year salary, and the number who get from $10,000 to $20,000 are legion. 
Very ordinary men get from $5,000 to $8,000 a year, or as much as a Cabinet officer. 
Dr. Norvin Green, president of the Western Union Telegraph Company, is paid $50,- 
000. So is Chauncey M. Depew, president of the New York Central Railroad, 
Richard M. McCurdy, president of the Mutual Life Insurance Company, gets a like 
amount. John Hoey, president of Adams Express Company, fares equally as well. 
President Henry B. Hyde, of the Equitable Life Insurance Company, is also on the 
list. George G. Williams, president of the Chemical National Bank, the richest 
banking institution in America, with nearly $5,000,000 of surplus, $20,000,000 average 
deposits, is paid a salary of $25,000 yearly. President Potts of the Paris Bank and 
President Tappan of the Gallatin National Bank receive a like sum each twelve 
months. The best paid minister in New York is Dr. John Hall, a brainy man from 
the north of Ireland, who preaches to $20,000,000 every Sunday. His is the smallest 
church in town. He owes his rise in life to Robert Bonner of the Ledger, who 
found him preaching to a small delegation in Dublin, and induced him to come to 
America. He gets a salary of $20,000 a year and makes $5,000 by his newspaper 
and magazine articles. He is given a luxuriously furnished house as well. Dr. 
Morgan Dix, the chief pastor of Trinity Church corporation, the wealthiest in Amer- 
ica, receives $15,000 yearly. Dr. William L. Taylor, of the Broadway Tabernacle, 
gets the same amount. He does literary work and lecturing that brings his income 
up to $20,000. Dr. Charles Hall, of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, is paid 
$15,000. He is very eloquent, and his church is crowded at all services. Dr. Park- 
hurst, of Madison Square Church, gets $12,000. He has a large and distinguished 
congregation. Cyrus W. Field is one of the pillars of the church. Dr. Paxton, who 
preaches to Jay Gould and others less wealthy, is paid $15,000. The Rev, Robert 
Collyer, the blacksmith preacher, is paid $10,000. 

116 



BUILDERS' ESTIMATING TABLES. 

Quantity of material in every four lineal feet of exterior wall in a balloon frame 
building, height of wall being given : 



•m 


•3 




fe*S.iS 


° bi> 


c «• 


St! 


*4 

M3 


*o 

V 


Size of Studs, Braces, 
etc. 


rt aJ s 

3" 3 


SJSg 

§ n 


c . 

3 3 
C/3 <» 


cd (o 


8 


6x6 


2x4 Studs 


42 


36 


40 


74 


10 


6x8 


4x4 Braces 


52 


44 


50 


80 


12 


6x10 


4x4 Plates 


62 


53 


60 


96 


14 


6x10 


1x6 Ribbons 


69 


62 


70 


112 


16 


8x10 




82 


71 


80 


128 


18 


8x10 


Studs 


87 


80 


90 


144 


20 


8x12 


16 inches from 


98 


88 


100 


160 


22 


9x12 


centers 


109 


97 


110 


176 


24 


10x12 




119 


106 


120 


192 


18 


10x10 


2x6 Studs 


122 


80 


90 


114 


20 


10x12 


6x6 Braces 


137 


88 


100 


160 


22 


10x12 


4x6 Plates 


145 


97 


110 


176 


24 


12x12 


1x6 Ribbons 


162 


106 


120 


192 


26 


10x14 




169 


114 


130 


208 


28 


10x14 


Studs 16 inch centers 


176 


123 


140 


224 


30 


12x14 




198 


132 


150 


240 



Amount of lumber in rafters, collar-piece and boarding, and number of shingles to 

four lineal feet of roof, measured from eave to eave over ridge. 

Rafters i6-inch centers: 



Width of 


Size of 
Rafters. 


Size 


Quantity of Lumber in 


Quantity of 


No. of 
Shingles. 


House, 
Feet. 


of Collar- 
piece. 


Rafter and Col- 
lar-piece. 


Boarding, 
Feet. 


14 


2x4 


2x4 


39 


91 


560 


16 


2x4 


2x4 


45 


70 


640 


18 


2x4 


2x4 


50 


79 


720 


20 


2x4 


2x4 


56 


88 


800 


22 


2x4 


2x4 


62 


97 


880 


24 


2x4 


2x4 


67 


106 


960 


20 


2x6 


2x6 


84 


88 


800 


22 


2x6 


2x6 


92 


97 


880 


24 


2x6 


2x6 


101 


106 


960 


26 


2x6 


2x6 


109 


115 


1040 


28 


2x6 


2x6 


117 


124 


1120 


40 


2x6 


2x6 


126 


133 


1200 



Comparative Strength of Timber and Cast Iron. 

Table showing the transverse strength of timber and of cast iron one 
foot long and one inch square. 



MATERIAL. 




Weight Borne 
with Safety, lbs. 



Ash, seasoned 

"hestnut, seasoned 

Hickory, seasoned 

White Oak, seasoned 

White Pine, seasoned 

bellow Pine, seasoned 

Iron (cast) 

m 



105 
115 
200 
196 
95 
100 
4,000 







s 2£ 



e3 CO 






~o o 

S©£ 



o 
^f^ r o r d ©=£ 



8.5*= o-S !> 



\rZhl 



<o, 



© o » 2 S^d 
=«D ce * ° * fl 

'O 05 © J O O 

_r> co ©rfl © O 

5^ 



S.S£°Oh1° 
o g cc J ~ j« 

^^Kg©^ 






°: 



... ^ S &fl 

02 © sj*d OK-H'S" 1 . 



'©^ ►'S e8 fl © 



- ^ 

° © &J3 & £ 



© rtL.- 1 



118 



PANES OF WINDOW GLASS IN A BOX OF 50 FEET. 


Size, 


Panes 


Size, 


Panes 


Size, 


Panes 


Size, 


Panes 


in inches. 


in 
box. 


in inches. 


in 
box. 


in inches. 


in 

box. 


in inches. 


in 
box. 


6x 8 


150 


12x19 


32 


16x20 


23 


24x44 


7 


7x 9 


115 


12x20 


30 


16x22 


21 


24x50 


6 


8x10 


90 


12x21 


29 


16x24 


19 


24x56 


5 


8x11 


82 


12 x 22 


27 


16x30 


15 


26x36 


8 


8x12 


75 


12x23 


26 


16x36 


13 


26x40 


7 


9x10 


80 


12x24 


25 


16x40 


11 


26x48 


6 


9x11 


73 


13x14 


40 


18x20 


20 


26x54 


5 


9x12 


67 


13x15 


37 


18x22 


18 


28x34 


8 


9x13 


62 


13x16 


35 


18x24 


17 


28x40 


7 


9x14 


57 


13x17 


33 


18x26 


16 


28x46 


6 


9x15 


53 


13x18 


31 


18x34 


12 


28x50 


5 


9x16 


50 


13x19 


29 


18x36 


11 


30x40 


6 


10x10 


72 


13x20 


28 


18x40 


10 


30x44 


6 


10x12 


60 


13x21 


26 


18x44 


9 


30x48 


5 


10x13. 


55 


13 x 22 


25 


20x22 


16 


30x54 


4 


10x14 


52 


13x24 


23 


20x24 


15 


32x42 


6 


10x15 


48 


14x15 


34 


20x25 


14 


32x44 


5 


10x16 


45 


14x16 


32 


20x26 


14 


32x46 


5 


10x17 


42 


14x18 


29 


20x28 


13 


32x48 


5 


10x18 


40 


14x19 


27 


20x30 


12 


32x50 


5 


11x11 


59 


14x20 


26 


20x34 


11 


32x54 


4 


11x12 


55 


14x22 


24 


20x36 


10 


32x56 


4 


11x13 


50 


14x24 


22 


20x40 


9 


32x60 


4 


11x14 


47 


14x28 


19 


20x44 


8 


34x40 


6 


11x15 


44 


14 xM 


16 


20x50 


7 


34x44 


5 


11x16 


41 


14x36 


14 


22x24 


14 


34x46 


5 


11x17 


39 


14x40 


13 


22x26 


13 


34x50 


4 


11x18 


37 


15x16 


30 


22x28 


12 


34x52 


4 


12x12 


50 


15x18 


27 


22x36 


9 


34x56 


4 


12x13 


46 


15x20 


24 


22x40 


8 


36x44 


5 


12x14 


43 


15x22 


22 


22 x 50 


7 


36x50 


4 


12x15 


40 


15x24 


20 


24x28 


11 


36x58 


4 


12 x 16 


38 


15x30 


16 


24x30 


10 


36x60 


3 


12x17 


35 


15x32 


15 


24x32 


10 


36x64 


3 


12x18 


34 


16x18 


25 


24x36 


9 


40x60 


3 



CARPENTERS' WORK AND MEASURING, 

What is called Naked Flooring in carpentry are the joists 
which support the flooring boards and ceiling of a room. There 
are different kinds, but they may all be comprised in the three 
following — viz.: single joisted floors, double floors, and framed 
floors. 

A single joisted floor consists of only one series of joists; 
sometimes every third or fourth joist is made deeper, with ceiling 
joists nailed across at right angles. This is a good method, as 
ceilings stand better than when the laths are nailed to the joists 
alone. 

A double floor consists of binding, bridging, and ceiling joists; 
the binding joists are the chief support of the floor, and the 
bridging joists are nailed upon the upper side of them; the ceiling 
joists are either notched to the under side or framed between 

119 



CARPENTERS' WORK AND MEASURING. 

with chased mortises. The best method is to notch them. 

Framed floors differ from double floors only in having the 
binding joists framed into large pieces of timber called 
girders. 

Single joisted floors, when the bearing exceeds ten feet, should 
be cross-bridged between the joists to prevent them from turning 
or twisting sideways, and also to stiffen the floor; when the 
bearing exceeds fifteen feet, two rows will be necessary, and so 
on, adding another row for each five feet bearing. 

Single joisting may be used to any extent for which timber 
can be got deep enough; but where it is desirable to have a per- 
fect ceiling, the bearing should not exceed 18 ft., nor the distance 
from center to center be more than 16 inches; otherwise the 
bearing for the laths become too long to produce good work. 

To find the depth of a joist, the length of bearing and the thick- 
ness being given — 

Rule. — Divide the square of the length in feet by the thick- 
ness in inches, and the cube root of the quotient, multiplied by 
2.2 for pine, or 2.3 for oak, will be the depth in inches. 

Example. — Suppose a joist whose bearing is 10 feet, and the 
thickness two inches, what will be the depth? 

Here ioX I o=ioo, divided by 2, the thickness=50, the cube 
root of which is 3,684X2. 2=8. I048=equals 8 inches, the depth. 

To find the scantlings of joists for different bearings from 5 
to 20 feet, at several thicknesses, refer to the table on following 
page. 

Girders are the chief support of a framed floor, and their 
depth is often limited by the size of the timber; therefore the 
method of finding the scantling may be divided in two 
cases — 

Case i. — To find the depth of a girder when the length 
of bearing and thickness of girder are given. 

Rule. — Divide the square of the length in feet by the thick- 
ness in inches, and the cube root of the quotient, multiplied by 
4.2 for pine, or 4.34 for oak, will give the depth required in 
inches. 

Case 2. — To find the thickness when the length of bearing 
and depth are given. 

Rule. — Divide the square of the length in feet by the cube 01 
the depth in inches, and the quotient multiplied by 74 for pine, 
or by 82 for oak, will give the thickness in inches. 

In these rules the girders are supposed to be ten feet apart, 
and this distance should never be exceeded, but should the dis- 
tance apart be more or less than 10 feet, the thickness should be 
made proportionate theieto. 

120 



CARPENTERS' WORK AND MEASURING. 



■s.s 

bo-- v 
a sb 

« s 

•J.O 


s 

u 

c 

y 


ni 

V 

J3 
u 
c 


01 

(0 

V 

a 

u 

A 

H 


4) 

-a 
.E 
S 

(M 



II 8-3 S ] 

° S y .5 .y, a 



ao a (i) ay ay a y 

& 5M 4^ 4% 4tf 4 

6 5M 5^ 5 4^ 4K 

7 6^ 6 5^ 5^ 5 

8 7 6^ 6# 5% 5% 

9 7^ 6% 6^ 6 5% 

10 8 1% 7 6% 6# 

11 8^ 8 7}£ 7 6% 

12 W V/ 2 8 7^ 7K 

13 9% 9 8^ 8 7# 

14 10 9>£ 9 8K 8 

15 10K 9^ 9K «K %% 

16 11 10^ 9% 9H %% 

17 11^ 10% 10M 9^ 9^ 

18 12 11)4 10}£ 10 9X 

19 123^ 11% 10% 10% 10 

20 13 12 11% 10^ 10K 

When the breadth of girders is considerable it is an excellent 

method to saw them down the middle and bolt them together, 
with the sawn sides outward. 

Partitions unsupported from underneath the floors should be 
supported from the walls by means of a simple truss. This can 
be made by setting two pieces of scantling into the walls on 
either side at the floor to abut against each other at the ceiling 
or against a collar-beam over the doors. This plan will obviate 
the sinking of floors so often seen under partitions. 

Weight of Lumber, Etc., Dry. 

Flooring — Dressed and matched, per 1,000 ft 1,800 lbs. 

Siding— Dressed per 1,000 ft 800 " 

Ceiling— % inch thick, per 1,000 ft 800 " 

" i§ " " " " 900 " 

Boards— Dressed one side, per 1,000 ft 2,100 " 

" and dimensions, rough, per 1,000 ft 2,500 " 

Shingles— per 1,000 250 " 

Lath— per 1,000 pieces 500 " 

Pickets — Dressed, per 1,000 pieces 1,800 " 

" Rough, per 1,000 pieces 2,500 « 

121 



WEAR AND TEAR OF BUILDING MATERIALS. 

The figures given below are averages deduced from replies 
made by eighty-three competent builders in twenty-seven cities 
and towns of Western States: 



Material TO 
Buildings. 



Brick 

Plastering 

Painting, outside 

Painting, inside 

Shingles 

Cornice 

Weather-boarding . . 

Sheathing 

Flooring 

Doors, complete 

Windows, complete. 
Stairs and newel. . . . 

Base 

Inside blinds 

Building hardware . . 
Piazzas and porches. 
Outside blinds .... 
Sills and first floor 

joints 

Dimension lumber.. | 



Frame 
Dwellings. 



20 
5 
7 
16 
40 
30 
50 
20 
30 
30 
30 
40 
30 
20 
20 
16 

25 

50 



flfi 

c 



O 

20 

14 

6 

2% 

2 
5 

3K 
3K 
3K 
2% 

3K 
5 
5 
6 



Brick 

Dwellings. 
(Shingle roof) 



75 
30 
7 
7 
16 
40 

50 
20 
30 
30 
30 
40 
30 
20 
20 
16 

40 

75 



v 5 

fig 



«3'u 



m 

3K 
14 
14 

6 

2>£ 

*2 
5 

3K 
3K 
3K 
2% 

3K 
5 
5 
6 

2% 
IK 



Frame 
Stores. 



16 
5 
5 
16 
30 
30 
40 
13 
25 
25 
20 
30 
30 
13 
20 
16 

25 

40 



8% 

be P« 

a ° 

« "3 



6 
20 
20 

6 

3K 

3K 

2% 

8 

4 

4 

5 

3K 

3K 

8 

5 

6 

4 

2^ 



Brick Stores. 
(Shingle roof) 



66 
30 
6 
6 
16 
40 

50 
13 
30 
30 
20 
30 
30 
13 
20 
16 

30 
66 



k . 

8*1 

*o<J 

tud A 

fS a 
c.2 






IK 

3K 
16 
16 

6 



2 

8 

3K 

3K 

5 

3K 

3K 

8 

5 

6 

3M 

IK 



In Java the "Yalley of the Upas Tree" is sometimes called 
the "Valley of Death," and its deadly influence was formerly 
ascribed to the malignant properties of a peculiar vegetable pro- 
duction of the island, called the " upas tree," which especially 
flourishes in this locality. Recent travelers, however, declare 
that accounts of the fatality attending a passage of this famous 
valley have been greatly exaggerated. 

A man may fish with the worm that hath eat of a king, and 
ea f of f he fish that hath fed of that worm. — Shakespeare* 

122 



HOW TO USE CEMENT. 



The following general rules referring to the practical use of 
cement will be found convenient for reference: 

Quality of Sand — The sand should be clean, sharp and coarse. When the sand 
is mixed with loam the mortar will set comparatively slow, and the work will be 
comparatively weak. Fine sand, and especially water-worn sand, delays the set- 
ting of the cement, and deteriorates strength. Damp sand should not be mixed 
with dry cement, but the cement and sand should be 'mixed thoroughly and uni- 
formly together, when both are dry, and no water should be applied until imme- 
diately before the mortar is wanted for use. 

Proportion of Sand— The larger the proportion of cement the stronger the 
work. One part of good cement to two parts sand is allowable for ordinary work; 
but for cisterns, cellars, and work requiring special care, half and half is the better 
proportion. For floors, the cement should be increased toward the surface. 

Water in Concrete — Use no more water in cement than absolutely necessary. 
Cement requires but a very small quantity of water in crystalizing. Merely damp- 
ening the material gives the best results. Any water in excess necessarily evapor- 
ates and leaves the hardened cement comparatively weak and porous. 

Concrete in Water — Whenever concrete is used under water, care must be 
taken that the water is still. So say all English and American authorities. In lay- 
ing cellar floors, or constructing cisterns or similar work, care must also be taken to 
avoid pressure of exterior water. Cement will not crystalize when disturbed by 
the force of currents, or pressure of water, but will resist currents and pressure after 
hardening only. In still water, good cement will harden quicker than in air, and 
when kept in water will be stronger than when kept in air. Cements which harden 
especially quick in air are usually slow or worthless in water. 

How to Put Down Concrete — When strong work is wanted, for cellar floors 
and all similar work, the concrete should be dampened and tamped down to place, 
with the back of a spade, or better, with the end of a plank or rammer; then finished 
off with a trowel, thus leveling and compacting the work. Only persons ignor- 
ant of the business will lay a floor or walk with soft cement mortar. All artificial 
stone is made in a similar way to that described, and, when set, is strong and hard 
as stone. 

Delay in Use — Do not permit the mortar to exhaust its setting properties by de- 
laying its use when ready. Inferior cements only will remain standing in the mortar- 
bed any length of time without serious injury. 

Stone and Brick Work — In buildings constructed of stone or brick, the best 
protection from dampness and, decay, and also from the danger of cyclones, is a 
mortar of cement and coarse sand. The extra cost is inconsiderable, and the in- 
creased value of the structure very great. Chimneys laid in this manner never blow 
down, and cellars whose foundations are thus laid are always free from atmospheric 
moisture. Cement may also be mixed with lime mortar for plastering and other 
purposes, to great advantage. 

Effect of Frost and Cold— At a temperature less than 60 degrees Fahrenheit, 
all good cement sets slowly, though surely, but if allowed to freeze its value is seri- 
ously impaired. In cold weather or cold water do not fear to wait for your concrete 
to crystalize. 

Damage from Moisture— Good cement is not injured by age, if carefully pre- 
served from moisture. Lumps in bags or barrels of cement are caused by exposure 
to moisture. They prove the originally good quality of the cement. 



The Ramphorhyncus, the remains of which have been found 

in the quarries of Solenhofen, Germany, was a curious intermediate link between 
birds and reptiles. Its tail, a singular appendage, was long, reptile-like, and 
dragged upon the ground, while its footprints were bird-like. 

John Verrazanni. an eminent Florentine navigator, in 

1524, landed where the lower extremity of New York City is, and giving the 
natives some spirituous liquors made many of them drunk. The Indians called the 
place Manna-ha-ta, or "place of drunkenness," and they were afterwards called 

Manna-ha-tans. 

123 



HINTS FOR ROO FERS. 

The average width of a shingle is four inches. Hence, when 
Shingles are laid four in. to the weather each shingle averages 16 
sq. in., and 900 are required for a square of roofing (100 sq. ft). 
If 4)^ in. to the weather, 800; 5 in., 720; 5^ in., 655; 6 in., 600. 
In hip-roofs, where the shingles are cut more or less to fit the 
roof, 5% should be added to these figures. 

One thousand shingles laid four inches to the weather will re- 
quire five pounds of shingle nails. Six pounds of 4^ nails will 
lay 1000 split pine shingles. 

A carpenter will carry up and lay on the roof from 1,500 to 
2,000 shingles per day, or two squares to two squares and a half 
of plain gable-roofing. 

The pitch of a slated roof should be about one in height to 
four in length. The usual lap is about 3 in., sometimes 4 in. 
Each slate should be fastened by two 3d slate nails, either of 
galvanized iron, copper or zinc. On roofs of gas-houses the nails 
should be of copper or yellow metal. 

The sides and bottom edges of roof slates should be trimmed, 
and the nail-holes punched as near the head as possible. When 
slates are not of uniform size they should be sorted, and the 
smallest placed near the ridge. 

In a first-class slate roof the top course on ridge, and the slate 
from two to four feet from gutters, and one foot each way from 
valleys and hips, should be bedded in elastic cement. 

Roof-boards for slate roofs should be covered with one or two 
thicknesses of tarred felt roofing paper before slates are laid. Dry or rosin-sized felt 
should not be used on roofs. 
Number of Slates per Square* 



Size in 


Slates per 


Size in 


Slates per 


Size in 


Slates per 


Inches. 


Square. 


Inches. 


Square. 


Inches. 


Square. 


6x12 


533 


8x16 


277 


12x20 


141 


7x12 


457 


9x16 


246 


14x20 


121 


8x12 


400 


10x16 


221 


11x22 


137 


9x12 


355 


9x18 


213 


12x22 


126 


7x14 


374 


10x18 


192 


14x22 


108 


8x14 


327 


12x18 


160 


12x24 


114 


9x14 


291 


10x20 


169 


14x24 


98 


10x14 


261 


11x20 


154 


16x24 


86 



Number of Shingles Required in a Roof. 

To the square foot, it takes 9 if exposed 4 inches; 8 if exposed 
4% inches, and 7 1-5 if exposed 5 inches to the weather. 

Find the number of shingles required to cover a roof 38 ft. long 
and the rafters on eachcide 14 ft. Shingles exposed 4% inches. 

28X38=1064 (sq. ft.) X8=8512 shingles. Ans. 

To find the length of rafters, giving the roof one-third pitch, 
take three-fifths of the width of the building. If the building is 30 feet wide, they 
must be 18 feet long, exclusive of projection. 

A tin roof, properly put on, and kept painted, will last thirty 
124 



HINTS FOR ROOFERS. 

years. It ought not to be painted for the first time until it has 
been on about thirty days, so as to get the grease off the tin, and 
all the rosin should be carefully scraped off. 

It is sometimes«necessary, on buildings where there is much 
dampness or steam, as stables, blacksmith shops, round-houses, 
etc., to paint the roof tin one coat on the under side before 
laying. 

Tin roofs should be laid with cleats, and not by driving the 
nails through the tin itself. 

There are two kinds of tin — "bright tin," the coating of which 
is all tin, that is, the tin proper; and "tern," "leaded," or "roof- 
ing" tin, the coating of which is a composition, part tin and part 
lead. This last is a little cheaper, and will not rust any quicker, 
but the sulphur in soft coal smoke eats through the "leaded" coat- 
ing sooner than through the "tinned." 

There are two sizes of tin, 10x14 and 14x20, and two grades of 
thickness — IC light, and IX, heavy. For a steep roof (one-sixth 
pitch or over) the IC 14x20 tin ("leaded" if high up where little 
smoke will get to it; "bright" if low down), put on with a stand- 
ing groove, and with the cross-beams put together with a double 
lock, makes as good a roof as can be made. For flat roofs IX 
10x14 "light" is best, laid with cleats, but the others make good 
roofs and any of them will last 25 years at least. 

Number of SqyARE Feet a Box of Roofing Tin Wili 
Cover. — For flat seam roofing, using 3^-inch locks, a box of 
"14x20" size will cover about 192 square feet, and for standing 
seam, using %-inch locks and turning \% and 1% inches edges, 
making i-inch standing seams, it will lay about 168 square feet. 

For flat seam roofing, using )^-inch locks, a box of "28x20" 
size will cover about 399 square feet, and for standing seam, 
using %-inch locks and turning 1^ and 1^ inches edges, making 
1 -inch standing seams, it will lay about 365 square feet. 

Ever}' box of roofing plates (IC or IX "14x20" or "28x20" 
sizes) contains 112 sheets. 

Facts About Gas. 

A cubic foot of good gas, from a jet one thirty-third of an inch 
in diameter and a flame of four inches, will burn 65 minutes. 

Internal lights require four cubic feet, and external lights 
about five cubic feet, per hour. Large or Argand burners will 
require from six to ten feet. 

In distilling 56 pounds of coal, the volume of gas produced in 
cubic feet, when the distillation was effected in three hours, was 
41.3; in seven hours, 37.5; in twenty hours, 33.5; in twenty-five 
hours, 31.7. 

A retort produces about 600 cubic feet of gas in five hours, 
with a charge of about one and a half cwt. of coal, or 2,800 cubic 
feet in twenty -four hours. 

' 125 



I PAINTING AND GLAZING. 

Painters' work is generally estimated by the square yard, and 
the cost depends on the number of coats applied, quality of work 
and material to be painted. 

One coat, or printing, will take, per ioo yards of painting, 20 
pounds of lead and 4 gallons of oil. Two-coat work, 40 pounds 
of lead and 4 gallons of oil. Three-coat, the same quantity as 
two-coat; so that a fair estimate for 100 yards of three-coat work 
would be 100 pounds of lead and 16 gallons of oil. 

One gallon priming color will cover 50 superficial yards; white 
zinc, 50 yds.; white paint, 44 yds.; lead color, 50 yds.; black paint, 
50 yds.; stone color, 44 yds.; yellow paint, 44 yds.; blue color, 45 
yds.; green paint, 45 yds.; bright emerald green, 25 yds.; bronze 
green, 75 yds. 

One pound of paint will cover about 4 superficial yards the 
first coat, and about 6 each additional coat. One pound of putty, 
for stopping, every 20 yards. One gallon of tar and 1 lb. of pitch 
will cover 12 yards superficial the first coat, and 17 yards each 
additional coat. A square yard of new brick wall requires, for the 
first coat of paint in oil, % lb.; for the second, 3 lbs.; for the 
third, 4 lbs. 

A day's work on the outside of a building is 100 yards of first 
coat, and 80 yds. of either second or third coat. An ordinary 
door, including casings, will, on both sides, make 8 to 10 yds. of 
painting, or about 5 yds. to a door without the casings. An or- 
dinary window makes about 2)^ or 3 yds. 

Window Glass is sold by the box, which contains, as nearly 
as possible, 50 sq. ft., whatever the size of the panes. The thick- 
ness of ordinary, or "single thick" window glass is about one- . 
sixteenth of an inch, and of "double thick" nearly l^ in. The 
tensile strength of common glass varies from 2,000 to 3,000 lbs. 
per sq. in., and its crushing strength from 6,000 to 10,000 lbs. 

Where Skylights are glazed with clear or double thick glass, 
it may be used in lengths of from 16 to 30 in. by a width of from 
9 to 15 in. A lap of at least an inch and a half is necessary for 
all joints. This is the cheapest mode of glazing. The best, 
however, for skylight purposes is fluted or rough plate glass. 
The following thicknesses are recommended as proportionate to 
sizes: 12x48, 3-16 in.; 15x60, % in.; 20x100, % in.; 94x156, % in. 

Polished French plate window glass, which is the 
highest grade of window glass in the market, may be obtained 
in lights ranging in size from one inch square upwards. Owing 
to the extra cost of rolling large lights the price of these per 
square foot is sometimes double that of smaller lights. 

Faith is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of 
things unseen. — New Testament. 

126 



Sizes of Chairs and Desks for Schools. 

Desks for Single Scholar, 2 ft. long; For Two Scholars, 3 ft. 10 in. 



Age of Scholar. 


Height of Chair. 


Height of Desk 
(next scholar). 


Space Occupied by 
Desk and Chgjp. 


16 to 18 vears. 


16% inches. 


29}^ inches. 


2 feet 9 inches. 


14 to 16 " 


15M " 


28 " 


2 u 9 " 


12 to 14 " 


15# " 


27^ " 


2 " 8 " 


10 to 12 " 


u$i " 


26^ " 


2 " 7 " 


8 to 10 " 


13M " 


25^ « 


2 " 5 " 


7 to 8 " 


12K " 


24 


2 « 4 " 


6 to 7 " 


11& " 


22^ " 


2 " 3 " 


5 to 6 " 


10^ « 


21 " 


2 " 2 " 


4 to 5 " 


$% " 


19 " 


2 " " 



WEIGHT OF FLOORS, AND THE LOAD UPON SAME. 

The dead weight of a fire-proof floor will average for the 
arches, concrete, plastering and flooring, 70 lbs. per sq. foot. The 
live weight, equal to a dense crowd of people, 80 lbs. per sq. 
foot, or a total for an office building of 150 lbs. per sq. foot. 

The following loads are exclusive of weight of arches and 
beams : 

Dense crowd of people 80 lbs. per sq. foot 

For floors of houses 50 " " " " 

Theaters and churches 80 " " " " 

Ball rooms 90 " " " « 

Warehouses 250 " " " " 

Factories 200 to 450 " " " " 

Snow 30 inches deep 15 " " " " 

Brick walls 112 " " cubic " 

Stone (Chicago lime stone, dressed) 160 " " " " 

The dead weight of a wooden floor, including wood joists: 
Double flooring and plastering will average . .25 lbs. per sq. foot 

If deafened , 35 " " " " 

Stud partition of wood plastered each side. . .20 " " " " 

In estimating the weight of a flat ceiling and roof it will be 
safe to assume the following: 

Ceiling of wooden construction 15 lbs per sq. foot. 

Ceiling of iron construction 25 to 65 " " " " 

Roof of wooden construction 45 " " " " 

Roof of iron construction 65 to 100 " " " " 

The weight of roof includes the wind pressure and snow. 

Strength of Piers. — Granite will sustain 40 tons per sq. 
ft.; Berea (sand stone), 30 tons per sq. ft.; limestone (mag- 
nesium), 29 tons per sq. ft.; Portland (sand stone), 13 tons per sq. 
ft.; brick in cement, 3 tons per sq. ft.; rubble masonry.? tons pef 
sq. ft.; lime, cement foundation, 2% tons per sq. ft. 

127 



WEIGHT OF VARIOUS MATERIALS. 

Weight of Stones. — Granite, (averages) per cubic foot, 170 
lbs.; limestone (magnesium), 144 lbs.; Berea (sand stone). 140 
lbs.; free stone, 140 lbs.; gypsum, natural state, 140 lbs. 

One ton of vein marble is 13 cubic feet; of statuary marble, 
1 3/4\ granite, 133*2; of Berea stone, 14)^; of limestone, mag- 
nesium, 13%. 

Weight of Masonry. — Granite, per cubic foot, 160 lbs.; 
of Berea stone range, 140; of limestone rubble, 140; of brick, 
dry, 115; of brick, dry (press), 130; of brick, dry (fire), 150; of 
brick masonry in mortar, no; of brick masonry cement, 112. 

Weight of Marble Slabs. — One-half inch thick, per sq. 
foot, 7.17 lbs.; % inch thick, 10.75; l mcn thick, 14.32; 1% inch 
thick, 17.92; 1% inch thick, 21.05; 1% inch thick, 25.08; 2 inch 
thick, 28.67; i% inch thick, 35.83. 

Cement and Lime. — One bushel of Portland cement weighs 
96 lbs.; of Rosendale, 70; of Louisville, 62; of quick lime well 
shaken, 80; of quick lime, loose, 70. 

Iron and Wood. — One cubic foot of wrought iron weighs 
480 lbs.; of cast iron, 450; of oak (seasoned), 48; of pine (sea- 
soned), 36. 

Coal. — One bushel of Anthracite weighs 86 lbs.; of Bitumin- 
ous, 80; of coke (Connellsville), 40; of charcoal (hardwood) 30. 

Miscellaneous Weights. — Per cubic foot: Ordinary quick 
lime, 53 lbs.; old mortar, 90; new mortar, well tempered, 115; 
new mortar, no; river sand (average), 107; river sand (screened), 
95; clay with gravel, 130; earth — vegetable, 90; earth — loamy, 
100; earth — semi fluid, no. 



San Marino, in Italy, on the coast of the Adriatic Sea, is the 
oldest Republic in the world. It is, next to Monaco, the smallest 
State in Europe. The exact date of the establishment of this 
Republic is not known, but according to tradition, it was in the 
fourth century, by Marinus, a Dalmatian hermit, and has ever 
since remained independent. It is mountainous, and contains 
four or five villages. The word "liberty" is inscribed on its 
capitol. 

Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the 
price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know 
not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty 
or give me death! — Patrick Henry. 

Thk law is a sort of hocus-pocus science, that smiles in yer 
face while it picks yer pocket; and the glorious uncertainty of it 
is of mair use to the professors than the justice of it. — Macktin. 

Knowledge is of two kinds: we know a subject ourselves or 
we know where we can find information upon it.— Johnson. 

128 



Crushing and Tensile Strength, in Lbs., per Sq. Inch 
of Natural and Artificial Stones. 



DESCRIPTION. 


Weight 

per 

Cubic ft. 

in lbs. 
1 


Crushing Force. 

Lbs. per 

Square Inch. 


Aberdeen Blue Granite 


164 
166 


8,400 to 10,914 

15,300 

3,522 

1,088 

3,319 


Quincy Granite 


Freestone, Belleville 


Freestone, Caen. . . 




Freestone, Connecticut 




Sandstone, Acquia Creek, used for Capi- 
tol, Washington 




5,340 


Limestone, Magnesian, Grafton, 111 




17,000 


Marble, Hastings, N. Y 




18,941 


Marble, Italian 




12,624 


Marble, Stockbridge, City Hall, N. Y 




10,382 


Marble, Statuary 




3,216 
9,681 


Marble, Veined 


165 




9,300 


Brick, Red 


135.5 


808 


Brick, Pale Red 


562 


Brick, Common 


800 to 4,000 






6,222 to 14,216 


Brick, Stock 




2,177 


Brick-work, set in Cement, bricks not very 
hard 




521 


Brick, Masonry, Common 




500 to 800 


Cement, Portland 


> 


1,000 to 8,300 
1,280 
342 


Cement, Portland, Cement 1, Sand 1. . . . 




Cement, Roman 




Mortar 




120 to 240 


Crown Glass 




3i,000 


Portland Cement 




TENSION. 

427 to 711 






92 to 284 


Glass, Plate 




9,420 


Mortar 




50 


Plaster of Paris 




72 


Slate 




11,000 









Error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free 
to combat it. — Thomas Jefferson. 

Virtue is like precious odors, most fragrant when they are 
incensed or crushed. — Lord Bacon. 

129 



WEIGHT OF CAST IRON COLUMNS. 
" PER LINEAL FOOT OF PLAIN SHAFT. 






THICKNESS OF METAL. 


3 


3£in. 


%in. 


34 in. 


%m. 


%in. 


%in. 


lin. 


VA in. 


lJiin. 


VA in- 


l^in. 


2 in. 


2 


4.3 
5.5 

6.8 
8.0 

9.2 
10.4 

11.7 
12.9 

14.1 
15.3 

16.6 
17.8 

19.0 
20.2 

21.5 
22.7 

23.9 
25.2 

26.4 
27.6 

28.8 


6.0 
7.8 

9.7 
11.5 

13.3 

15.2 

17.0 

18.9 

20.7 
22.6 

24.4 
26.2 

28.1 
29.9 

31.8 
33.6 

35.1 
37.3 

39.1 
41.0 

42.8 
44.6 

46.5 


•7.4 
9.8 

12.3 
14.7 

17.2 
19.6 

22.1 
24.5 

27.8 
29.5 

31.9 
34.4 

36.8 
39.3 

41.7 
44.2 

46.6 
49.1 

51.6 
54.8 

56.5 
58.9 

61.4 
63.8 

66.3 
68.7 

71.2 
76.1 

81.0 
85.9 

90.8 
95.7 


8.4 
11.5 

14.6 
17.6 

20.7 
23.8 

26.9 
29.9 

33.0 
36.1 

39.1 

42.2 

45.3 
48.3 

51.4 
54.5 

57.5 
60.G 

63.7 
66.7 

69.8 
72.9 

75.9 
79.0 

82.1 
85.2 

88.2 
94.3 

100.5 
106.6 

112.8 
118.9 


9.2 
12.9 

16.6 
20.3 

23.9 
27.6 

31.3 
35.0 

38.7 
42.3 

46.0 
49.7 

53.4 
57.1 

60.8 
64.4 

68.1 

71.8 

75.5 
79.2 

82.8 
86.5 

90.2 
93.9 

97.6 
101.2 

104.9 
112.3 

119.7 

127.0 

134.4 
141.7 


9.7 

14.0 

18.3 
22.6 

26.8 
31.1 

35.4 
39.7 

44.0 
48.3 

52.6 
56.9 

61.2 
65.5 

69.8 
74.1 

78.4 
82.7 

87.0 
91.3 

95.6 
99.9 

104.2 
108.5 

112.8 
117.0 

121.3 
129.9 

138.5 
147.1 

155.7 
164.3 


9.8 
14.7 

19.6 
24.6 

29.5 
34.4 

39.3 
44.2 

49.1 
54.0 

58.9 
63.8 

68.7 

73.6 

78.5 
83.5 

88.4 
93.3 

98.2 
103.1 

108.0 
112.9 

117.8 
122.7 

127.6 
132.5 

137.5 
147.3 

157.1 
166.9 

176.7 
186.5 












?K 












3 












334 












4 












4^4 


37.3 

42.8 
48.3 

53.9 
59.4 

64.9 
70.4 

75.9 
81.5 

87.0 
92.5 

98.0 
103.5 

109.1 
114.6 

120.1 
125.6 

131.2 
136.7 

142.2 

147.7 

153.2 
164.3 

175.3 
186.4 

197.4 
208.5 


39.9 

46.0 
52.2 

58.3 
64.4 

70.6 
76.7 

82.8 
89.0 

95.1 
101.2 

107.4 
113.5 

119.7 

125.8 

131.9 
138.1 

144.2 
150.3 

156.5 
162.6 

168.7 
181.0 

193.3 
205.6 

217.8 
230.1 








5 








534 








6 








634 








7 


81.0 

88.4 

95.7 
103.1 

110.5 
117.8 

125.2 
132.5 

139.9 
147.3 

154.6 
162.0 

169.4 
176.7 

184.1 
191.4 

198.8 
213.5 

228.3 
243.0 

257.7 
274.4 






734 






8 






VA 






9 






&A 

10 
WA 

11 

11M 

12 
1VA 

13 

13)4 

14 
1434 

15 
16 

17 


133.2 

141.7 
150.3 

158.9 
167.5 

176.1 
184.7 

193.3 
201.9 

210.5 
219.1 

227.6 
244.8 

262.0 
279.2 

296.4 
313.5 


157.1 
166.9 

176.7 
186.5 

196.3 
206.2 

216.0 
225.8 

235.6 
245.4 

255.2 
274.9 

294.5 


18 
19 






314.1 
333.8 


20 






353.4 













Increase 


in Weight for 1-2 In. 


NCREASE IN 


Diameter. 




% in. 


%in- 


X A in- 


%in. 


%in. 


%in. 


lin. 


13^ in. 


13£in. 


lV 2 in. 


1%'m. 


2 in. 


1.2 


1.8 


2.5 


3.1 


3.7 


4.3 


4.9 


5.5 


6.1 


7.4 


8.6 


9.8 



130 





WEIGHT OF CAST IRON BALLS. 




Diameter, 


Weight, 


Diameter, 


Weight, 


Diameter, 


Weight, 


Inches. 


Lbs. 


Inches. 


Lbs. 


Inches. 


Lbs. 


2 


1.09 


5 


17.04 


8 


69.81 


2^ 


2.13 


zy 2 


22.68 


8K 


83.73 


3 


3.68 


6 


29.45 


9 


99.40 


Z% 


5.84 


6# 


37.44 


10 


136.35 


4 


8.73 


7 


46.76 


11 


181.48 


4K 


12.42 


7K 


57.52 


12 


235.65 



To Find the Weight of Cast Iron Balls When the 
Diameter is Given — Rule: Multiply the cube of the diameter 

by .1377. 

To Find the Diameter of Cast Iron Balls When the 
Weight is Given — Rule: Multiply the cube root of the weight 
by 1.936. 

To Find the Weight of a Spherical Shell — From the 
weight of a ball of the outer diameter subtract the weight of one 
of the inner diameter. 

Cast Iron — Assumed Weight in Estimating 
A cubic foot .....= 450 lbs. 

A square foot, 1 inch thick . . . . = 38 " 

A bar 1 inch square and 1 foot long . . = 3.125 " 

TABLE OF WEIGHT PER. LINEAL FOOT OF ROUND 
CAST IRON. 



Diameter, 


Weight, 


Diameter, 


Weight, 


Diameter, 


Weight. 


Inches. 


Lbs. 


Inches. 


Lbs. 


Inches. 


Lbs. 


1 


2.45 


5 


61.36 


9 


198.80 


IK 


3.84 


5M 


67.65 


9K 


221.51 


5.52 


5^ 


74.25 


• 10 


245.44 


m 


7.52 


&A 


81.15 


10^ 


270.60 


2 


9.82 


6 


88.36 


11 


296.98 


2M 


12.43 


6^ 


95.87 


11K 


324.59 


2K 


15.34 


6K 


103.70 


12 


353.43 


2^ 


18.56 


M 


111.83 


13 


414.79 


3 


22.09 


7 


120.26 


14 


481.06 


3K 


25.92 


IK 


129.01 


15 


552.23 


3K 


30.07 


7K 


138.06 


16 


628.32 


3% 


34.52 


% 


147.42 


17 


709.31 


4 


39.27 


8 


157.08 


18 


795.22 




44.33 


8M 


167.05 


20 


981.75 


49.70 


8% 


177.33 


22 


1187.92 


Wa 


55.38 


8% 


187.91 


24 


1413.72 



131 



AREAS OF CIRCLES, 

Advancing by eighths. 





AREAS. 


1 





Vs 


X A 


• % 


V* 


\ % 


% 


Vs 





.0 


.0122 


.0490 


.1104 


.1963 


.3068 


.4417 


.6013 


1 


.7854 


.9940 


1.227 


1.484 


1.767 


2.073 


2.405 


2.761 


2 


3.1416 


3.546 


3.976 


4.430 


4.908 


5.411 


5.939 


64.91 


3 


7.068 


7.669 


8.295 


8.946 


9.621 


10.32 


11.04 


11.79 


4 


12.56 


13.36 


14.18 


15.03 


15.90 


16.80 


17.72 


18.66 


5 


19.63 


20.02 


21.64 


22.69 


23.75 


24.85 


25.96 


27.10 


6 


' 28.27 


29.46 


30.67 


31.91 


33.18 


34.47 


35.78 


37.12 


7 


38.48 


39.87 


41.28 


42.71 


44.17 


45.66 


47.17 


48.70 


8 


50.26 


51.84 


53.45 


55.08 


56.74 


58.42 


60.13 


61.86 


ft 


63.61 


65.39 


67.20 


69.02 


70.88 


•J2.75 


74.69 


76.58 


10 


78.54 


80.51 


82.51 


84.54 


86.59 


88 66 


90.76 


92.88 


11 


95.03 


97.20 


99.40 


101.6 


103.8 


106.1 


108.4 


110.7 


12 


113.0 


115.4 


117.8 


120.2 


122.7 


125.1 


127.6 


130.1 


13 


132.7 


135.2 


137.8 


140.5 


143.1 


145.8 


148.4 


151.2 


14 


153.9 


156.6 


159.4 


162.2 


165.1 


167.9 


170.8 


173 7 


15 


176.7 


179 6 


182.6 


185.6 


188.6 


191.7 


194,8 


197.9 


16 


201.0 


204.2 


207.3 


210.5 


213.8 


217.0 


220.3 


223.6 


17 


226.9 


230.3 


233.7 


237.1 


240.5 


243.9 


247.4 


250.9 


18 


254.4 


258.0 


261.5 


265.1 


268.8 


272.4 


276.1 


279.8 


19 


283.5 


287.2 


291.0 


294.8 


298.8 


302.4 


306.3 


310.2 


20 


314.1 


318.1 


322.0 


326.0 


330.0 


334.1 


338.1 


342.2 


21 


346.3 


350.4 


354.6 


358.8 


363.0 


367.2 


371.5 


375.8 


22 


380.1 


384.4 


388.8 


393.2 


397.6 


402.0 


406.4 


410.9 


23 


415.4 


420.0 


424.5 


429.1 


433.7 


438.3 


443.0 


447.6 


24 


452.3 


457.1 


461.8 


466.6 


471.4 


476.2 


481.1 


485.9 


25 


490.8 


495.7 


500.7 


505.7 


510.7 


515.7 


520.7 


525.8 


26 


530.9 


536.0 


541.1 


546.3 


551.5 


556.7 


562.6 


567.2 


27 


572.5 


577.8 


583.2 


588.5 


593.9 


599.3 


604.8 


610.2 


28 


615. 7 


621.2 


6Z6.7 


632.3 


637.9 


643.5 


649.1 


654.8 


29 


660.5 


666.2 


674.9 


677.7 


683.4 


689.2 


695.1 


700.9 


30 


706.8 


712.7 


718.6 


724.6 


730.6 


736.6 


742.6 


748.6 


31 


754.8 


760.9 


767.0 


773.1 


779.3 


785.5 


791.7- 


798.0 


32 


804.3 


810.6 


816.9 


823.2 


829.6 


836.0 


812.4 


848.8 


33 


855.3 


861.8 


868.3 


874.9 


881.4 


888.0 


894.6 


901.3 


31 


907.9 


914.7 


921.3 


928.1 


934.8 


941.6 


948.4 


955.3 


35 


962.1 


969.0 


975.9 


982.8 


989.8 


996.8 


1003.8 


1010.8 


36 


1017.9 


1025.0 


1032.1 


1039.2 


1046.3 


1053.5 


1060.7 


1068.0 


37 


1075.2 


1082.5 


1089.8 


1097.1 


1104.5 


1111.8 


1119.2 


1126.7 


38 


1134.1 


1141.6 


1149.1 


1156.6 


1104.2 


1171.7 


1179.3 


1186.9 


39 


1194.6 


1202.3 


1210.0 


1217.7 


1225.4 


1233.2 


1241.0 


1248.8 


40 


1256.6 


1264.5 


1272.4 


1280.3 


1288.2 


1296.2 


1304.2 


1312.2 


41 


1320.3 


1328.3 


1336.4 


1344.5 


1352.7 


1360.8 


1369.0 


1377.2 


42 


1385.4 


1393.7 


1402.0 


1410.3 


1418.6 


1427.0 


1435.4 


1443.8 


43 


1452.2 


1460.7 


1469.1 


1477.6 


148U.2 


14.4.7 


151)3.3 


1511.9 


44 


1520.5 


1529.2 


1537.9 


154;. 6 


1555.3 


1564.0 


1572.8 


1581.6 


45 


1590.4 


1599.3 


1608.2 


1617.0 


1626.0 


1634.9 


1643.9 


1662.8 



132 



CIRCUMFERENCES OP CIRCLES, 

Advancing by eighths. 





CIRCUMFERENCES. 


i 

6 





Va 


% 


% 


v* 


% 


% 


% 





.0 


.3927 


.7854 


1.178 


1.570 


1.963 


2.356 


2.748 


1 


3.141 


3.534 


3.927 


4.319 


4.712 


5.105 


5.497 


5.890 


2 


6.283 


6.675 


7.068 


7.461 


7.854 


8.246 


8.639 


9.032 


3 


9.424 


9.817 


10.21 


10.60 


10.99 


11.38 


11.78 


12.17 


4 


12.56 


12.95 


13.35 


13.74 


14.13 


14.52 


14.92 


15.31 


5 


15.70 


16.10 


16.49 


16.88 


17.27 


17.67 


18.06 


18.45 


6 


18.84 


19.24 


19.63 


20.02 


20.42 


20.81 


21.20 


21.59 


7 


21.99 


22.38 


22.77 


23.16 


23.56 


23.95 


24.34 


24.74 


8 


25.13 


25.52 


25.91 


26.31 


26.70 


27.09 


27.48 


27.88 


9 


28.27 


28.66 


29.05 


29.45 


29.84 


30.23 


30.63 


31.02 


10 


31.41 


31.80 


32.20 


32.59 


32.98 


33.37 


33.77 


34.16 


11 


34.55 


34.95 


35.34 


35.73 


36.12 


36.52 


36.91 


37.30 


12 


37.69 


38.09 


38.48 


38.87 


39.27 


39.66 


40.05 


40.44 


13 


40.84 


41.23 


41.62 


42.01 


42.41 


42.80 


43.19 


43.58 


14 


43.98 


44.37 


44.76 


45.16 


45.55 


45.94 


46.33 


46.73 


15 


47.12 


47.51 


47.90 


48.30 


48.69 


49.08 


49.48 


49.87 


16 


50.26 


50.65 


51.05 


51.44 


51.83 


52.22 


52.62 


53.01 


17 


53.40 


53.79 


64.19 


54.58 


54.97 


55.37 


55.76 


56.15 


18 


56.54 


56.94 


57.33 


57.72 


58.11 


58.51 


58.90 


59.29 


19 


59.69 


60.08 


60.47 


60.86 


61.26 


61.65 


62.04 


62.43 


20 


62.83 


63.22 


63.61 


64.01 


64.40 


64.79 


65.18 


65.58 


21 


65.97 


66.36 


66.75 


67.15 


67.54 


67.93 


68.32 


68.72 


22 


69.11 


69.50 


69.90 


70.29 


70.68 


71.07 


71.47 


71.86 


23 


72.25 


72.64 


73.04 


73.43 


73.82 


74.22 


74.61 


75.00 


'24 


75.39 


75.79 


76.18 


76.57 


76.96 


77.36 


77.75 


78.14 


25 

1 


78.54 


78.93 


79.32 


79.71 


80.10 


80.50 


80.89 


81.28 


& 


81.68 


82.07 


82.46 


82.85 


83.25 


83.64 


84.03 


84.43 


84.82 


85.21 


85.60 


86.00 


86.39 


86.78 


87.17 


87.57 


28 


87.96 


88.35 


88.75 


89.14 


89.53 


89.92 


90.32 


90.71 


29 


91.10 


91.49 


91.89 


92.28 


92.67 


93.06 


93.46 


93.85 


30 


94.24 


94.64 


95.03 


95.42 


95.81 


96.21 


96.60 


96.99 


31 


97.39 


97.78 


98.17 


98.57 


98.96 


99.35 


99.75 


100.14 


32 


100.53 


100.92 


101.32 


101.71 


102.10 


102.49 


102.89 


103.29 


33 


103.67 


104.07 


104.46 


104.85 


105.24 


105.64 


106.03 


106.42 


34 


106.81 


107.21 


107.60 


107.99 


108.39 


108.78 


109.17 


109.56 


35 


109.96 


110.35 


110.74 


111.13 


111.53 


111.92 


112.31 


112.71 


36 


113.10 


113.49 


113.88 


114.28 


114.67 


115.06 


115.45 


115.85 


37 


116.24 


116.63 


117.02 


117.42 


117.81 


118 20 


118.61 


118.99 


38 


119.38 


119.77 


120.17 


120.56 


120.95 


121.34 


121.74 


122.13 


39 


122.52 


122.92 


123.31 


123.70 


124.09 


124.49 


124.88 


125.27 


40 


125.66 


126.06 


126.45 


126.84 


127.24 


127.63 


128.02 


128.41 


41 


128.81 


129.20 


127.59 


129.98 


130.38 


130.77 


131.16 


131.55 


42 


131.95 


132.84 


132.73 


133.13 


133.52 


133.91 


134.30 


134.70 


43 


135.09 


135.48 


135.87 


136.27 


136.66 


137.05 


137.45 


137.84 


44 


138.23 


138.62 


139.02 


139.41 


139.80 


140.19 


140.59 


140.98 


45 


141.37 


141.76 


142.16 


1 142.55 


142.94 


1 143.34 


143.73 


144.12 



133 



Table of Decimal Equivalents of 8ths, 16ths, S2nds 
and 64ths of an Inch. 



8ths. 

} = 125 

i = .250 

f = 375 

| = .500 

f = -625 

| = .750 

I = .875 

16thB. 

A = .0625 

A = - 18 ?5 

A = .3125 

A = 4375 

A = -5625 

H = 6875 

if = .8125 

if = .9375 

32nds. 

A = 03125 
A « .09375 



A = 


.15625 


A = 


.21875 


A = 


.28125 


M = 


.34375 


If = 


.40625 


If = 


.46875 


If = 


. 53125 


If = 


. 59375 


21 

8 2 = 


. 65625 


If = 


.71875 


If = 


. 78125 


H = 


.84375 


H = 


. 90625 


tt = 


.96875 


64ths. 


A = 


.015625 


A = 


.046875 


A = 


.078125 


A- 


. 109375 


A = 


. 140625 


« = 


.171875 


If = 


.203125 


15 


.234375 



.265625 
.296875 
.328125 
.359375 
.390625 
.421875 
.453125 
.484375 
.515625 
.546875 
.578125 
.609375 
. 640625 
.671875 
.703125 
.734375 
.765625 
. 796875 
.828125 
.859375 
.890625 
.921875 
.953125 
.984375 



Handy Faets for Architects and Builders. 

Pitch of tin, copper or tar-and-gravel roofs five-eighths of an 
inch to the foot and upwards. 

The average weight of 20,000 men and women weighed at 
Boston was: Men, 141)^ lbs.; women, 124)^ lbs. 

Smallest convenient size of slab for a 14-in. wash bowl, 21 by 
24 in. Height of slab from floor, 2 ft. 6 in. 

Urinals should be 2 ft. 2 in. between partitions; partitions 6 ft. 
high. 

Space occupied by water-closets, 2 ft. 6 in. wide; 2 ft. deep. 

Dimensions of double bed, 6 ft. 6 in. by 4 ft. 6 in. 

Dimensions of single bed (in dormitories), 2 ft 8 in. by 6 ft. 
6 in. 

Dimensions of a bureau, 3 ft. 2 in. wide, 1 ft. 6 in. deep, and 
upwards. 

Dimensions of a common wash-stand, 2 ft. 4 in. wide, 1 ft. 6 
in. deep. 

134 



HANDT FACTS FOR ARCHITECTS, ETC. 

Dimensions of a barrel — Diameter of head, 17 in.; bung, 19 
in.; length, 28 in.; volume, 7,680 cubic in. 

Dimensions of billiard tables (Collender) — 4 ft. by 8 ft.; 4 ft. 
2 in. by 9 ft.; and 5 ft. by 10 ft. Size of room required respect- 
ively, 13 by 17; 14 by 18; 15 by 20. 

Horse-stalls — Width, 3 ft. 10 in. to 4 ft., or else 5 ft. or over in 
width — nine feet long. Width should never be between 4 and 5 
ft., as in that case the horse is liable to cast himself. 

HORSE POTTER OF STEAM ENGINES, ETC. 

The unit of nominal power for steam engines, or the usual es- 
timate of dynamical effect per minute of a horse, called by en- 
gineers a "horse power," is 33,000 pounds at a velocity of 1 foot 
per minute, or, the effect of a load of 200 pounds raised by a 
horse for 8 hours a day, at the rate of 2)^ miles per hour, or 150 
pounds at the rate of 220 feet per minute. 

Rule. — Multiply the area of the piston in square inches by 
the average force of the steam in pounds and by the velocity of 
the piston in feet per minute; divide the product by 33,000, and 
T 7 ^ of the quotient equal the effective power. 

Another Rule. — The diameter of the piston in inches, mul- 
tiplied by itself, multiplied by the stroke in inches, multiplied by 
the revolutions per minute (not the strokes), multiplied by the 
mean effective (average pressure per square inch on piston), mul- 
tiplied by .00000397, gives the gross or indicated horse power. 

For the net effective horse power, deduct from the above about 
^4 for friction of the working parts. 

The mean effective pressure can be accurately determined only 
by the aid of an indicator. When the indicator is not used, and 
in the calculation the boiler pressure is substituted for the mean 
effective pressure, deduct from the result obtained from 40 to 60 
per cent, for loss by condensation and friction of steam pipes and 
passages, decrease of pressure in cylinder due to expansion, back 
pressure of exhaust, and friction of the working parts. 

For engines from 20 to 60 horse power, an average of 50 pel 
cent, may be deducted; for smaller engines, more. 

The mean pressure in the cylinder when cutting off at 
^ stroke equals boiler pressure multiplied by .597 

" " .670 



% 



3/ « « « 

7/ a « u 

Best designed boilers, well set, 
firing, will evaporate from 7 to 10 lbs. of water per pound of first 

135 



.743 

.847 
.919 
.937 
.966 



with good draft and skillful 



HORSE POWER OF STEAM ENGINES. 

class coal. The average result is from 30 to 60 per cent, below 
this. 

In calculating horse power of Tubular or Flue boilers, con- 
sider 15 square feet of heating surface equivalent to one nominal 
horse power. 

One square foot of grate will consume on an average 12 lbs 
of coal per hour. 

Steam engines, in economy, vary from 30 to 60 lbs. of feed 
water and from 2 to 7 lbs. of coal per hour per indicated H. P. 
HORSE POWER OF BELTING. 

A simple rule for ascertaining transmitting power of belting 
without first computing speed per minute that it travels, is as fol- 
lows: Multiply diameter of pulley in inches by its number of 
revolutions per minute, and this product by width of the belt in 
inches; divide the product by 3,300 for single belting, or by 2,100 
for double belting, and the quotient will be the amount of horse 
power that can be safely transmitted. 

Table for Single Leather, Four Ply Rubber and Four 
Ply Cotton Belting, Belts not Overloaded. 

1 INCH WIDE, 800 FEET PER MINUTE=1 HORSE POWER. 



Speed 

in Ft per 

Min. 








WIDTH OF BELTS IN INCHES. 


2 


8 


4 


5 


6 


8 


10 


12 


14 16 18 20 




H. P. 


K.V. 


H. P. 


H. P. 


H. P. 


H. P. 


H. P. 


H. P. 


H. P. 


H. P. 


H. P. 


H.P. 


400 


1 


H 


2 


21 


•3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


600 


n 


H 


3 


3f 


4* 


6 


71 


9 


101 


12 


131 


15 


800 


21 


3 


4 


5 


6 


8 


10 


12 


14 


16 


18 


20 


1000 


2 


3| 


5 


6| 


n 


10 


121 


15 


171 


20 


221 


25 


1200 


3 


4* 


6 


n 


9 


12 


15 


18 


21 


24 


27 


30 


1500 


3| 


5f 


7 1 

'2 


H 


11* 


15 


18f 


221 


261 


30 


33f 


371 


1800 


4J 


6| 


9 


Hi 


131 


18 


221 


27 


311 


36 


401 


45 


2000 


5 


n 


10 


121 


15 


20 


25 


30 


35 


40 


45 


50 


2400 


6 


9 


12 


15 


18 


24 


30 


36 


42 


48 


54 


60 


2800 


7 


™1 


14 


m 


21 


28 


35 


42 


49 


56 


63 


70 


3000 


n 


in 


15 


18| 


22i 


30 


371 


45 


521 


60 


671 


75 


3500 


8f 


13 


m 


22 


26 


35 


44 


521 


61 


70 


79 


88 


4000 


10 


15 


20 


25 


30 


40 


50 


60 


70 


80 


90 


100 


4500 


Hi 


17 


221 


28 


34 


45 


57 


69 


78 


90 


102 


114 


5000 


121 


19 


25 


31 


371 


50 


621 


75 


871 


100 


112 


125 



Double leather, six-ply rubber or six-ply cotton belting will 
transmit 50 to 75 per cent, more power than is shown in this table. 
(.One inch wide, 550 feet per minute=one horse power.) 

136 



BOILER CHIMNEYS. 

For marine boilers the general rule is to allow 14 sq. in. of 
chimney for each nominal horse-power. For stationary boilers 
the area of the chimneys should be one-fifth greater than the 
combined area of all the flues or tubes. Where boilers are pro- 
vided with other means of draught the dimensions of the chimney 
are not so important. 

Diameter audi Height of Boiler Chimneys. 



Horse poVr 


Height of 


Interior Diam. 


Horse poVr 


Height of 


Interior Diam 


of Boiler. 


Chimney. 


at Top. 


of Boiler. 


Chimney. 


at Top. 


10 


60 ft 


14 inches. 


70 


120 ft. 


30 inches. 


12 


75 " 


14 " 


90 


120 " 


34 " 


16 


90 " 


16 '* 


120 


135 " 


38 " 


20 


99 " 


17 " 


160 


150 " 


43 " 


30 


105 " 


21 " 


200 


165 '« 


47 " 


50 


120 " 


20 " " 


250 


180 " 


42 " 


60 


120 " 


27 " 


380 


195 " 


57 " 



Table of the Principal Alloys. 

A combination of copper and tin makes bath metal. 

A combination of copper and zinc makes bell metal. 

A combination of tin and copper makes bronze metal. 

A combination of tin, antimony, copper and bismuth makes 
britannia meial. 

A combination of tin and copper makes cannon metal. 

A combination of copper and zinc makes Dutch gold. 

A combination of copper, nickel and zinc, with sometimes 9 
little iron and tin makes German silver. 

A combination of gold and copper makes standard gold. 

A combination of gold, copper and silver makes old-standard 
gold. 

A combination of tin and copper makes gun metal. 

A combination of copper and zinc makes mosaic gold. 

A combination of tin and lead makes pewter. 

A combination of lead and a little arsenic makes sheet metal. 

A combination of silver and copper makes standard silver. 

A combination of tin and lead makes solder. 

A combination of lead and antimony makes type metal. 

A combination of copper and arsenic makes white copper. 

How to Mix Printing Inks and Paints in the 
Preparation of Tints. 

THE FIRST NAMED COLOR ALWAYS PREDOMINATES. 

Mixing dark green and purple makes bottle green. 
Mixing white and medium yellow makes buff tint. 
Mixing red, black and blue makes dark brown. 
Mixing bronze, blue, lemon yellow and black makes dark green. 
Mixing white, medium yellow and black makes drab tint. 
Mixing white, lake and lemon yellow makes flesh tint. 
131 



MIXING INKS AND PAINTS. 

Mixing lemon yellow and bronze blue makes grass-green. 

Mixing white and black makes gray tint. 

Mixing white and purple makes lavender tint. 

Mixing red, black and medium yellow makes maroon. 

Mixing lake and purple makes magenta. 

Mixing medium yellow and purple makes olive green. 

Mixing medium yellow and red makes orange. 

Mixing white, ultramarine blue and Jjlack makes pearl tint. 

Mixing white and lake makes pink. 

Mixing ultramarine blue and lake makes purple. 

Mixing orange, lake and purple makes russet. 

Mixing medium yellow, red and white makes sienna. 

Mixing white and ultramarine blue makes sky blue. 

Mixing ultramarine blue, black and white makes slate. 

Mixing vermillion and black makes Turkey red. 

Mixing white, yellow, red and black makes umber. 

Durability of Different Woods. 

Experiments have been lately made by driving sticks, made of 
different woods, each two feet long and one and one-half inches 
square, into the ground, only one-half an inch projecting out- 
ward. It was found that in five years all those made of oak, elm, 
ash, fir, soft mahogany, and nearly every variety of pine, were 
totally rotten. Larch, hard pine and teak wood were decayed on 
the outside only, while acacia, with the exception of being also 
slightly attacked on the exterior, was otherwise sound. Hard 
mahogany and cedar of Lebanon were in tolerably good con- 
dition; but only Virginia cedar was found as good as when put 
in the ground. This is of some importance to builders, showing 
what woods should be avoided, and what others used by pref- 
erence in underground work. 

The duration of wood when kept dry is very great, as beams 
still exist which are known to be nearly 1,100 years old. Piles 
driven by the Romans prior to the Christian era have been ex- 
amined of late, and found to be perfectly sound after an immer- 
sion of nearly 2,000 years. 

The wood of some tools will last longer than the metals, as in 
spades, hoes and plows. In other tools the wood is first gone, 
as in wagons, wheelbarrows and machines. Such wood should 
be painted or oiled; the paint not only looks well, but preserves 
the wood; petroleum oil is as good as any other. 

Hard wood stumps decay in five or six years; spruce stumps 
decay in about the same time; hemlock stumps in eight to nine 
years; cedar, eight to nine years; pine stumps, never. 

Cedar, oak, yellow pine and chestnut are the most durable 
woods in dry places. 

Timber intended for posts is rendered almost proof against rot 
by thorough seasoning, charring and immersion in hot coal tar. 

138 



Specific Gravity of Various 

A gallon of water or wine weighs 10 lbs 
the basis of the following table; 



Substances. 

., and this is taken as 



LIQUIDS. 

Water • ., 100 

Sea water 103 

Dead Sea 124 

Alcohol 84 

Olive oil 92 

Turpentine 99 



Wine 

Urine 

Cider 

Beer 

Woman's milk. 
Cow's " , 
Goat's " 



100 
101 
102 
102 
102 
103 
104 
Porter 104 



Emerald 277.5 

Crystal 265.3 



TIMBER. 

Cork 24 

Poplar 38 

Fir 55 

Cedar 61 

Pear 66 

Walnut 67 

Cherry.... 72 

Maple 75 

Apple 79 

Ash 84 

Beech 85 

Mahogany 106 

Oak 117 

Ebony 133 

PRECIOUS STONES. 

Diamond 353.0 I Garnet „. 406.3 

Topaz 401.1 I Ruby...., 428.3 



METALS. 

Zinc 719 

Cast iron 721 

Tin 729 

Bar iron 779 

Steel 783 

Copper 869 

Brass 840 

Silver 1,051 

Lead 1,135 

Mercury 1,357 

Gold 1,926 

Platina 1,950 



Indigo 77 

Gunpowder 93 

Butter 94 

Ice 117 

Clay 120 

Coal 130 



SUNDRIES. 

Peat 133 

Opium 134 

Honey 145 

Ivory 183 

Brick 200 

Sulphur 203 

Weight In Cubic Feet 

Lbs. per 



Cub. Ft. 
. 15 



Porcelain 226 

Stone 252 

Marble 270 

Granite 278 

Chalk 279 

Glass 289 



Lbs. per 
Cub. Ft. 



Brick 120 

Stone 150 

Granite 166 

Glass 172 

Iron 470 

Copper 520 

Silver , 630 

Lead 680 

Gold 1,155 



Cork 

Cedar 36 

Beech 51 

Butter 56 

Water 62 

Mahogany 66 

Ice 70 

Oak 70 

Clay 72 

Coal 80 

Tensile and Transverse Strength 
A crushing force of 1,000 lbs. per square inch on a bar i inch 
square, and 12 inches long, gives the following ratios of 
strength: 

Tensile. Transverse. I Tensile. Transverse. 

Stone 100 10 Cast iron 158 20 

Glass 123 10 | Timber 1,900 85 

Tensile Test of Steel. 

BAR 8 INCHES LONG. 



Sq. Inch Strain, Tons Extension, 

Section. per Sq. Inch. Inches. 

1.0000 13.93 .01 

.9799 16.96 .10 

.9331 23.43 .40 

.8741 27.23 1.00 

Elastic Limit 17.40 tons. 

Maximum strain 28.35 " 

Breakingload 25.05 " 



Sq. Inch 

Sectien. 

.8325 

.7088 

.5541 



Strain, Tons 
per Sq. Inch. 

28.35 

27.32 

25.05 



Extension, 

Inches. 

1.40 

2.00 

2.20 



Cohesion 45.21 tons. 

Extension 27% per cent 



Contraction. 



44H 



139 



TENSILE STRENGTH OF STEEL.— Continued. 



Taking the strength of Swedish iron at ioo, the tensile 
strength of steel compares thus: 

Swedish iron 100 I Cannon steel 173 

Boiler steel 118 | Spring steel 202 

Pecuniary Value of Metals. 

Few people have any idea of the value of precious metals othe; 
than gold, silver and copper, which are commonly supposed to 
be the most precious of all. There are many metals more valuable 
and infinitely rarer. The following table gives the names and 
prices of all the known metals of pecuniary worth: 

Price per 
Av. pound. 

Vanadium $10,000 00 

Rubidium 9.070 00 



Zirconium - 7,200 00 

Lithium 7,000 00 

Glucium 5,400 00 

Calcium 4,500 00 

Strontium 4,200 00 

Terbium 4,080 00 

Vitrium.. 4,080 00 

Erbium 3,400 00 

Cerium 3,400 00 

Didymium ,. 3,200 00 

Indium 3,200 00 

Ruthenium 2,400 00 

Rhodium 2,300 00 

Niobium 2,300 00 

Barium 1,800 00 

Palladium 1,400 00 

Osmium 1,300 00 

Iridium 1,090 00 

Uranium 900 00 

Titanium 689 00 

Chromium 500 00 



Price per 
Av. pound. 

Gold $330 00 

Molybdenum 225 00 

Thallium 225 00 



Platinum 
Manganese . 
Tungstein . . 
Magnesium. 
Potassium . . 
Aluminum. . 

Silver 

Cobalt 

Sodium 

Nickel 

Cadmium. . . 

Bismuth 

Mercury.... 

Arsenic . 

Tin 

Copper 

Antimony. .. 

Zinc 

Lead 



150 00 

130 00 

115 00 

64 00 

64 00 

32 00 

20 00 

16 00 

8 00 

5 00 

400 

2 50 

95 

50 

25 

25 

16 

11 



VALUE OF METALS AS CONDUCTORS. 



Heat. 

Gold 100 

Platinum 98 

Silver 97 

Copper 90 



Electricity. 
94 
16 
74 
100 



Iron . . 
Zinc. 
Tin . 
Lead. 



Heat. 


Electricity. 


37 


16 


36 


29 


30 


15 


18 


8 



TENACITY OF METALS. 



A wire, 0.84. of a line in diameter, will sustain weights as 
follows: 



Lead 28 lbs. 

Tin 35 " 

Zinc 110 " 

Gold 150 ■■ 



Silver 187 lbs. 

Platinum 274 " 

Copper 302 " 

Iron 549 " 



FLUID DENSITY OF METALS. 



Zinc. 
Iron. 
Tin.. 



6.48 I Copper , 8.22 

0.88 Silver 9.51 

7.03 I Lead 10.37 

140 



TABLE OF SQUARES AND CUBES 

OF 

ALL NUMBERS FROM 1 TO 500. 



No. 


Squares. 


Cubes. 


No. 


Squares. 


Cubes. 


1 


1 


1 


55 


30 25 


166 375 


2 


4 


8 


56 


31 36 


175 616 


3 


9 


27 


57 


32 49 


185 193 


4 


16 


64 


58 


33 64 


195 112 


5 


25 


1 25 


59 


34 81 


205 379 


6 


36 


2 16 


60 


36 00 


216 000 


7 


49 


3 43 


61 


37 21 


226 981 


8 


64 


5 12 


62 


38 44 


238 328 


9 


81 


7 29 


63 


39 69 


250 047 


10 


1 00 


1 000 


64 


40 96 


262 144 


11 


1 21 


1 331 


65 


42 25 


274 626 


12 


1 44 


1 728 


66 


43 56 


287 496 


13 


169 


2 197 


67 


44 89 


800 763 


14 


196 


2 744 


68 


46 24 


314 432 


15 


2 25 


3 375 


69 


47 61 


328 509 


16 


2 56 


4 096 


70 


49 00 


343 000 


17 


2 89 


4 913 


71 


50 41 


357 911 


18 


3 24 


5 832 


72 


51 84 


373 248 


19 


3 61 


6 859 


73 


53 29 


389 017 


20 


4 00 


8 000 


74 


54 76 


405 224 


21 


4 41 


9 261 


75 


56 25 


421 875 


22 


4 84 


10 648 


76 


57 76 


438 976 


23 


5 29 


12 167 


77 


59 29 


456 533 


24 


6 76 


13 824 


78 


60 84 


474 552 


25 


6 25 


15 625 


79 


62 41 


493 039 


26 


6 76 


17 576 


80 


64 00 


512 000 


27 


7 29 


19 683 


81 


65 81 


531 441 


28 


7 84 


21 952 


82 


67 24 


551 368 


29 


8 41 


24 389 


83 


68 89 


571 787 


30 


9 00 


27 000 


84 


70 56 


592 704 


31 


9 61 


29 791 


85 


72 25 


614 125 


32 


10 24 


32 768 


86 


73 96 


636 056 


33 


10 89 


35 937 


87 


75 69 


658 503 


34 


11 56 


39 304 


88 


77 44 


681 472 


35 


12 25 


42 875 


89 


79 21 


704 969 


36 


12 96 


46 656 


90 


81 00 


729 000 


37 


13 69 


50 653 


91 


82 81 


753 571 


38 


14 44 


54 872 


92 


84 64 


778 688 


39 


15 21 


59 319 


93 


86 49 


804 357 


40 


16 00 


64 000 


94 


88 36 


830 584 


41 


16 81 


68 921 


95 


90 25 


857 375 


42 


17 64 


74 088 


96 


92 16 


884 736 


43 


18 49 


79 507 


97 


94 09 


912 673 


44 


19 36 


85 184 


98 


96 04 


941 192 


45 


20 25 


91 125 


99 


98 01 


970 299 


46 


21 16 


97 336 


100 


1 00 00 


1 000 000 


47 


22 09 


103 823 


101 


1 02 01 


1 030 301 


48 


23 04 


110 592 


102 


1 04 04 


1 061 298 


49 


24 01 


117 649 


103 


106 09 


1 092 727 


50 


25 00 


125 000 


104 


108 16 


1 124 864 


51 


26 01 


132 651 


105 


1 10 25 


1 157 625 


52 


27 04 


140 608 


106 


1 12 36 


1 191 016 


53 


28 09 


148 877 


107 


1 14 49 


1 225 043 


54 


29 16 


157 464 


108 


1 16 64 


1 259 712 



141 



TABLE OF SQUARES AND CUBES— Continued. 



No. 


Squares. 


Cubes. 


No. 


Squares. 


Cubes. 


109 


1 18 81 


1 295 029 


169 


2 85 61 


4 826 809 


110 


. 1 21 00 


1 331 000 


170 


2 89 00 


4 913 000 


111 


1 23 21 


1 367 631 


171 


2 92 41 


5 000 211 


112 


1 25 44 


1 404 928 


172 


2 95 84 


5 088 448 


113 


I 27 69 


1 442 897 


173 


2 99 29 


5 177 717 


m 


129 96 


1 481 544 


174 


3 02 76 


5 268 024 


115 


132 25 


1 520 875 


175 


3 06 25 


5 359 375 


116 


1 34 56 


1 560 896 


176 


3 09 76 


5 451 776 


117 


1 36 89 


1 601 613 


177 


3 13 29 


5 545 233 


118 


1 39 24 


1 643 032 


178 


3 16 84 


5 639 752 


119 


1 41 61 


1 685 159 


179 


3 20 41 


5 735 339 


120 


1 44 00 


1 728 000 


180 


3 24 00 


5 832 000 


121 


1 46 41 


1 771 561 


181 


3 27 61 


5 929 741 


122 


1 48 84 


1 815 848 


182 


3 31 24 


6 028 568 


123 


1 51 29 


1 860 867 


183 


3 34 89 


6 128 487 


124 


1 53 76 


1 906 624 


184 


3 38 56 


6 229 504 


125 


1 56 25 


1 953 125 


185 


3 42 25 


6 331 625 


126 


1 58 76 


2 000 376 


186 


3 45 96 


6 434 856 


127 


161 29 


2 048 383 


187 


3 49 69 


6 539 203 


128 


163 84 


2 097 152 


188 


3 53 44 


6 644 672 


129 


1 66 41 


2 146 689 


189 


3 57 21 


6 751 269 


130 


1 69 00 


2 197 000 


190 


3 61 00 


6 859 000 


131 


17161 


2 248 091 


191 


3 64 81 


6 967 871 

7 077 888 


132 


1 74 24 


2 299 968 


192 


3 68 64 


133 


176 89 


2 352 637 


193 


3 72 49 


7 189 057 


134 


1 79 56 


2 406 104 


194 


3 76 36 


7 301384 


135 


1 82 25 


2 460 375 


195 


3 80 25 


7 414 875 


136 


184 96 


2 515 456 


196 


3 84 16 


7 529 536 


137 


1 87 69 


2 571 353 


197 


3 88 09 


7 645 373 


138 


1 90 44 


2 628 072 


198 


3 92 04 


7 762 392 


139 


1 93 21 


2 685 619 


199 


3 96 01 


7 880 59& 


140 


1 96 00 


2 744 000 


200 


4 00 00 


8 000 000 


141 


198 81 


2 803 221 


201 


4 04 01 


8 120 601 


142 


2 01 64 


2 863 288 


202 


4 08 04 


8 242 408 


143 


2 04 49 


2 924 207 


203 


4 12 09 


8 365 427 


144 


2 07 36 


2 985 984 


204 


4 16 16 


8 489 664 


145 


2 10 25 


3 048 625 


205 


4 20 35 


8 615 125 


146 


2 13 16 


3 112 136 


206 


4 24 36 


8 741 816 


147 


2 16 09 


3 176 523 


207 


4 28 49 


8 869 743 


148 


2 19 04 


3 241 792 


208 


4 32 64 


8 998 912 


149 


2 22 01 


3 307 949 


209 


4 36 81 


9 129 329 


150 


2 25 00 


3 375 000 


210 


4 41 00 


9 261 000 


151 


2 28 01 


3 442 951 


211 


4 45 21 


9 393 931 


152 


2 31 04 


3 511 808 


212 


4 49 44 


9 528 128 


153 


2 34 09 


3 581 577 


213 


4 53 69 


9 663 597 


154 


2 37 16 


3 652 264 


214 


4 57 96 


9 800 344 


155 


2 40 25 


3 723 875 


215 


4 62 25 


9 938 375 


156 


2 43 36 


3 796 416 


216 


4 66 56 


10 077 646 


157 


2 46 49 


3 869 893 


217 


4 70 89 


10 218 313 


158 


2 49 64 


3 944 312 


218 


4 75 24 


10 360 232 


159 


2 52 81 


4 019 679 


219 


4 79 61 


10 503 459 


160 


2 56 00 


4 096 000 


220 


4 84 00 


10 648 000 


161 


2 59 21 


4 173 281 


221 


4 88 41 


10 793 861 


162 


2 62 44 


4 251 528 


222 


4 92 84 


10 941 048 


163 


2 65 69 


4 330 747 


223 


4 97 29 


11 089 567 


164 


2 68 96 


4 410 944 


224 


5 01 76 


11 239 424 


165 


2 72 25 


4 492 125 


225 


5 06 25 


11 390 625 


166 


2 75 56 


4 574 296 


226 


5 10 76 


11 543 176 


167 


2 78 89 


4 657 463 


227 


5 15 29 


11 697 083 


168 


2 82 24 


4 741 632 


228 


5 19 84 


11 852 352 



142 



TABLE OF SQUARES AND CVBES—Contmtud. 



No. 


Squares. 


Cubes. 


No. 


Squares. 


Cubes. 


229 


5 24 41 


12 008 989 


289 


8 35 21 


24137 569 


230 


529 00 


12 167 000 


290 


8 4100 


24 389 000 


231 


5 33 61 


12 326 391 


291 


8 46 81 


24 642 171 


232 


5 33 24 


» 12 487 168 


292 


8 52 64 


24 897 088 


233 


5 42 89 


12 649 337 


293 


8 58 49 


25 153 757 


234 


5 47 56 


12 812 904 


294 


8 64 36 


25 412 184 


235 


5 52 25 


12 977 875 


295 


8 70 25 


25 672 375 


236 


5 56 96 


13 144 256 


296 


8 76 16 


25 934 336 


237 


5 61 69 


13 312 053 


297 


8 82 09 


26 198 073 


238 


5 66 44 


13 481 272 


298 


8 88 04 


26 463 592 


239 


5 71 21 


13 651 919 


299 


8 94 01 


26 730 899 


240 


5 76 00 


13 824 000 


300 


9 00 00 


27 000 000 


241 


5 80 81 


13 997 521 


301 


9 06 01 


27 270 901 


242 


5 85 64 


14 172 488 


302 


9 12 04 


27 543 608 


213 


5 90 49 


14 348 907 


303 


9 18 09 


27 818 127 


244 


5 95 36 


14 526 784 


304 


9 24 16 


28 094 464 


245 


6 00 25 


14 706 125 


305 


9 30 25 


28 372 625 


246 


6 05 16 


14 886 936 


306 


9 36 36 


28 652 616 


247 


6 10 09 


15 069 223 


307 


9 42 49 


28 934 443 


248 


6 15 04 


15 252 992 


308 


9 48 64 


29 218 112 


249 


6 20 01 


15 438 249 


309 


9 54 81 


29 503 629 


250 


6 25 05 


15 625 000 


310 


9 61 00 


29 791 000 


251 


6 30 01 


15 813 251 


311 


9 67 21 


30 080 231 


252 


6 35 04 


16 003 008 


312 


9 73 44 


30-371 328 


253 


6 40 09 


16 194 277 


313 


9 79 69 


30 664 297 


254 


6 45 16 


16 387 064 


314 


9 85 96 


30 959 144 


255 


650 25 


16 581 325 


315 


8 92 25 


31 255 875 


256 


6 55 36 


16 777 216 


316 


9 98 56 


31 554 496 


257 


6 60 49 


16 974 593 


317 


10 04 89 


31 855 013 


258 


6 65 64 


17 173 512 


318 


10 11 24 


32 157 432 


259 


6 70 81 


17 373 979 


319 


10 17 61 


32 461 759 


260 


6 76 00 


17 576 000 


320 


10 24 00 


32 768 000 


261 


6 81 21 


17 779 581 


321 


10 30 41 


33 076 161 


262 


6 86 44 


17 984 728 


322 


10 36 84 


33 386 248 


263 


6 91 69 


18 191 447 


323 


10 43 29 


33 698 267 


264 


6 96 96 


18 399 744 


324 


10 49 76 


34 012 224 


265 


7 02 25 


18 609 625 


325 


10 56 25 


34 328 125 


266 


7 06 56 


18 821 096 


326 


10 62 76 


34 645 976 


267 


7 12 89 


19 034 163 


327 


10 69 29 


34 965 783 


268 


7 18 24 


19 248 832 


328 


10 75 84 


35 287 552 


269 


7 23 61 


19 465 109 


329 


10 82 41 


35 611 289 


270 


7 29 00 


19 683 000 


330 


10 89 00 


35 937 000 


271 


7 34 41 


19 902 511 


331 


10 95 61 


36 264 691 


272 


7 39 84 


20 123 648 


332 


11 02 24 


36 594 368 


273 


7 45 29 


20 346 417 


333 


11 08 89 


36 926 037 


274 


7 50 76 


•20 570 824 


334 


11 15 56 


37 259 704 


275 


7 56-25 


20 796 875 


335 


11 22 25 


37 595 375 


276 


7 61 76 


21 024 576 


336 


11 28 96 


37 933 056 


277 


7 67 29 


21 253 933 


337 


11 35 69 


38 272 753 


278 


7 72 84 


21 484 952 


338 


11 42 44 


38 614 472 


279 


7 78 41 


21 717 639 


339 


11 49 21 


38 958 219 


280 


7 84 00 


21 952 000 


340 


11 56 00 


39 304 000 


281 


7 89 61 


22 188 041 


341 


11 62 81 


39 651821 


282 


7 95 24 


22 425 768 


342 


11 69 64 


40 001 688 


283 


8 00 89 


22 665 187 


343 


11 76 49 


40 353 607 


284 


806 56 


22 906 304 


344 


11 83 36 


40 707 584 


285 


8 12 25 


23 149 125 


345 


1190 25 


41063 625 


286 


8 17 96 


23 393 656 


346 


11 97 16 


41 421 736 


287 


8 23 69 


23 639 903 


347 


12 04 09 


41 781 923 


288 


8 29 44 


23 887 872 


348 


12 1104 


42 144 192 



143 



TABLE OF SQUARES AND CUBES— Continued. 



No. 


Squares. 


Cubes. 


No. 


Squares. 


Cubes. 


349 


12 18 01 


42 508 549 


409 


16 72 81 


68 417 929 


350 


12 25 00 


42 875 000 


410 


16 81 00 


68 921 000 


351 


12 32 01 


43 243 551 


411 


16 89 21 


69 426 531 


352 


12 39 04 


43 614 208 


412 


16 97 44 


69 934 528 


353 


12 46 09 


43 986 977 


413 


17 05 69 


70 444 997 


354 


12 53 16 


44 361 864 


414 


17 13 96 


70 957 944 


355 


12 60 25 


44 738 875 


415 


17 22 25 


71 473 375 


356 


12 67 36 


45 118 016 


416 


17 30 56 


71 991 296 


357 


12 74 49 


45 499 293 


417 


17 38 89 


72 511 713 


358 


12 81 64 


45 882 712 


418 


17 47 24 


73 034 632 


359 


12 88 81 


46 268 279 


419 


17 55 61 


73 560 059 


360 


12 96 00 


46 656 000 


420 


17 64 00 


74 088 000 


361 


13 03 21 


47 045 881 


421 


17 72 41 


74 618 461 


362 


13 10 44 


47 437 923 


422 


17 80 84 


75 151 448 


363 


13 17 69 


47 832 147 


423 


17 89 29 


75 686 967 


364 


13 24 96 


48 228 544 


424 


17 97 76 


76 225 024 


365 


13 32 25 


48 627 125 


425 


18 06 25 


76 765 625 


566 


13 39 56 


49 027 896 


426 


18 14 76 


77 308 776 


367 


13 46 89 


49 430 863 


427 


18 23 29 


77 854 483 


368 


13 54 24 


49 836 032 


428 


18 31 84 


78 402 752 


369 


13 61 61 


50 243 409 


429 


18 40 40 


78 953 589 


370 


13 69 00 


50 653 000 


430 


18 49 00 


79 507 000 


371 


13 76 41 


51 064 811 


431 


18 57 61 


80 062 991 


372 


13 83 84 


51 478 848 


432 


18 66 24 


80 621 568 


373 


13 91 29 


51 895 117 


433 


18 74 89 


81 182 737 


374 


13 98 76 


52 313 624 


434 


18 83 56 


81 746 504 


375 


14 06 25 


52 734 375 


435* 


18 92 25 


82 312 875 


376 


14 13 76 


53 157 376 


436 


19 00 96 


82 881 856 


377 


14 21 29 


53 582 633 


437 


19 09 69 


83 453 453 


878 


14 28 84 


54 010 152 


438 


19 18 44 


84 027 672 


379 


14 36 41 


54 439 939 


439 


19 27 21 


84 604 519 


380 


14 44 00 


54 872 000 


440 


19 36 00 


85 184 000 


381 


14 51 61 


55 306 341 


441 


19 44 81 


85 766 121 


382 


14 59 24 


55 742 968 


442 


19 53 64 


86 350 888 


383 


14 66 89 


56 181 887 


443 


19 62 49 


86 938 307 


384 


14 74 56 


56 623 104 


444 


19 71 36 


87 528 284 


385 


14 82 25 


56 066 625 


445 


19 80 25 


88 121 125 


386 


14 89 96 


57 512 456 


446 


19 89 16 


88 716 536 


387 


14 97 69 


57 960 603 


447 


20 98 09 


89 314 623 


388 


15 05 44 


58 411 072 


448 


20 07 04 


89 915 392 


389 


15 13 21 


58 863 869 


449 


20 16 01 


90 518 849 


390 


15 21 00 


59 319 000 


450 


20 25 00 


91 125 000 


391 


15 28 81 


59 776 471 


451 


20 34 01 


91 733 751 


392 


15 36 64 


60 236 288 


452 


20 43 04 


92 345 408 


393 


15 44 49 


60 698 457 


453 


20 52 09 


92 959 677 


394 


15 52 36 


61 162 984 


454 


20 61 16 


93 576 664 


395 


15 60 25 


61 629 875 


455 


20 70 25 


94 196 375 


396 


15 68 16 


62 099 136 


456 


20 79 36 


94 818 816 


397 


15 76 09 


62 570 773 


457 


20 88 49 


95 443 993 


398 


15 84 04 


63 044 792 


458 


21 97 64 


96 071 912 


399 


15 92 01 


63 521 199 


459 


21 06 81 


96 702 679 


400 


16 00 00 


64 000 000 


460 


21 16 00 


97 336 000 


401 


16 08 01 


64 481 201 


461 


21 25 21 


97 972 181 


402 


16 £1 04 


64 964 808 


462 


21 34 44 


98 611 128 


403 


16 24 09 


65 450 827 


463 


21 43 69 


99 252 847 


404 


16 32 16 


65 939 264 


464 


21 62 96 


99 897 344 


405 


16 40 25 


66 430 125 


465 


21 62 25 


100 554 625 


406 


16 48 36 


66 923 416 


466 


21 71 56 


101 194 696 


407 


16 56 49 


67 419 143 


467 


21 80 89 


101 847 563 


408 


16 64 64 


67 917 321 


468 


21 90 24 


102 503 232 



144 



TABLE OF SQUARES AND CUBES- Concluded. 



No. 


Squares. 


Cubes. 


No. 


Squares. 


Cubes. 


469 


21 99 61 


103 161 709 


485 


23 52 25 


114 084 125 


470 


22 09 00 


103 823 000 


486 


23 61 96 


114 791 256 


471 


22 18 41 


104 487 111 


487 


23 71 69 


115 501 3.3 


472 


22 27 84 


105 154 048 


4£8 


23 81 44 


116 214 572 


473 


22 37 29 


105 823 817 


489 


23 91 21 


116 930 169 


474 


22 46 76 


106 496 421 


490 


24 01 00 


117 649 000 


475 


22 56 25 


107 171 875 


491 


24 10 81 


118 370 771 


476 


22 65 76 


107 850 176 


492 


24 20 61 


119 095 488 


477 


22 75 29 


108 531 333 


493 


24 30 49 


119 823 157 


478 


22 84 84 


109 215 352 


494 


24 40 36 


120 553 784 


479 


22 94 41 


109 902 239 


495 


24 50 25 


121 287 375 


480 


23 04 00 


110 592 000 


496 


24 60 16 


122 023 936 


481 


23 13 61 


111 284 641 


497 


24 70 09 


122 763 473 


482 


23 23 24 


111 980 168 


498 


24 80 04 


123 505 992 


483 


23 32 89 


112 678 587 


499 


24 90 01 


124 251 499 


484 


23 42 56 


113 379 904 


500 


25 00 00 


125 000 000 



LENGTH OF CIRCULAR ARC. 

Huygens' approximation to length of a circular arc: 
A = Chord of any circular arc. 
B = Chord of half that arc. 
R = Radius of the circular arc. 
L = Length of the circular arc. 

Then L=8B-A 

3 
Or, as it is usually written, 

L = 2 B -}- K (2 B - A). 

WEDDING ANNIVERSARIES. 
First, cotton; second, paper; third, leather; fifth, wooden; 
seventh, woolen; tenth, tin; twelfth, silk and fine linen; fifteenth, 
crystal; twentieth, china; twenty-fifth, silver; thirtieth, pearl 
fortieth, ruby; fiftieth, golden; seventy -fifth, diamond. 
YOUR BIRTHDAY. 
Born on Monday, fair in face; 
Born on Tuesday, full of God's grace-, 
Born on Wednesday, the best to be had; 
Born on Thursday, merry and glad; 
Born on Friday, worthily given; 
Born on Saturday, work hard for a living; 
Born on Sunday, shall never know want. 

An indenture is a deed or instrument in writing. Originallv 
such writings were made in duplicate upon a sheet of paper which was afterwards 
indented or cut apart in a waved or notched line. One piece was given to each of 
the parties to the contract, and when the two were put together they would, of 
course, fit into each other exactly. This mode of indenture has passed out of use, 



hut the term survives. 



145 



NATURAL SINES, ETC. 



tab 

P 


Sine. 


Cover. 


Cosecnt. 


Tangt. 


Cotang. 


Secant. 


Versin, 


Cosin. 







.00 


1.00000 


Infinite. 


.0 


Infinite. 


1.0U000 


.0 


1.00000 


90 


1 


.01745 


.98254 


57.2986 


.01745 


57.2899 


1.00015 


.0001 


.99984 


89 


2 


.03489 


.96510 


28.6537 


.03492 


28.6362 


1.00060 


.0006 


.99939 


88 


3 


.05233 


.94766 


19.1073 


.05240 


19.0811 


1.00137 


.0013 


.99862 


87 


4 


.06975 


.93024 


14.3355 


.06992 


14.3006 


1.00244 


.0024 


.99756 


86 


5 


.08715 


.91284 


11.4737 


.08748 


11.4300 


1.00381 


.0038 


.99619 


85 


6 


.10452 


.89547 


9.5667 ' 


.10510 


9.5143 


1.00550 


.0054 


.99452 


84 


7 


.12186 


.87813 


8.2055 


.12278 


8.1443 


1.00750 


.0074 


.99254 


83 


8 


.13917 


.86082 


7.1852 


.14054 


7.1153 


1.00982 


.0097 


.99026 


82 


9 


.15643 


.84356 


6.3924 


.15838 


6.3137 


1.01246 


.0123 


.98768 


81 


10 


.17364 


.82635 


5.7587 


.17632 


5.6712 


1.01542 


.0151 


.98480 


80 


11 


.19080 


.80919 


5.2408 


.19438 


5.1445 


1.01871 


.0183 


.98162 


79 


12 


.20791 


.79208 


4.8097 


.21255 


4.7046 


1.02234 


.0218 


.97814 


78 


13 


.22495 


.77504 


4.4454 


.23086 


4.3314 


1.02630 


.0256 


.97437 


77 


14 


.24192 


.75807 


4.1335 


.24932 


4.0107 


1.03061 


.0297 


.97029 


76 


15 


.25881 


.74118 


3.8637 


.26794 


3.7320 


1.03527 


.0340 


.96592 


75 


16 


.27563 


.72436 


3.6279 


.28674 


3.4874 


1.04029 


.0387 


.96126 


74 


17 


.29237 


.70762 


3.4203 


.30573 


3.2708 


1.04569 


.0436 


.95630 


73 


18 


.30901 


.69098 


3.2360 


.32491 


3.0776 


1.05146 


.0489 


.95105 


72 


19 


.32556 


.67443 


3.0715 


.34432 


2.9042 


1.05762 


.0544 


.94551 


71 


20 


.34202 


.65797 


2.9238 


.36397 


2.7474 


1.06417 


.0603 


.93969 


70 


21 


.35836 


.64163 


2-7904 


.38386 


2.6050 


1.07114 


.0664 


.93358 


69 


22 


.37460 


.62539 


2.6694 


.40402 


2.4750 


1.07853 


.0728 


.92718 


68 


23 


.39073 


.60926 


2.5593 


.42447 


2.3558 


1.08636 


.0794 


.92050 


67 


24 


.40673 


.59326 


2.4585 


.44522 


2.2460 


1.09463 


.0864 


.91354 


66 


25 


.42261 


.57738 


2.3662 


.46630 


2.1445 


1.10337 


.0936 


.90630 


65 


26 


.43837 


.56162 


2.2811 


.48773 


2.0503 


1.11260 


.1012 


.89879 


64 


27 


.45399 


.54600 


2.2026 


.50952 


1.9626 


1.12232 


.1089 


.89100 


63 


28 


.46947 


.53052 


2.1300 


.53170 


1.8807 


1.13257 


.1170 


.88294 


62 


29 


.48480 


.51519 


2.0626 


.55430 


1.8040 


1.14335 


.1253 


.87461 


61 


30 


.50000 


.50000 


2.0000 


.57735 


1.7320 


1.15470 


.1339 


.86602 


60 


31 


.51503 


.48496 


1.9416 


.60086 


1.6642 


1.16663 


.1428 


.85716 


59 


32 


.52991 


.47008 


1.8870 


.62486 


1.6003 


1.17917 


.1519 


.84804 


58 


33 


.54463 


.45536 


1.8360 


.64940 


1.5398 


1.19236 


.1613 


.83867 


57 


34 


.55919 


.44080 


1.7882 


.67450 


1.4825 


1.20621 


.1709 


.82903 


56 


35 


.57357 


.42642 


1.7434 


.70020 


1.4281 


1.22077 


.1808 


.81915 


55 


36 


.58778 


.41221 


1.7013 


.72654 


1.3763 


1.23606 


.1909 


.80901 


54 


37 


.60181 


.39818 


1.6616 


.75355 


1.3270 


1.25213 


.2013 


.79863 


53 


38 


.61566 


.38433 


1.6242 


.78128 


1.2799 


1.26901 


.2119 


.78801 


52 


39 


.62932 


.37067 


1.5890 


.80978 


1.2348 


1.28675 


.2228 


.77714 


51 


40 


.64278 


.35721 


1.5557 


.83909 


1.1917 


1.30540 


.2339 


.76604 


50 


41 


.65605 


.34394 


1.5242 


.86928 


1.1503 


1.32501 


.2452 


.75470 


49 


42 


.66913 


.33086 


1.4944 


.90040 


1.1106 


1.34563 


.2568 


.74314 


48 


43 


.68199 


.31800 


1.4662 


.93251 


1.0723 


1.36732 


.2686 


.73135 


47 


44 


.69465 


.30534 


1.4395 


.96568 


1.0355 


1.39016 


.2806 


.71933 


46 


45 


.70710 


.29289 


1.4142 


1.00000 


1.0000 


1.41421 


.2928 


.70710 


45 




Cosin. 


Versin. 


Secant. 


Cotang. 


Tangt. 


Cosecnt. 


Cover. 


Sine. 





The term bankrupt originated in connection with the money- 
changers ofltaly. They sat in the market-place with their money displayed on a 
bench (or banc, as it was called) before them. When one of these financial gentle- 
men failed his banc (or bench) was said to be broken, and he was styled a bank- 
rupt. The modern bank inherits its name from the unimposing money-bonch 
(banc) of mediaeval Italy. 

146 



THE WONDERS OF ELECTRICITY. 

THE TELEPHONE. — The principle of the telephone, that sounds 
could be conveyed to a distance by a distended wire, was demonstrated by Robert 
Hook in 1667, but no practical application was made of the discovery until 1821, 
when Professor Wheatstone exhibited his "Enchanted Lyre," in which the sounds 
of a music box were conveyed from a cellar to upper rooms. The first true discov- 
erer of the speaking telephone, however, wasjohann Philipp Reis, a German sci- 
entist and professor in the institute of Friedrichsdorf. April 25, 1861, Reis exhib- 
ited his telephone at Frankfort. This contained all the essential features of the 
modern telephone, but as its commercial value was not at all comprehended, little 
attention was paid to it. Reis, after trying in vain to arouse the interest of scientists 
in his discovery, died in 1874, without having reaped any advantage from it, and 
there is no doubt that his death was hastened by the distress of mind caused by his 
continual rebuffs. Meanwhile, the idea was being worked into more practical 
shape by other persons, Professor Elisha Gray and Professor A.G. Bell, and later by 
Mr. Edison. There is little doubt that Professor Gray's successful experiments con- 
siderably antedated those of the others, but Professor Bell was the first to perfect 
his patent. February 12, 1877, Bell's articulating telephone was tested by experi- 
ments at Boston and Salem, Mass., and was found to convey sounds distinctly from 
one place to the other, a distance of eighteen miles. This telephone was exhibited 
widely in this country and in Europe during that year, and telephone companies 
were established to bring it into general use. Edison's carbon "loud-speaking" tel- 
ephone was brought out in 1878. It is not worth while to go into details on the sub- 
ject of priority of invention. The Examiner of Patents at Washington, July 21, 1883, 
decided that Professor Bell was the first inventor, because he was the first to com- 
plete his invention and secure a full patent. Since 1878 there have been many im- 
provements in the different parts of the telephone, rendering it now nearly perfect 
in its working. 

THE PHONOGRAPH. — The principle of the phonograph is very 

simple. All sound is produced by vibrations of the air. Therefore, any sound 
whatever can be reproduced by reproducing its vibrations. The phonograph is re- 
garded as one of the wonders of the nineteenth century, and yet its foundation prin- 
ciple is as readily understood as the multiplication table, and its construction is sim- 
plicity itself. A small brass cylinder is made to turn on a metal shaft, and upon its 
surface is cut a spiral groove, corresponding to threads cut on the shaft. Over the 
cylinder is spread a sheet of tin foil, secured on its edges by some highly adhering 
substance. A crank attached to the shaft turns the cylinder, giving it at the same 
time a rotary and a horizontal motion. In front of the cylinder is a mouthpiece, hav- 
ing on its bottom (next the cylinder) a very thin plate or diaphragm of metal, to which 
is attached a round steel point. Before using the apparatus the steel point must be 
accurately adjusted opposite to that part of the foil lying over the spiral groove. If 
the lips are now applied to the mouthpiece and any sentence spoken, the crank at 
the same time being turned, the vibrations imparted to the metal plate by the voice 
will cause the steel point to come into contact with that part of the foil overlying the 
groove and to make on it a series of indentations as it revolves and is carried forward 
laterally before the mouthpiece. These indentations vary in depth and sectional 
outline according to the force and kind of vibrations made, and are in fart a tran- 
scription of the sounds. They are then translated by bringing the cylinder back to 
its starting-point and substituting for the mouthpiece a resonator. The steel is then 
held by a screw close to the foil, and as the cylinder moves the point retraces the in- 
dentations from beginning to end and communicates to the metal diaphragm the 
same vibrations which it had received from it, and these vibrations, communicated 
to the resonating apparatus, are reproduced as spoken words. If the crank is 
turned with exact regularity the exact pitch and tone of the speaker's voice will 
also be given back. The phonograph was invented by Mr. Edison in 1877 and 
brought before the public early in the following year. The inventor believed that 
the numerous practical applications of this machine would commend it very largely 
to general use. This has not thus far proved to be the case, not because the instru- 
ment itself is lacking, for added experiment only proves its more remarkable possi- 
bilities, but probably because the invention is so wholly new and strange, so at vari- 
ance with anything previously known and understood, that men have not yet been 
able to comprehend its application to everyday affairs. 

147 



THE WONDERS OF ELECTRICITY. 

THE GRAPHOPHONE. — This invention is the work of Mr. Sum- 
ner Taintor, aided by Professor Bell, the telephone inventor. The machine is oper- 
ated on the principle of the phonograph. It is very simple and is free from mechan- 
ical complication. It has a treadle, and k looks very much like a small sewing- 
machine. Edison discovered the art of recording and reproducing sound, but his in- 
vention could not be used because of its clumsy mechanical arrangement, coupled 
with the very inferior and unsatisfactory methods of recording the sounds produced. 
He used a piece of tinfoil upon which the sound waves were 
indented and from which they were easily obliterated. The present " 
mventor, Mr. Taintor, saw that a iess destructible material was required, and 
after considerable experiment tried a preparation ot wax and paraffine. This is the 
surface now used, and it works perfectly. He then made an entirely new apparatus, 
and the result is the graphophone, a machine which will sing a song, report a 
whistle, or give the quality and inflections of the voice in a most charming way. 
The small point which is attached to the diaphragm of the machine cuts a minute 
hair line in the wax surface. This line is so faint that it is scarcely perceptible to 
the naked eye, yet it serves to give a reproduction, so as to be distinctly heard by 
the listener, of a song, a laugh, or an ordinary speech. 

THE ELECTRIC RAILWAY.— Electricity may be Applied to the 
propulsion of cars in two different ways. In one case the current is supplied to the 
electro-motors from storage batteries carried by the cars. This method requires no 
change in the ordinary roadbed used by the steam railway, but no means have yet 
been invented for making or operating economically the storage battery required. 
In the second case the current is supplied to the motors on moving trains from sta- 
tions along the line of road through properly placed conductors. The method re- 
quires a peculiar construction of the road throughout with reference to the necessary 
electrical conditions. Several different forms of the electric railway are possible, 
depending on the method by which the current is conducted to the motors. By one 
method the two rails are used as conductors, the current going out by one rail and 
returning by the other, and passing to the electro-motors through the wheels of the 
train, which are insulated. There is much leakage or loss of power in this method, 
however, and its inventors have essayed to overcome by using a third rail or conduc- 
tor for the outgoing current, utilizing both rails for its return. We will briefly de- 
scribe the method of working the Siemens electric railway, which has been applied 
successfully to several short railway lines in Europe. The longest of these lines is 
that between Portrush and Bushmills, in the north of Ireland, which is six miles 
long. The line is a three-foot gauge, single track, laid at one side of the country 
road. The third rail, or conductor, is placed beside the roadbed, 17 inches above 
the ground. It is a T-rail carried upon insulator posts. The current is conveyed 
by the conductor to the car by means of two steel springs, one at each end. 
Wherever the railway crosses roads the conductor is carried underground. The 
current from the conducting rail passes through the car to the return rails by a 
switch worked by a lever — with which resistance coils can be placed in or out of 
circuit — then through the electro-motor to the wheels by whieh it reaches the rails. 
The motor is placed in the center of the car, beneath the floor, being connected wit-h 
the axle of one pair of wheels by gearing. The reversing and brake levers are 
placed at each end of the car, so that it can be operated from either end. The rails 
of the track are laid in the usual manner, and are connected with the strips of cop- 
per to insure good electrical contact. In the Edison and Field railway, which was 
exhibited at the Chicago Exhibition of Railway Appliances, the same general plan 
was observed, but the conductor was placed between the two other rails, and the 
current was conveyed from this rail to the car through stiff wire brushes pressing on 
each side of the rail. These were operated by a lever reaching down from the car. 
This track was 1,553 f eet m length. 

THE ELECTRIC LIGHT. — Setting aside natural phenomena, as 
the lightning and St. Elmo's fire, and all mere experiments with the electric spark, 
the first inventor of the electric light was Sir Humphrey Davy, who in the early part 
of the century produced the arc light with a battery of 2,000 cells. The mode of 
producing this light is as follows: When the terminal wires of an electric battery 

148 



THE ELECTRIC LIGHT. 

are brought together and then separated slightly an intense, bright tight between 
them results, and this, because of its curved form, is called the electric arc. Thfi 
light, in temperature as well as brightness, exceeds all other artificial sources of heat, 
by its means the hardest substances, even the diamond, being entirely consumed. 
The wires of the battery in this light melt and drop off in globules, but it was found 
that hard carbon points on the wires would prevent this, as well as increase the in- 
tensity of the light Davy used pieces of charcoal. Foucault, in his experiments 
in 1844, used carbon from the retorts of gas-works, which is much harder. Foucault's 
improvement led to the first practical use of the electric light. It was used to il- 
luminate the Place de la Concorde, in Paris, being placed on the knee of one of the 
statues there, and amazing all beholders with its brilliant power. The carbon 
points, though not destroyed as rapidly as wire, yet of course must waste in the con- 
suming heat of the light. In time the distance between them is increased until the 
light is interrupted, and they must be brought together again to renew the illumina- 
tion. Thomas Wright, of London, invented the first apparatus for moving the points 
automatically toward each other, a feature which now belongs to several forms of 
electric lighting. As it has been found that the positive carbon wastes more rapidly 
than the negative, that point is made to move over a wider space than the other in 
the same interval of time. 

In 1855 Jules Duboscq's electric lamp — thus far the most perfect of the kind — was 
shown at the Paris Exhibition, and Professor Tyndall, of England, adopted it for 
the illustration of his lectures on light and colors. In 1858 the works of the new 
Westminster bridge, London, were illuminated by Watson's electric light, and the 
following year the magneto-electric light, invented by Professor Holmes, was suc- 
cessfully tried at the lighthouse at Dover. In 1861 the French Government pro- 
vided for the illuminaticn of eight coast light-houses by the electric light. But, 
though improvements were made in the invention during the fifteen years following, 
httle was accomplished toward practical electric lighting until the invention of 
] ablochkoffs candle. Paul Jablochkoff was a Russian, who for his scientific knowl- 
edge and skill had been appointed director of telegraph lines between Moscow and 
'Lursk. He resigned this post in 1875, desiring to devote his time wholly to scien- 
tific study. He intended to visit the Centennial Exhibition in this country in 1876. 
hut on his way hither stopped in Paris, where a noted chemist induced him to re« 
main by placing a large laboratory at his disposal. Here a few months later ha 
produced the electric candle, whose discovery made a great sensation. This con- 
sisted of two carbons placed side by side, separated and encased in an insulating 
and fusible substance. As the carbons wasted the fusible substance was also con- 
sumed. The light given by this candle was soft and steady, and a large number of 
them speedily came into use in Europe. It was quite overshadowed in importance, 
however, by the incandescent lamp, which was first invented about 1870. The dif- 
ferent kinds of eiectric lights now in use may be divided into five groups, thus: 1. 
Glow lamps or incandescent lamps, in which the light is produced by a bad conduc- 
tor in an uninterrupted circuit, the conductor itself being not directly consumed. 2- 
Mixed or semi-incandescent lamps, in which the light is produced at the place of 
contact between two conductors, one of them being consumed more or less rapidly. 
3. Regulated lamps, in which the light is formed by the voltaic arc, and the dis- 
tance of the carbons is continually regulated by clockwork or other means. 4. 
Electric candles, having the carbons parallel, as above described. In each of these 
groups a series of different lamps have been invented, differing somewhat in details 
of construction. Thus we have, in the incandescent lamps, the Swan lamp, the 
Maxim lamp, the Edison lamp, the Siemens lamp, and others. We may briefly de- 
scribe the Edison as a type of the class. In this bamboo fiber is used for the carbon 
filament, and this is attached to platinum wire. By means of machinery the bam- 
bo8 is divided into small fibers, and pressed in U-shaped moulds, then put into 
ovens, where they are allowed to become carbonized. They are then attached to 
the plantinum wire and fused in a glass stopper. A glass tube is now blown into a 
bulb, the stopper is placed in it, and both bulb and stopper are fused together. 
The bulb is then exhausted of its air — for the electric light requires a vacuum 
for its brilliancy — and the opening at its apex is closed by fusing. The platinum 
wires of the lamp are connected with the copper wires from a battery, and the lamp 
is ready for use. A very simple contrivance for breaking the current by turning * 

149 



STORAGE OF BLECTR1CITT. 

key serves to ignite or extinguish the lamps. Each lamp is guaranteed to burn 800 
hours; after about that period both the platinum and the carbon are exhausted by 
slow combustion, and a new lamp must be fitted on. The principal difference be- 
tween the incandescent lamps is in the preparation of the carbon filament. Those 
for the Swan lamp are made from cotton fibers soaked in sulphuric acid, then packed 
in fine coal-dust, and exposed to heat. The Maxim lamp filaments are prepared 
from Bristol paper; those of the Lane-Fox lamp from hemp and coke; those of the 
Bernstein lamp — one of the most brilliant made — are of silk carbonized in coal-dust. 
The half-incandescent lamps are quite a recent invention, the first being made in 
1878. In these the light arises at the point of contact, and the essential features of 
the plan consist of a pencil of carbon pressed against a carbon block; as its point is 
consumed the pencil is pushed forward, thus rendering the light continuous. Some 
eight or nine different lamps have been invented on this plan. The regulated arc 
lamps include an even larger number of patents, of which the best known in this 
country is the Brush light. The lights in all these are formed between the points 
of the carbon rods, and the details of clockwork for moving forward the rods as they 
are consumed are too technical for description Still another style of electric lamp 
has the carbons inclined at an angle to each other, and some very successful lamps, 
as the Soleil, have been made on this plan. It might be here noted that the great 
impetus given to the electric light by the work of Mr. Edison was not so much in 
improving the lamp as in cheapening the process of generating the electricity, and 
inventing a ready mode of dividing the light. Hitherto the expense attendant 
upon the production of the electric force, and the difficulty of using it simul- 
taneously at a large number of illuminating points, had been the two principal bar- 
iers in the way of applying the electric light to public use. 

STORAGE OF ELECTRICITY.— It must be noted, to begin with, 
that the term "storing electricity" conveys, usually, an altogether erroneous idea to 
the uninitiated. They are apt to conceive of it as pouring electricity into some re- 
ceptacle, as we pour oil into a lamp, to be used when needed. But, in fact, elec- 
tricity is an energy, not a substance, and therefore is not capable of storage, in the 
ordinary sense. What is really done by the "storage" apparatus is to convert elec- 
tricity into chemical energy, under such circumstances that, by proper arrange- 
ments, it may be readily converted back into electricity. The secondary batteries 
used for the storing purpose are more correctly termed accumulators. The first bat- 
tery of this kind was made byRitter about 1840, and it consisted of a series of disks 
of a single metal, alternated with cloth or card moistened in a liquid by which the 
metal would not be affected chemically. In 1859 Mr. Gaston Plante made a sec- 
ondary battery, for which he used plates of lead, instead of plates of platinum. 
Passing a current through these, lead oxide was deposited, and after the charging 
current was removed, the lead and lead oxide were found to yield a very slight cur- 
rent. To increase this Plante devised the plan of first charging the plates, then 
discharging, then charging again with the battery current reversed, and so on, until, by 
repeated oxidations and subsequent reductions of the oxidized material, very porous 
plates were made. These, by their porosity, exposed a large surface to the oxidizing 
action of the current, so that a small porous plate took up as much electricity as one 
of large superficial area. Plante found that by connecting a number of cells to- 
gether, and after charging them, arranging them in series, that is, the positive plate 
of one connected with the negative plats of another, and so on, he could store for 
use quite powerful currents of electricity. In 1880 another electrician, M. Camille 
Faure, devised the plan of coating Plante's lead plates with red lead, and then en- 
casmg them in flannel. The advantage of the red lead is that it is very quickly 
made porous, and therefore the process of repeated charging of the plates, known 
as the "forming" process, was reduced from weeks to days, and even to hours. This 
discovery, by reducing the time and expense of making the secondary battery, gave 
it a commercial value thai it never had before, and it was hailed as a great advan- 
tage. Since that time a number of patents have been obtained tor storage batteries, 
and they now exist in different forms, but generally modeled on the inventions of 
Plante and Faure. The efforts of inventors have been mainly directed toward re- 
ducing the weight of the cells and to devising new ways of holding the red lead on 
the plates. This last-named substance, becoming porous, drops off readily, and for 

150 



ELECTRICAL TERMS. 

this reason the encasements of flannel, etc., were first devised. In some of tne stor- 
age batteries, a plate, or frame, of cast lead is used, with receptacles, cells, etc., 
which are filled with the red lead. 

ELECTRICAL TERMS. — The technical terms used in regard to 
electricity refer to units of various nature. Thus the unit of capacity is one farad; the 
unit of activity, one watt; the unit of work one joule; the unit of quantity, one coul- 
omb; the unit of current, one ampere; the unit of resistance, one ohm; the unit of 
magnetic field, one gauss; the unit of pressure, one volt; the unit of force, one 
dyne. The names are mostly derived from the names of men that have been famous 
in the field of electrical research. Thus Michael Faraday, James Watt and James 
P. Joule, famous English discoverers, give their names to the first three units men- 
tioned; Charles A. Coulomb and Andre M. Ampere, French inventors, to the two 
units following; G. S. Ohm and Carl F. Gauss, Germans, name two more units; and 
the volt is named from the Italian discoverer, Volta. The dyne is derived from the 
root word of dynamo, itself meaning force. 

Preserving Wood. — There have been a number of processes 

patented for preserving wood. One of them, very generally used, consists in im- 
mersing the timber in a bath of corrosive sublimate. Another process consists in first 
filling the pores with a solution of chloride of calcium under pressure, and next 
forcing in a solution of sulphate of iron, by which an insoluble sulphate of lime is 
formed in the body of the wood, which is thus rendered nearly as hard as stone. 
Wood prepared in this way is now very largely used for railroad ties. Another pro- 
cess consists in impregnating the wood with a solution of chloride of zinc. Yet 
another way is to thoronghly impregnate the timber with oil of tar containing crea- 
sote and a crude solution of acetate of iron. The process consists in putting the 
wood in a cylindrical vessel, connected with a powerful air pump. The air is with- 
drawn, and the liquid subjected to pressure, so that as much of it as possible is 
forced into the pores of the wood. The processes above given not only season the 
timber so that it is not subject to dry rot, but also keep it from being injured by the 
weather, or being attacked by insects or worms. 

To Make Cloth Waterproof. — There have been various 

devices for rendering cloth waterproof without the use of India rubber. The most 
successful of these, no doubt, is the Stenhouse patent. This consists of the appli- 
cation of paraffine combined wif.n drying oil. Paraffine was first used alone, but it 
was found to harden and break off from the cloth after a time. When drying oil 
was added, however, even in a very small quantity, it was found that the two sub- 
stances, by the absorption of oxygen, became converted into a tenacious substance 
very like resin. To apply this the paraffine is melted with drying oil, and then cast 
into blocks. The composition can then be applied to fabrics by rubbing them over 
with a block of it, either cold or gently warmed. Or the melted mixture may be 
applied with a brush and the cloth then passed through hot rollers in order to 
cover its entire substance perfectly. This application makes cloth very repellant to 
water, though still pervious to air. 

The Rule of the Road. — The "rule of the road" in the 

United states is "turn to the right;" in England it is the reverse. The rule holds in 
this country in the case where two vehicles going in opposite directions meet. 
When one vehicle overtakes another the foremost gives way to the left and the 
other passes by on the "offside;" and when a vehicle is crossing the direction of 
another it keeps to the left and crosses in its rear. These two rules are the same in 
this country and in England, and why the rule concerning meeting vehicles 
should have been changed it is impossible to say. We find this point of difference 
noted by all authorities, but no reason for it is ever suggested. Probably, as it is 
easier to turn to the right than to the left, it was adopted as the more preferable 
custom in some of the early colonies, and in due time became embodied in local 
law, and thus was handed down to later times. 

Piano Polish. — Take equal proportions of turpentine, linseed 

iil and vinegar. Mix; rub in well with a piece of flannel cloth. Then polish with a 
piece of chamois skin. This treatment will entirely remove the dingy appearance 
that age gives to fine woods. 

151 



USEFUL HYDRAULIC INFORMATION. 

A gaiion of water (U. S. standard) weighs 8)^ pounds and 
contains 231 cubic inches. A cubic foot of water weighs 62)^ 
pounds, and contains 1,728 cubic inches or 7)^ gallons. 

Doubling the diameter of a pipe increases its capacity four 
times. Friction of liquids in pipes increases as the square of the 
velocity. 

The mean pressure of the atmosphere is usually estimated at 
14.7 pounds per square inch, so that with a perfect vacuum it 
will sustain a column of mercury 29.9 inches or a column of 
water 33.9 feet high. 

To find the pressure in pounds per square inch of a column of 
water, multiply the height of the column in feet by .434. 
Approximately we say that every foot elevation is equal to % 
pound pressure per square inch; this allows for ordinary fric- 
tion. 

To find the diameter of a pump cylinder to move a given 
quantity of water per minute (100 feet of piston being the stand- 
ard of speed), divide the number of gallons by 4, then extract 
the square root, and the product will be the diameter in inches of 
the pump cylinder. 

To find quantity of water elevated in one minute running at 
100 feet of piston speed per minute: Square the diameter of the 
water cylinder in inches and multiply by 4. Example: Ca- 
pacity of a 5-inch cylinder is desired. The square of the diameter 
(5 inches) is 25, which, multiplied by 4, gives 100, the number of 
gallons per minute (approximately). 

To find the horse power necessary to elevate water to a given 
height, multiply the total weight of the water in lbs. by the 
height in feet and divide the product by 33,000 (an allowance of 
25 per cent, should be added for water friction, and a further al- 
lowance of 25 per cent, for loss in steam cylinder). 

The area of the steam piston, multiplied by the steam pressure, 
gives the total amount of pressure that can be exerted. The 
area of the water piston multiplied by the pressure of water per 
square inch gives the resistance. A margin must be made be- 
tween the power and the resistance to move the pistons at the 
required speed — say from 20 to 40 per cent., according to speed 
and other conditions. 

To find the capacity of a cylinder in gallons. Multiplying 
the area in inches by the length of stroke in inches, will give 
the total number of cubic inches; divide this amount by 231 
(which is the cubical contents of a U. S. gallon in inches), 
and the product is the capacity in gallons. 

With the efficient working of pumps certain precautions are 
necessary. Following are a few hints that will be of service tt 
persons interested in the subject: 
Ore should be exercised to prevent foreign substances from entering the suction 

152 



USEFUL HYDRAULIC INFORMATION. 

pipe. I.i case ot sjch danger a strainer should be used and the total area of the 
strainer holes shou.d be from two to five times the area of the pipe. 

It is of great advantage to have the suction pipe as straight and free as possible. 
Elbows and valves obstruct the flow of water much more than usually supposed. 

Above all ether things, the suction pipe should be perfectly air-tight, as a ve.y 
small leak wiil supply the pump with so much air that little or no water will be ob- 
tained. 

it is advantageous, and, when high speed fe desired, becomes a necessity, to con- 
nect a vacuum chamber to the suction pipe near the pump. 

A foot-valve should be used on long or high suctions. Its area should be at least 
as much as the pipe. 

If in an exposed position, the pump should be thoroughly drained after stopping, 
to prevent injury by frost, by means of the drain-cocks provided for the purpose. 

When a pump is to remain idle for some time the steam cylinder should be well 
oiled before stopping. 

The stuffing-boxes should be carefully packed so as not to necessitate them being 
screwed down too tight. 

The most economical, speed to run a pump is icofeet per minute. 

The friction of liquids in pipes increases as the square of the velocity. 

To find the capacity of a Double-Acting Pump in U. S. gal- 
lons per minute, multiply together: the area of the water cylin- 
der in inches; the length of the stroke in inches; the number of 
single strokes per minute. Divide the product by 231. For a 
Single- Acting Pump take half the number of single strokes. 

For domestic use water should be kept in wooden or iron 
tanks. Zinc can be used to advantage. The use of lead-lined 
tanks is exceedingly dangerous, especially for keeping rain 
water. 



CAPACITY OF CYLINDRICAL CISTERNS OR TANKS 

For Each Foot of Depth (U. 8. Gallons). 



Diameter in 
Feet. 


Gallons. 


Pounds. 


Diameter in 
Feet. 


Gallons. 


Pounds. 


2.0 


23.5 


196 


9.0 


475.9 


3,968 


2.5 


36.7 


306 


9.5 


530.2 


4,421 


3.0 


52.9 


441 


10.0 


587.5 


4,899 


3.5 


72.0 


600 


11.0 


710.9 


5,928 


4.0 


94.0 


784 


12.0 


846.0 


7,054 


4.5 


119.0 


992 


13.0 


992.9 


8,280 


5.0 


146.9 


1,225 


14.0 


1,151.5 


9,602 


5.5 


177.7 


1,482 


15.0 


1,321.9 


11,023 


6.0 


211.5 


1,764 


20.0 


2,350.1 


19,596 


6.5 


248.2 


2,070 


25.0 


3,672.0 


30,620 


7.0 


287.9 


2,401 


30.0 


5,287.7 


44,093 


7.5 


330.5 


2,756 


35.0 


7,197.1 


60,016 


8.0 


376.0 


3,135 


40.0 


9,400.3 


78,388 


8.5 


424.5 


3,540 









The great philosopher, Plato, defined man as a featherle6S 
biped. Thereupon the shrewd old cynic, Diogenese, plucked the feathers from a 
goose, and r having labeled it "Plato's man," threw it over into the philosopher's 
class-room. 

153 



SIZE, CAPACITY, ETC., OF BOILERS. 

LOCOMOTIVES. 



Length. 


Diam. 


Fire Box 


Dome. 


Flues, 


Length . 


Area 
Chimney. 


.a 

Capac- 
ity. 


Ft. in. 


inches. 


inches. 


inches. 


in. 


ft. in. 


sq. inches. 


sq. in. 


7 3 


30 


30x30 


16x16 


46 2 


4 6 


1S8 


850 


7 3 


42 


30x36 


16x20 


48 2K 


4 6 


240 


1100 


8 3 


42 


36x30 


16x20 


48 2}< 


5 


240 


1250 


10 3 


42 


36x36 


20x24 


48 2% 


7 


240 


1725 


12 3 


42 


36x42 


24x24 


40 3 


8 6 


280 


2000 


14 3 


42 


36x42 


24x24 


40 3 


10 6 


280 


25C0 


10 3 


48 


42x36 


24x24 


50 3 


7 


350 


2000 


14 3 


48 


42x42 


24x30 


50 3 


10 6 


350 


3000 


16 


48 


42x48 


£0x30 


50 3 


11 9 


350 


3600 



Shell 3^-in. C. H. No. 1 iron ; heads and fire-box, xV m - C. II. 
No. 1 flange ; wrought iron rings around fire door and in legs. 

HORIZONTAL TUBULARS. 



Length . 


Diam. 


Dome. 


No. Flues. 


Area 
Chimney. 


Heating S. 


Capacity. 


Feet. 


inches. 


inches. 


in. 


sq. inches. 


sq. inches. 


sq. inches. 


10 


36 


20x20 


30 3 


260 


280 


1400 


12 


36 


20x24 


30 3 


260 


330 


1650 


10 


42 


20x24 


40 3 


350 


380 


1900 


12 


42 


24x24 


40 3 


350 


440 


2200 


14 


42 


24x24 


40 3 


350 


480 


2400 


16 


42 


24x30 


40 3 


350 


560 


2800 


14 


48 


24x30 


50 3 


440 


630 


3150 


16 


48 


24x30 


50 3 


440 


725 


3625 


16 


54 


30x36 


50 3\> 


025 


850 


4250 


16 


60 


30x36 


50 4 


800 


975 


4875 


18 


60 


30x36 


50 4 


800 


1250 


6250 



Small boilers: Shell jVin. C. H. No. 1 iron; heads, -rVin. C 
H. No. 1 flange iron. 

Large boilers (54-in. and upwards): Shell j^$-in. C. H. No. 
1 iron; heads, %~ m ' C. H. No. 1 flange iron. 
BRICK CHIMNEYS. 

Thickness of brick-work, one brick from top to twenty-five 
feet from top; a brick and a half from 25 to 50 ft. from top, in- 
creasing by half a brick for each additional 25 feet to bottom. 
The diameter at base should be not less than one-tenth thi 
height. If the inside diameter at top exceed 4^ feet, the top 
length should be a brick and a half thick. 

154 



Handy Metric Tables. 

The following tables give the equivalents of both the metric! 

tnd common systems, and will be found convenient for reference: 

Approximate Accurate 

Equivalent. _ Equivalent. 

1 inch [length]. . . . 2% cubic centimeters 2.539 

1 centimeter. 0.4 inch (K393 

1 yard 1 meter 0.914 

1 meter (39.37 inches) 1 yard 1.093 

1 foot 30 centimeters 30.479 

1 kilometer (1,000 meters) % mile 0.621 

1 mile - . 1^2 kilometers 1.600 

1 gramme [weight] 15% grains 15.432 

1 grain 0.064 gramme 0.064 

1 kilogramme (1,000 grammes) 2.2 pounds avoirdupois 2.204 

1 pound avoirdupois V£ kilogramme 0.453 

1 ounce avoirdupois (437% grains) t . .28V£ grammes 28.349 

1 ounce troy, or apothecary (480 grains) . . 31 grammes 31 .103 

1 cubic centimeter [bulk] 1.06 cubic inch 0.060 

1 cubic inch 163^ cubic centimeters 16.386 

1 liter (1,000 cubic centimeters) 1 United States standard quart... 0.946 

1 United States quart 1 liter 1.057 

1 fluid ounce 29% cubic centimeters 29.570 

1 hectare (10,000 square meters) [surface]. 2% acres 2.471 

1 acre 0.4 hectare 0.40 

It may not be generally known that we have in the nickel five-cent piece of our 
coinage a key to the tables of linear measures and weights. The diameter of this 
coin is two centimeters, and its weight is five grammes. Five of them placed in a 
row will, of course, give the length of the decimeter; and two of them will weigh a 
decagram. As the kiloliter is a cubic meter, the key to the measure of length 
is also the key to the measures of capacity. Any person, therefore, who is fortunate 
enough to own a five-cent nickle, may carry in his pocket the entire metric system 
of weights and measures. 

Handy Weights and Measures. 

One quart of wheat flour is one pound. One quart of corn 
meal weighs eighteen ounces. One quart of butter, soft, weighs fourteen to sixteen 
ounces. One quart of brown sugar weighs from a pound to a pound and a quarter, 
according to dampness. One quart of white sugar weighs 2 pounds. Ten medium- 
sized eggs weigh one pound. A tablespoonful of salt is one ounce. Eight table- 
spoonfuls make a gill. Two gills, or sixteen tablespoonfuls, are half a pint. Sixty 
drops are one teaspoonful. Four tablespoonfuls are one wineglassful. Twelve 
tablespoonfuls are one teacupful. Sixteen tablespoonfuls, or half a pint, are one 
tumblerful. 

The Meaning of Measures — A square mile is equal to 640 

acres. A square acre is 208.71 feet on one side. An acre is 43,560 square feet. A 
league, 3 miles. A span, 10% inches. A hand, 4 inches. A palm, 3 inches. A 
great cubit, n inches. A fathom, 6 feet. A mile, 5,280 feet. 

Domestic and Drop Measures Approximated — A tea- 
spoonful, one fluid dram 4 grams; a dessertspoonful, two fluid drams 3 grams; 
a tablespoonful, half fluid ounce 16 grams; a wineglassful, two fluid ounces 64 
grams; a tumblerful, half pint 256 grams. 



The original Mrs. Partington was a respectable old lady wno 
lived at Sidmouth, in Devonshire, England. Her cottage was on the beach, an^ 
during a terrific storm (November, 1824) the sea rose to such a height as ever; Str- 
and then to invade the old lady's residence. The old lady persistently mopped oul 
the water with such help as she could command, until finally she was compelled to 
retreat to an upper story. 

155 



Quantity of Seeds Required for Planting. 



Asparagus.. 

Beet 

Carrot 

Cabbage... 
Cauliflower. 

Celery 

Egg plant.. 

Endive 

Lettuce 

Okra 

Onion 

Parsnip 

Radish 

Salsify 

Spinach .... 
Tomato... . 
Turnip , 



Seeds, per ounce. 


Length of 
Drill, per oz. 


Vitality. 
Years. 


1,000 to 1,200 


50 feet 


4 


to 6 


1,200 to 1,500 


100 " 


6 


" 8 


20,000 to 24,000 


200 " 


1 


" 3 


8,000 to 12,000 


Transplant 


4 


" 6 


50,000 to 60,000 


Transplant 


3 


" 5 


5,000 to 6,000 


Transplant 


5 


" 6 


20,000 to 24,000 


Transplant 


8 


" 10 


25,000 to 30.000 


400 feet 


5 


" 6 


500 to 600 


50 " 


ft 


" 6 


7,000 to 8,000 


200 " 


1 


" 2 


5,000 to 6,000 


200 " 


1 


*« 2 


. 3,000 to 4,000 


100 " 


4 


M 5 


2,500 to 3,000 


100 ** 


4 


" 5 


2,000 to 3,000 


100 " 


4 


" 5 


About 20,000 


Transplant 


4 


" 5 


8,000 to 12,000 


200 feet 


6 


" 7 






Number of Pounds to the Bushel, Legal Weight, 
in the Different States. 



States. 


a 

V 

■G 

$ 

60 

65 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
HO 

(V) 


6 i 

P< C 

56 3 
54 3 
56 3 
563 
56 3 
56 . 
56 3 
563 
56 3 
50 3 
56 3 
5(5 3 
563 
,v, : 
M : 
r>( i: 

56:- 
56 £ 

56 ; 

56 : 
5( i : 
56 : 

56' 


8 

i* 

a a 

n pq 

2 48 5i 

2 50 4< 
2 48 4} 
2 47 5 
2 48 5 
. 48 51 
2 48 5 
2 48 5 
2 47 5 
48 4 
2 48 4 
2 484 
2 48 4 
2 48 5 
2 
48o 

2 48 4 
48 6 

3 48 5 
2 47 4 

52 48 • 

53 48f 
52 48 . c 
52 4*4 
52 48 £ 
52 48J 


c 

■go 

1 

I .... 
) 52 
I 56 

1 56 

2 56 
) 56 
2 56 
J 56 

5 55 
B 56 
8 56 
8 56 
2 56 
2 56 

• 56 
56 
8 56 
54 
56 
8 56 

• 56 

6 56 
>0 56 
6 52 
2 56 
56 


JO 

o 

§^ 

E.S 

o ** 

O 

"70" 


"(5 

a 

U 

50 


U 

O 

I 

60 



50 


a 

'a 
O 

57 


n 
a 

V 

PQ 
60 


CO 

a 

V 

Cm 
46 


E 

Q 

24 


§1 

S 

3 




80 


California 

Connecticut 




70 

70 
68 
70 
70 
70 

*70* 


50 
48 
48 
50 

'56' 
50 
50 
50 
50 


60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 

60 
60 
60 


'55' 
55 

'46* 
50 

55 

56* 
56 


50 
57 
57 
48 
57 
57 
57 
52 
52 
54 


60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
64 


60 
60 

'60* 
60 


"24" 
24 
25 
24 
24 
24 


80 




80 








30 




80 


Kentucky 


76" 


Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 




60 

60' 
60 
60 
62 


60 

60' 
60 
60 
50 
60 


22 ! 

■a 

24 
25 

'22" 


..-., 




'so 


54' 


o7 
'57' 


. . .. 


New ^mpshire.. 

New Jersey 

New York 

North Carolina... 








. . . • 


'76' 

*70" 
72 


46 

'50' 
50 
50 








60 
56 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 


50 

'56' 
50 

56 


50 

'56 
57 
56 
56 
57 
50 


60 




Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina 




60 
60 
60 
60 
60 


60 
60 
60 
CO 


26 
26 

'28' 
28 


.... 




60 






fif 156 . 


70 
70 


50 


80 


Wisconsin 


60 


|56 





Ants never sleep. Emerson mentions this as "a recently ob- 
served fact." 

150 



NAILS AND SPIKES. 

SIZE, LENGTH AND NUMBER TO POUND. 



ORDINARY. 

Length. 
Size. Inches. No. to Lb. 

2 d 1 .... 716 

3fine..l T V 588 

3 1A 448 

4 IK ....336 

5 1% 216 

6 2 .....166 

7 . ...2# 118 

8 2% 94 

10 2% 72 

12 3)6 50 

20 3% 32 

30 4)£ 20 

40 4% 17 

50 5 14 

|60 5)6 10 

LIGHT. 

4 a \% 373 

5 \% 272 

6 .... 2 196 

BRADS. 

6 d 2 163 

8 2% 96 

10 2% 74 

12 3)6 50 



CLINCH. 

Length 

Inches. No. to Lb. 

2 152 

2H 133 

2% 92 

2M 72 

3 60 

3M 43 

FENCE. 

2 96 

2}i 66 

2)6 56 

2% 50 

3 40 

SPIKES. 

3)6 19 

4 15 

4K 13 

5 10 - 

5)6 9 

6 7 

BOAT. 

1)6 206 



FINISHING. 

Length 
Size. Inches. No. to Lt 

4 d ... 

5 ... 

6 ... 
8 ... 

10 ... 
12 ... 
20 ... 

6 d ... 

8 ... 
10 ... 
12 ... 
20 ... 
30 ... 
40 ... 



.1% 384 

Wz 256 

2 204 

,2)6 102 

3 80 

3% 65 

3% 46 



2 . 

2)6- 
2K- 

3)6. 
•W- 
AH- 



143 
68 
60 
42 
25 
18 



A% .... 14 



W H 2)6..... 69 
W H L2)£ 72 



.1A 288 

• ItV 244 

.lk 187 

.2 146 



In the above table d stands for penny. This term penny, as 
applied to nails, is generally supposed to have been derived from 
pound. It originally meant so many pounds to the thousand; 
that is, six-penny means six pounds of nails to the thousand. 

Tacks. 





J3 


Number 




•fi 


Number 




| 


Number 


Size. 


60 


to 


Size. 


bo 


to 


Size. 


to 




u 


Pound. 




I 


Pound. 






Pound. 


1 oz. 


% 


16000 


4 OZ. 


tV 


4000 


14 oz. 


Tt 

% 


1143 


IK 


% 


10066 


6 


S 


2666 


16 


1000 


2 


8000 


8 


% 


2000 


18 


t* 


888 


2)6 


a 


6400 


10 


i 


1600 


20 


1 


800 


3 


5333 


12 


1333 


22 


ItV 


727 



157 



RAILROAD SPIKES. 



r 


Average No. 


Ties two feet between centers, 




Under Head. 


per keg 

of 200 lbs. 


Four spikes per tie. 
Makes per Mile. 


Wt. per Yard. 


W*A 


360 


5870 lbs.— 29)^ kegs. 


45 to 70 


5 Xj\ 


400 


5170 " —26 


40 to 56 


5 *% 


450 


4660 " —23^ " 


35 to 40 


V4* 1 /* 


530 


3960 " —20 " 


28 to 35 


. 4 x% 


600 


3520 " —17% " 


24 to 35 


4^xX 
4 x T V 


680 
720 


3110 " — 15)^ " 
2940 " —14% " 


I 20 to 30 


3>^x T V 
4 *% 


900 
1000 


2350 " —11% " 
2090 " —10)| " 


I 16 to 25 


3 x% 


1190 
1240 


1780 " — 9 
1710 « — %% « 


I 16 to 20 


2^x^ 


1342 


1575 " — 1% " 


12 to 16 



RAILS REQUIRED PER MILE 

OF FOLLOWING WEIGHT PER YARD. 



Weight 


Tons of 2,240 lbs. 


Weight 
per yard 




Tons of 2.240 lbs. 
per Mile. 


per yard. 


per Mile. 


35 lbs 




55 tons, lbs. 


16 lbs. 
20 " 
25 " 
28 " 
30 " 


25 tons, 320 lbs. 
31 " 960 " 
39 " 640 " 
44 " " 
47 " 320 " 


40 " 
45 " 
56 " 
60 " 
65 " 
70 « 




63 " 1920 " 
70 " 1600 " 
88 " " 
94 " 640 " 
102 " 320 " 
110 " " 


CROSS TIES. PER MILE. 


SPLICE JOINTS, PER MILE. 






Two Bars and Four Bolts and Nuts to 


Center to Center. 


No. Ties. 






each Joint. 


W 2 Feet.. 


3520 


Rails, 


20 feet long, 528 joints. 


i% 


3017 


« 


24 


" i. 44Q « 


2 " .. 


2640 


<« 


26 

28 


" " 406 " 


*M " •• 


2348 


" .t 378 « 


2M " .. 


2113 


" 


80 


" " 352 " 



Nails Required for Different Kinds of Work. 

For 1,000 shingles, 3V2 to 5 lbs. 4^. nails, or 3 to 3)^ lbs. yi. 

1,000 laths, about 7 lbs. 3d. fine. "" 

1,000 feet clapboards, about 18 lbs. 6d. box. 

1,000 feet covering boards, about 20 lbs. Sd. common, or 25 lbs. iod. 

1,000 feet upper floors, square edged, about 38 lbs. iod. floor, or 41 lbs. 

i2</. floor. 
1,000 teet upper floors, matched and blind-nailed, 38 lbs. iod., or 42 lb) 

\zd. common. 
10 feet partitions, studs or studding, 1 lb. iod. common. 
1,000 feet furring, 1x3, about 45 lbs. iod. common, 
r... 1,000 feet furring, 1x2, about 65 lbs. iod. common. 

_lz! i.boaiai pins finish, about 30 lbs. zd. finish. 



USEFUL TABLES FOR PLUMBERS, ETC. 

SIZES AND WEIGHTS OF LEAD PIPE. 



CALIBRE. 



^ 3 2 inch Tubing 

% inch Tubing 

l § inch Tubing 

£^ inch Tubing 

Fish Seine 

% inch Aqueduct 

Ex. Light 

Light 

Medium , 

Strong 

Ex. Strong. 

J^ inch Aqueduct 

Ex. Light 

Light 

Medium 

Strong 

AA 

Ex. Strong 

Ex. Ex. Strong. 
% Inch Aqueduct 

Ex. Light 

Light 

Medium 

Strong 

Ex. Strong 

Ex. Ex. Strong. 
% inch Aqueduct 

Ex. Light 

Light.... .. 

Medium 

Strong 

Ex. Strong 

Ex. Ex. Strong. 
% inch Aqueduct 

Ex. Light 

Light 

Medium 

Strong 

1 inch Aqueduct 

Ex. Light 

Light 

Medium 

Strong 

Ex. Strong 

Ex. Ex. Strong. 
1J4 inch Aqueduct 

Ex. Light 

Light 

Medium 



Weight 
per foot. 



4 
6 

15 
8 
9 

12 



12 



CALIBRE. 



Vy± inch Strong 

Ex. Strong 

Ex. Ex. Strong. 
1% inch Aqueduct 

Ex. Light 

Light 

Medium 

Strong 

Ex. Strong 

Ex. Ex. Strong. 
1% inch Ex. Light 

Light 

Medium 

Strong 

Ex. Strong 

2 inch Waste 

Ex. Light 

Light 

Medium.. 

Strong 

Ex. Strong 

Ex. Ex. Strong. 

2% inch Waste 

Light 

fa thi:k 

\i thick 

T6 thick 

% thick 

3 inch Waste 

Waste 

Light 

fa thick. 

\i thick 

T 5 6 thick 

% thick 

3% inch Waste 

% thick 

Te thick 

i inch Waste 

Waste 

Waste 

Waste 

% thick 

fa thick 

% thick., 

4H inch Waste 

5 inch Waste 

(3 inch Waste 



Weight 
per foot. 



Seest thou a man diligent in his business ? He shall stand 
before kings; he shall not stand before mean men.— Old Testament. 

159 



SIZES AND WESQHTS OF PURE BLOCK TIN PIPE. 



3-16 in 


4 oz. 


% in 

1 " 

\y. " 


7 oz. and 12 oz. 


&•=:::::: 


4 oz. and 6 oz. 

5 " " 8 " 

4 " " 6 " 


12 " " 16 " 

l%Vb. and I3£ft>. 


% " 


t:-E 


VA " " 2 " 


% 


6 " " 8 u 


2 " " 3 *' 


% ' 


9 " " 12 " 





WEIGHT PER SQUARE FOOT OF 8HEET LEAD. 




1-32 in. thick 


2 fos. 


1-10 in. thick 

5-sl "• '■' :::::::::::::: 

3-16 " " 

7-32 " " 

X " " 


....7 tt>s. 


3-64 " " 

1-25 " " 


2%" 

3 " 


....8 M 
...10 " 


1-16 " " 

1-14 " " 


4 " 

. .5 " 


...12 »' 

...14 " 


1-12 " " 


6 " 


...16 " 



WEIGHT PER J OINT OF LEAD AND GASKET FOR STREET MAINS, 



Lead. 


Gasket 




Lead. 


Gasket. 


2-inch Pipe, 3.25 lbs. 


, 0.050 lbs. 


10-inch Pipe, 


15 lbs. 


0.30 lbs. 


3-inch " 4.72 " 


0.075 " 


12-inch " 


20 " 


0.35 " 


4-inch " 6. " 


0.115 " 


16-inch " 


25 " 


0.45 " 


6-inch " 9. " 


0.175 " 


18-inch « 


29 " 


0.52 u 


8-inch " 12. " 


0.250 " 


20-inch " 


43 " 


0.60 " 







CAPACITY OF DRAIN-PIPE 










Gallons Per Minute. 


SlZB OK 

Pipe. 


•5 «* 

.s § 


.2 rH 
CO u 

ft 


u 

P. 


— . 4) 

fa o 

.a s 

Qt 


"3 *> 
.3 § 


£ .8 


s I 


i i 

. o 

c » 

** 


3-inch. 


21 


30 


42 


52 


60 


74 


85 


104 


4 " 


36 


52 


76 


92 


108 


132 


148 


184 


6 " 


84 


120 


169 


206 


240 


294 


338 


414 


9 " 


232 


330 


470 


570 


660 


810 


930 


1140 


12 »' 


470 


680 


960 


1160 


1360 


1670 


1920 


2350 


15 " 


830 


1180 


1680 


2040 


2370 


2920 


3340 


4100 


18 " 


1300 


1850 


2630 


3200 


3740 


4600 


5270 


6470 


20 M 


1760 


2450 


3450 


4180 


4860 


5980 


6850 


8410 



The maximum rainfall Is about one inch per hour (except during very heavy 
storms)— equal to 22,633 gallons an hour for each acre, or 377 gallons a minute per 



Avoid shame, but do not seek glory — nothing so expensive as 
glory. — Sidney Smith. 

That this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of free- 
dom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the 
people, shall not perish from the earth. — Abraham Lin- 
coln. 

160 



Rules for Obtaining Approximate Weight of Cast Iron. 

Square of diameter multiplied by 2.46 equals weight of cast 
iron round bar 1 foot long. 

To ascertain weight of cast iron columns or pipe subtract 
weight of inside diameter of shell from weight of outside diame- 
ter. 

Square of the diameter divided by 5 equals approximately the 
weight of a circular cast iron plate 1 inch thick. 

Rules for Obtaining Approximate Weight of Wrought Iron. 
For Round Bars — Rule: Multiply the square of the diame- 
ter in inches by the length in feet, and that product by 2.6. The 
product will be the weight in pounds, nearly. 

For Sqjjare and Flat Wrought Bars — Rule : Multiply 
the area of the end of the bar in inches by the length in feet, 
and that by 3.32. The product will be the weight in pounds, 
nearly. 

To find the sectional area of a bar of wrought iron, given the 
weight per foot, multiply by 3 and divide by 10. 

To find the weight per foot, given the area, divide by 3 and 
multiply by 10. 

To Convert Weight of 
Wrought Iron into Cast Iron . . . .X 0.928 

Steel .... X 1-014 

Zinc . . . . .X 0.918 

Brass . . . ■ . X 1-082 

Copper . . . .X 1-144 

Lead . . . . X 1-468 

Square Iron into Round ... . X -7854 

Decimal Approximations Useful in Calculations, 



Cubic inches, X -267 = lbs 



X 



Cyli 



,281 = 
X .283 = 
X -3225 ■= 
X -3037 = 
X -26 = 
X .4103 = 
X -2636 = 
X -4908 = 
X -2065 = 
X -2168 = 
X -2223 = 
X -2533 = 
X -2385 = 
X -2042 = 
X -3223 = 
X -207 = 
X -3854 = 



average cast iron. 

wrought iron. 

cast steel. 

copper, 

brass. 

zinc. 

lead. 

tin. 

mercury. 

cast iron. 

wrought iron. 

cast steel. 

copper. 

brass. 

zinc. 

lead. 

tin. 

mercury. 
161 



Weight of a Lineal Foot of Flat Bar Iron, in Lbs. 

BIRMINGHAM GAUGE. 







THICKNESS IN FRACTIONS OF INCHES. 




Breadth in 




















Inches. 


u 


5-16 


% 


7-16 


l A 


% 


% 


H 


1 


1 


.83 


1.04 


1.25 


1.46 


1.67 


2.08 


2.50 


2.92 


3.34 


VA 


.93 


1.17 


1.40 


1.64 


1.87 


2.34 


2.81 


3.28 


3.75 


1.04 


1.30 


1.56 


1.82 


2.08 


2.60 


3.13 


3.65 


4.17 


m ■ 


1.14 


1.43 


1.72 


2.00 


2.29 


2.87 


3.44 


4.01 


4.59 


1.25 


1.56 


1.87 


2.19 


2.50 


3.13 


3.75 


4.38 


5.00 


1.35 


1.69 


2.03 


2.37 


2.71 


3.39 


4.07 


4.70 


5.43 


1.46 


1.82 


2.19 


2.55 


2.92 


3.65 


4.38 


5.11 


5.84 


1% 


1.56 


1.95 


2.34 


2.74 


8.13 


3.91 


4.69 


5.47 


6.26 


2 


1.67 


2.08 


2.50 


2.92 


3.34 


4.17 


5.01 


5.86 


6.68 


2V S 
2% 


1.77 


2.21 


2.66 


3.10 


3.55 


4.43 


5.32 


6.21 


7.10 


1.87 


2.34 


2.81 


3.28 


3.76 


4.69 


5.63 


6.57 


7.52 


2% 


1.98 


2.47 


2.97 


3.47 


3.96 


4.95 


5.95 


6.94 


7.93 


2*A 
2% 


2.08 


2.60 


3.13 


3.65 


4.17 


5.21 


6.26 


7.30 


8.35 


2.19 


2.74 


3.28 


3.83 


4.38 


5.47 


6.57 


7.67 


8.77 


2% 


2.29 


2.87 


3 44 


4.01 


4.59 


5.74 


6.88 


8.03 


9.18 


2% 


2.40 


3.00 


3.60 


4.20 


4.80 


6.00 


7.20 


8.40 


9.60 


3 


2.50 


3.13 


3.75 


4 38 


5.01 


6.26 


7.51 


8.76 


10.02 


3^ 

3? 2 


2.71 


3.39 


4.07 


4.74 


5.43 


6.78 


8.14 


9.49 


10.86 


2.92 


3 65 


4.38 


5.11 


5.84 


7.30 


8.76 


10.23 


11.69 


s% 


3.13 


3.91 


4.68 


5.47 


6.26 


7.82 


9.39 


10.95 


12.52 


4 


3.34 


4.17 


5.00 


5.84 


6.68 


8.35 


10.02 


11.69 


13.36 


4ii 

4% 


3.54 


4.43 


5.32 


6.21 


7.09 


8.87 


10.64 


12.42 


14.19 


3.75 


4.69 


5.63 


6.57 


7.51 


9.39 


11.27 


13.15 


15.03 


4.06 


4.95 


5.94 


6.94 


7.93 


9.91 


11.89 


13.83 


15.86 


5 


4.17 


5.21 


6.26 


7.30 


8.35 


10.44 


12.52 


14.61 


16.70 


&A 


4.38 


5.47 


6.57 


7.67 


8.76 


11.06 


13.14 


15.34 


17.53 


6^ 


4.59 


5.73 


6.88 


8.03 


9.18 


11.48 


13.77 


16.07 


18.37 


Bi 


4.80 


6.00 


7.20 


8.40 


9.60 


12.00 


14.40 


16. kO 


19.20 


6 


5.01 


6.25 


7.51 


8.76 


10.02 


12.53 


15.03 


17.53 


20.05 



Wrought Iron, Assumed Weight. 
A cubic foot ..... 

A square foot, I inch thick 
A bar i inch square, i foot long . 
A " I " " I yard long 



= 480 lbs. 
= 40 " 

- 3K " 
= 10 " 





GAUGES AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS. 


No 


27, equal 


to ^j inch. 


No. 12, 


equal 


to g r T inch. 


(i 


21, « 


(4 1 (4 


" 10, 


" 


" X " 


« 


18, » 


44 3 44 
ft 


" 8, 


u 


" H " 


u 


16, « 


44 I 4t 

IS 


" 6, 


« 


" A " 


ii 


14, " 


" & " 


" 5, 


M 


" A " 


ii 


13, » 


" A " 


« 4, 


II 


" % " 



Truth is as impossible to be soiled by any outward touch aa 
the 6unbeam. — Lord Bacon. 

1(J2 



AMERICAN AND BIRMINGHAM WIRE GAUGES. 

THICKNESS IN INCHES. 
Has well. 





Thickness 


Thickness 




Thickness 


Thickness 


Gauge. 


American . 


Birmingham 


Gauge. 


American 


Birmingham 




Gauge. 


Gauge. 




Gauge. 


Gauge. 


0000 


.46 


.454 


17 


.0452 


.058 


000 


.4096 


.425 


18 


.0403 


.049 


00 


.3648 


.38 


19 


.0359 


.042 





.3248 


.34 


20 


.0319 


.035 


1 


.2893 


.30 


21 


.0284 


.032 


2 


.2576 


.284 


22 


.0253 


.028 


3 


.2294 


.259 


23 


.0225 


.025 


4 


.2043 


.238 


24 


.0201 


.022 


5 


.1819 


.22 


25 


.0179 


.02 


6 


.1620 


.203 


26 


.0160 


.018 


7 


.1443 


.18 


27 


.0142 


.016 


8 


.1285 


.165 


28 


.0126 


.014 


9 


.1144 


.148 


29 


.0112 


.013 


10 


.1019 


.134 


30 


.01 


.012 


11 


.0907 


.12 


31 


.0089 


.01 


12 


.0808 


.109 


32 


.0079 


.009 


13 


.0719 


.095 


33 


.007 


.008 


14 


.0641 


.083 


34 


.0063 


.007 


15 


.057 


,072 


35 


.0056 


.005 


16 


.0508 


.065 


36 


005 


.004 



The Area of a Circle. 

Of all plane figures, the circle is the most capacious, or has the 
greatest area within the same limits. It is geometrically demon- 
strable that it has the same area as a right-angled triangle with 
a base equal to its circumference, and a perpendicular equal to 
its radius, that is, half the product of the radius and circumfer- 
ence. It is obviously larger than any figure, of however many 
sides, inscribed within its perimeter, and smaller than any cir- 
cumscribed polygon. As a result of laborious calculations on 
this basis (pushed in one instance to 6oo places of decimals with- 
out reaching the end), it has been ascertained that the ratio of 
the diameter to the circumference of any circle (sufficient) ex- 
act for all practical purposes), is as i : 3.1416 (3. 141 592653-]-) or 
in whole numbers, approximately, as 7 : 22, or more nearly as 
113:355. Hence, to find the circumference or diameter, the 
other quantity being known, multiply or divide by 3.1416; and to 
find the area> multiply half the diameter by half the circumfer- 
ence, or the square of the diameter by .7854 (3.1416-7-4). 

To find the surface of A globe, multiply the square of 
the diameter by 3.1416. 

To find the solidity of a globe, multiply the cube of the 
diameter by .5236. 163 



Table of Transmission of Power by Wire Ropes. 



<* 

I* 


o a 


it 

■a P4 
2 "g 


o 

i « 


! 

V (1, 

B 
o 


«.2 

p V 


•s t 

U o 
V \S 

M 3 
fi O 

3 > 


it 

■S (A 

2 <- 


u 

0) Q< 

g<3 


li 

u 

gl 
o 


Q£ 


*« 


H ° 


5 


w 


Q£ 




H ° 


s 


a . 


4 


80 


23 


! 


3.3 


10 


80 


(19 
(18 


f H 


( 55.0 

( 58.4 


4 
4 
4 


100 
120 
140 


23 
23 
23 


1 
1 

! 


4.1 
5.0 

5.8 


10 
10 


100 
120 


(19 

(18 
(19 

(18 


f H 


( 68.7 
1 73.0 

( 82.5 
( 87.6 


5 


80 


22 


A 


6.9 


10 


140 


(19 

(18 


5 1 1 
I" TS 


( 96.2 
(102.2 


5 
5 
5 


100 
120 
140 


22 
22 
22 


A 

7 

A 


8.6 
10 3 
12.1 


11 
11 


80 
100 


(19 

118 

(19 

(18 


5 11 


( 64 9 
( 75.5 
( 81.1 
( 94.4 


6 


80 


21 


* 


10.7 


11 


120 


(19 

(18 


f i£ 


( 97.3 
(113 3 


6 
6 
6 


100 
120 
140 


21 
21 
21 


* 

I 


13 4 
16.1 

18.7 


11 

12 


140 
80 


(19 

(18 
(18 
(17 


5 11 


J113.6 
(132.1 
( 93 4 
( 99.3 


7 


80 


20 


A 


16.9 


12 


100 


(18 
(17 


H 1 


(116 7 
(124.1 


7 
7 
7 


100 
120 
140 


20 
20 
20 


9 

A 

9 
TIT 


21.1 
25 3 
29.6 


12 
12 


120 
140 


(18 
(17 
(18 
(17 


11 ! 
tt I 


(140.1 
(148 9 
(163.5 
(173.7 


8 


80 


19 


5 


22.0 


13 


80 


(18 
]17 


1 1 3 

TV ¥ 


(112.0 
]122.6 


8 
8 
8 


100 
120 
140 


19 
19 
19 


I 
f 
f 


27.5 
33.0 
38.5 


13 
13 


100 
120 


(18 
(17 
(18 
(17 


1 1 3 


(140.0 
(153 2 
(168.0 
(183 9 


9 
I 


80 
100 


(20 
(19 

U 


9 6 

TS 8" 

A 1 


(40.0 
|41.5 

(50.0 
(51 9 


14 
14 
14 


80 
100 
120 


(17 
(16 
U7 
118 

(17 
(16 


f 1 
f I 
f 1 


(148 
(141 
(185.0 
(176.0 
(222 
(211.0 


1 
9 


120 


(20 


Al 


(60*0 
(62.2 


15 


80 


(17 
(16 


1 * 


(217.0 
(217.0 


9 


140 


(20 
(19 


9 5 


J70 


15 


100 


(17 

lie 


I 1 


(259.0 
(259.0 








(72 6 


15 


120 


(17 
16 


1 1 


300 
"1 300.0 



164 



5 5 5 ISlt j 

«|o: : : : : : E S o E Si o E S,oS : « = a§S" 
uuo. m— .dun ^n. x — iU. w icha 






jcino , c^on , »'-i • ' I ■ i -lo-or- '• J • !■ f o o r* a 
unacx'cF'CPo^o^ov J } * • I ■ if) m*> ,: j I \ J cF t ■** *» 

i t 






f ! 



GO 






hi 



1 1 



ssSsSSlSiSsilliifiSsSSSIsSsS? 



iSSSS: 






;gss; 



§33:2 



>5Ij? -cm — — : 



:{^?2SgSSS3S3 






2§SJ285£SS5j:S fi 5ggg§S^SB§g|l 



• S3 .2 M . « 

6= -E- 1- - H%~ ■ *- s 



5E 






^ ^ ^ ^ 

> O O ••© *© *0 *© s0/-0 O^O\0\D 






;g8§SSSSSC:t2 



rt in ic r- j- f*5 



KBSRRSSSJSSSS?: 



"" n 2 2 £ « & S 5 * I 



;SSS8« 



sr» s^* ^* s^ n» 



165 





5. 




rO fC r«3 r-t IO * OiO -O iO IQ tO ■ ■ 


ui 

« 

-c 
a 

Hi 

55 




>> 

c 

55 


aooo3oOBOoJCooooootrCT'O v v * • 


B 

a 

s 


M«tN0..1)»>OI-B3-<N 


c 

1 

55 




1 

a 

55 


ssssssspi pusses 


a 





d 
a 

01 

55 




5? 

! 




a 
O 


1R » JR 


I 

55 


SIX ^t 

00 O* *-■ *- • • • • .'NOCM»«J> 


a 
a 
5) 


SSSSSSSSSSESSS 


a 
a 

■ , 




s 

& 

55 




>> 
a 
11 


-••sssgfcsusssig* 



COMPARATIVE LIST OF PADLOCKS. 



ft. & E. 


M.W.&CO. 


S. & CO 


W.W.Mfg.Co 


5000 


5/0 


120 


4/0 


4000 


4/0 


100 


5/0 


2000 


3/0 


200 


34) 


200 


2/0 


201 


2/0 


201 





202 





202 


1 


301 


1 


203 


2 


302 


2 


204 


3 


303 


3 


205 


■ 4 


315 


4 


206 


5 


316 


5 


207 


6 


365 


6 


208 


7 


605 


7 


211 


8 


715 


8 


209 


9 


346 


9 


210 


10 


762 


10 


212 


11 


815 


11 


213 


12 


369 


12 


313 


13 


369c 


13 


314 


14 


347c 


14 


301 


16 


202c 


16 


306 


17 


316c 


17 


280 


80 


716 


80 


1200 


1000 


204 


303c 


1212 


1007 


816 




1210 


1013 


706 




225 


1015 


336 




232 


1016 


619 




230 


1017 


411 


3067 


1209 


1020 


349 




220 


1021 


203 


30i3 


221 


1022 


313 


369 


215 


1023 


304 


3028 


226 


1025 


335 


3064 


214 


1026 


312 


57 


1222 




222 




1036 


1029 


215 


300i 


1032 


1030 


385 


3017 


1206 & 1232 


1031 


307 & 386 


3002 & 3014 


1309 


1032 


385c 


3006 & 3015 


1233 


1033 


404 


3026 


1234 


1034 


408 


3021 


1001 


1037 


122 


3011 


1227 


1038 


607 




326 


1042 


335c 


3065 & 3032 


1237 


1043 


223 


3027 


1347 


1044 


232c 


3066 


J 345 


1043 


405c 


3070 


1346 


1046 


409c 




246 


1048 


321 


3036 


346 


1049 


321c 


3034 


247 


1050 


325 




347 


1051 


325c 




1231 & 1241 


1052 


216 


3040 


1247 


1053 


232 


3044 


1245 


1054 


405 


3042 


1246 


1055 


409 


3043 


216 


1056 


402 


304« 


243 


1057 


406 




1225 


1058 


403 




1322 


1000 


216c 




1241 


1063 


218 


30i8 


1209 


1065 


363 & 348 


3039 


1203 


1077 


305 


3400 



166 



COPPER RODS AND BOLTS. 



Weight per Lineal Foot. 

inch diameter 4256 lbs. 

5794 



16 



1 

H- 
H- 
H- 
l+ 
l-l- 
l-f 
H- 

2 

2-i- 

n- 

3 

H- 

3-1- 
4 



.7567 

.9578 

1.1824 

1.4307 

1.7027 

, 1.9982 

2.3176 

2.6605 

3.0270 

3.8312 

4.7228 

5.7228 

6.8109 

7.9931 

, 9.2702 

10.6420 

12.1082 

15.3251 

18.9161 

22.8913 

27.2435 

31.9722 

.37.0808 

.42.5680 

,48.4330 



A Brazier Sheet (30x60 inches) contains 12% square feet 
(1800 square inches). 

When it is 8 oz. per square foot it weighs 6% lbs. 

" " lO^oo " " " " 8 " 

M <« 12 80 /l00 ii " " « 1Q » 

" " 15 3 6/l00 " " " " 12 " 

" " 16 " " " " 12%" 



TO ASCERTAIN THE WEIGHT OF ROLLED COPPER. 

Find the number of cubic inches in the piece, multiply by 
0.3229, and the product will be the weight in pounds. 

Or, multiply the length and breadth (in feet) and that by 
the pounds per square foot. 

167 



ROLLED COPPER 



Has specific gravity of 8.93. One cubic foot weighs 558 125 Aooo 
pounds. One square foot, of one inch thick, weighs 46 51 /i o 
pounds. 















_, «J 


oT • 


a> o 


00 g 


$i 


CO rQ 








bf}0 
CDS 


rH .S 


4H 


w a 


CO M 
CO ^ 


00 M 


rr> °3 ° 


a> <x> 












^13 ® 


cc 


o u 


bo +3 


«r+3 


xn -+a 


»T 43 


CC43 


_bd 2 d 


»- CO 


S3 « 

o & 








IS 


IS 


Thic: 

Decin 
of 0] 


r& 03 ■ 

2& 


cc 


CQ^ 


GQ£ 


QQ £ 


CQ £ 


gq£ 




4 


1.16 


2 


3.12 


4.50 


6 


.00537 


35 


6 


1.75 


3 


4.68 


6.75 


9 


.00806 


33 


8 


2.33 


4 


6.25 


9. 


12 


.0107 


31 


10 


2.91 


5 


7.81 


11.25 


15 


.0134 


29 


12 


3.50 


6 


9.37 


13.50 


18 


.0161 


27 


14 


4.08 


7 


10.93 


15.75 


21 


.0188 


26 


16 


4.66 


8 


12.50 


18. 


24 


.0215 


24 


18 


5.25 


9 


14.06 


20.25 


27 


.0242 


.23 


20 


5.83 


10 


15.62 


22.50 


30 


.0269 


22 


24 


7. 


12 


18.75 


27 


36 


.0322 


21 


32 


9.33 


16 


25. 


36 


48 


.0430 


19 


40 


11.66 


20 


31.25 


45 


60 


.0538 


18 


48 


14. 


24 


37.50 


54 


72 


.0645 


16 


56 


16.33 


28 


43.75 


63 


84 


.0754 


15 


64 


18.66 


32 


50 


72 


96 


.0860 


14 


70 




35 


55 


79 


105 


.095 


13 


81 




40% 


63 


91 


122 


.109 


12 


89 




44% 


70 


100 


134 


.120 


11 


100 




50 


78 


112 


150 


.134 


10 


110 




55 


86 


124 


165 


.148 


9 


123 




61 


96 


138 


184 


.165 


8 


134 




67 


105 


151 


201 


.180 


7 


151 




75% 


118 


170 


227 


.203 


6 


164 




82 


128 


184 


246 


.220 


5 


177 




88^ 


138 


199 


266 


.238 


4 


193 




96 


151 


217 


289 


.259 


3 


211 




105% 


165 


238 


317 


.284 


2 


223 




111% 


174 


251 


336 


.300 


1 


253 




126% 


198 


285 


380 


.340 






16S 



Weight of Copper and Brass Wire. 

Diameters Determined by American Gauge. 



No. of 


Size of 


Gauge 


each No. 




Inch 


oooo 


.46000 


ooo 


.40964 


oo 


.36480 


o 


.32486 


I 


. 28930 


2 


.25763 


3 


.22942 


4 


.20431 


5 


.18194 


6 


.16202 


7 


.14428 


8 


.12849 


9 


"443 


IO 


.10189 


ii 


.090742 


12 


.080808 


13 


.071961 


M 


. 064084 


15 


.057068 


16 


. 050820 


17 


•045257 


18 


.040303 


19 


.035890 


20 


.031961 


21 


.028462 


22 


025347 


23 


.02^571 


24 


.020100 


25 


.017900 


26 


■01594 


27 


.014195 


28 


.012641 


29 


.011257 


30 


.010025 


31 


.008928 


32 


.007950 


33 


.007080 


34 


.006304 


35 


.005614 


36 


.005000 


37 


.004453 


38 


■003965 


39 


.003531 


40 


.003144 


Specifi 

Weigh 

Cu 


c Gravity 


t per 

bic Foot.. 



Weight of Wire per 1000 Lineal Feet 



Wrought 
Iron 

Lbs. 
560.74 
444.68 
352.66 
279.67 

221.79 
17589 
i39 48 
110.62 
87.720 

69-565 
55.165 
43-75* 
34.699 
27.512 

21.820 
17.304 
13.722 
10.886 
8.631 

6.845 
5-427 
4-304 
3-413 
2.708 

2.147 
1.703 
I.350 
1.071 
.8491 

.6734 
• 5340 
.4235 
.3358 
.2663 

.2113 
.1675 
.1328 
1053 
.08366 

.06625 
■05255 
.04166 
.03305 
.02620 

7-7747 
485.874 



Steel 

Lbs. 
566.03 
448.88 
355 99 
282 . 30 

223.89 
177.55 
140.80 
111.66 
88.548 

70.221 
55685 
44.164 
35-026 
27.772 

22.026 
17.468 
13851 
10.989 
8.712 

6.909 
5.478 
4-344 
3-445 
2-734 

2 167 
1. 719 
1.363 
1. 081 
.8571 

•6797 
•539» 
• 4275 
3389 



.2132 
.1691 
.1341 
.1063 
•08445 

.06687 
.05304 
.04205 
.03336 
.02644 

7.848 



Copper 

Lbs. 
640.51 
50795 
402.83 
319.45 

253 34 
200.91 
159-32 
126.35 
100.20 

79.462 
63.013 
49 976 
39.636 
31.426 

24.924 
19.766 
15 674 
12.435 
9-859 

7819 
6.199 
4.916 
3-899 
3094 

2452 
1-945 
1.542 
1.223 
.9699 

.7692 
.6099 
.4837 
.3835 
.3042 

•2413 
1913 
.1517 
.1204 
.0956 

0757 
.06003 
.04758 
•03755 

.02992 

8.880 



554.988 



Brass 

Lbs. 
605.18 
47991 
380.67 
301 . 82 

23935 
189.82 
150.52 
119.38 
94.666 

75-075 
59-545 
47-219 
37-437 
29.687 

23-549 
18.676 
14.809 
".746 
9 315 

7.587 
5 -857 
4 645 
3.684 
2.920 

2.317 
1.838 
1-457 
1 155 
9163 

.7267 
5763 
4570 
3624 

.2874 

.2280 
.1808 

• 1434 
."37 

.09015 

• 0715 
.05671 
.04496 
.03566 
.02827 

8.386 

524.16 



WEIGHTS PER SQUARE FOOT OF 

SHEET WROUGHT IRON, STEEL, COPPER AND BRASS. 

For Thickness by American (Brown & Sharpens) Gauge. 



No. of 
Gauge. 


Thickness 
in Inches. 


Iron. 


Steel. 


Copper. 


Brass. 


0000 


.46 


18.46 


18.70 


20.84 


19.69 


000 


.4096 


16.44 


16.66 


18.56 


17.53 


00 


.3648 


14.64 


14.83 


16.53 


15.61 





.3249 


13.04 


13.21 


L4.72 


13.90 


\ 


.2893 


11.61 


11.76 


13.11 


12.38 


2 


.2576 


10.34 


10.48 


11.67 


11.03 


3 


.2294 


9.21 


9.33 


10.39 


9.82 


4 


.2043 


8.20 


8-31 


9.26 


8.74 


5 


.1819 


7.30 


7.40 


8.24 


7.79 


6 


.1620 


6.50 


6.59 


7.34 


6.93 


7 


.1443 


5.79 


6.87 


6.54 


6.18 


8 


.1285 


5.16 


5.22 


5.82 


5.50 


9 


.1144 


4.59 


4.65 


5.18 


4.90 


10 


.1019 


4.09 


4.14 


4.62 


4.36 


11 


.0907 


3.64 


369 


4.11 


3.88 


12 


.0808 


3.24 


3.29 


3.66 


3.46 


13 


.0720 


2.89 


2.93 


3.26 


3.08 


14 


.0641 


2.57 


2.61 


2.90 


2.74 


15 


.0571 


2.29 


2.32 


2.59 


2.44 


16 


.0508 


2.04 


2.07 


2.30 


2.18 


17 


.0453 


L82 


1.84 


2.05 


1.94 


18 


.0403 


1.62 


1.64 


1.83 


1.73 


19 


.0359 


1.44 


1.46 


1.63 


1.54 


20 


.0320 


1.28 


1.30 


1.45 


1.37 


21 


.0285 


1.14 


1.16 


1.29 


1.22 


22 


.0253 


1.02 


1.03 


1.15 


1.08 


23 


.0226 


.906 


.918 


102 


.966 


24 


.0201 


.807 


.817 


.911 


,860 


25 


.0179 


.718 


.728 


.811 


.766 


26 


.0159 


.640 


.648 


.722 


.682 


27 


.0142 


.570 . 


.577 


.643 


.608 


28 


.0126 


.507 


.514 


.573 


.541 


29 


.0113 


.452 


.458 


.510 


.482 


30 


.0100 


.402 


.408 


.454 


.429 


31 


.0089 


.358 


.363 


.404 


.382 


32 


.0080 


.319 


.323 


.360 


.340 


33 


.0071 


.284 


.288 


.321 


.303 


34 


.0063 


.253 


.256 


.286 


270 


35 


.0056 


.225 


.228 


.254 


240 


Specific gravity, . . . 


7.704 


7.806 


8.698 


8.218 


Weight per cubic inch, 


.2787 


.2823 


.3146 


.2972 


Weight per cubic foot, 


481.25 


48775 


543.60 


513.60 



170 



FORMS OF THREADS. 




No. Threads 



i A I A H ! i Hi H if H ifi if U 2 

20 18 16 14 12 11 10 9 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4| 4| 



This form and number of threads supplied, unless otherwise ordered. (Frequently 
^j over exact size, for rough iron.) „ 



U. S. FRANKLIN INST. OR SELLERS' THREAD. 




sizes i ,v i tV j a h i'i-ii it i§ h n n n ? 

No. Threads... 20 18 16 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 7 6 6 5J 5 5 4* 



WHITWORTH (ENGLISH) STANDARD THREAD. 




Sizes 

No. Threads. 



1 A I x\ U I H H IHI 11 1| 1! 1? 
20 18 16 14 12 11 10 9 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4£ 



171 



GRINDING | 

Twist Drills. 



Few operations on tools 
in the shop are more' 
frequently disappointing 
than the grinding or 
sharpening of drills. 
That the cutting edges 
have a proper and uni- 
form angle with the Ion- 
gitudinal axis of the drill, 
(see Fig. 6,) having them 
of exactly equal length, 
and the lips of the drill 
well and sufficiently 
backed off or cleared, are 
points generally under- 
stood as requisite to the 
satisfactory performance 
of a drill, though not al- 
ways attained. Practical 
suggestions for the grind- 
ing of drills have been 
published from time to 
time. We append in part 
from these, hoping they 
will be found useful. 
"If the clearance of » 
drill is insufficient or im- 
perfect it will not cut. 
When force is applied it 
resists the power of the 
drilling machine, and is 
crushed or split. It is 
well to start a drill, after 
grinding by hand, ob-. 
serving he character of 
the chips, which should 
characterize # a clean cut- 
ting tool. In wrought 
metal the chip will some- 
times attain a length of 
several feet. Prof. Sweet 
suggests that the rear of 
the lip of a drill be re- 
moved, as shown by the 
cut. No. 1; this makes 
the cutting edge much 
like a flat drill. Drills 
properly made have their 




72 



WW wmWLMM* 



The following table shows the revolutious per minute for Drills from ^ iu. 10 
2 in. diameter, as usually applied. 



* " 

A " 

J ■« 

*;: 

e 

A" 
± " 

A" 

I " 
H " 

* M 

+g " 
5 " 
+1 " 



Speed for 
Wrought Iron 
and Steel. 


Speed for 
Caftt Iron. 


1712 


2383 


855 


1191 


571 


794 


397 


565 


318 


452 


265 


377 


227 


323 


183 


267 


163 


238 


M7 


214 


133 


194 


112 


168 


103 


155 


96 


144 


89 


134 


76 


115 



Speed for 



3544 
1772 
1181 
855 
684 
670 
489 
412 
367 
330 
300 
265 
244 
227 
212 
191 



Diameter of Wo^ghUro,, 
d Steel. 



«A '"• 

H " 
iA " 
i* " 
iA " 
ih " 
IA " 
H ■' 

if- 

Hi " 
il " 

1+4 •' 
H " 



Speed fur 


Speed for 


C«»t Iron. 


Brass. 


108 


180 


102 


170 


97 


161 


89 


150 


84 


143 


81 


136 


77 


130 


74 


122 


71 


117 


66 


113 


63 


109 


61 


105 


59 


101 


55 


98 


53 


95 


51 


92 



One inch to be drilled in soft cast iroD will usually require : For J in. Drill, 
160 revolutions j for £ in. Drill, 140 revolutions; for $ in. Drill, 100 revolu- 
tions; for 1 in. Drill, 95 revolutions. 



GRINDING TWIST DRILLS - Continued 

cutting edges straight when ground to a proper angle, which is 59°, as shown in cut 
No. 6. Grinding to less angle leaves the lip hooking, and is likely to produce a 
crooked and irregular hole. The grinding lines to a drill are placed slightly above 
the center, to allow for the proper angle of point, which is an important factor. This 
angle is an index to the clearance. If the angle is too much, the drill cuts rank ; if 
not enough, the drill may not cut. Fig. 2 shows a proper angle. In Fig. 3 the angle 
is too sharp. In Fig. 4 the angle runs backward, and shows the want of clearance. 
An effective method of determining the clearance is to set the point of the drill on a 
plane surfnee, holding a scale as shown in cut No. 5; by revolving the drill its clear- 
ance is shown, as well as the height of the cutting lips, which should be equal -, also 
the cutting edges should be of exactly equal length,— any inequality of lengths doubles 
itself in work. To strengthen the drill, the center is made thicker towards the shank. 
As the drill is shortened through use, the center shows thicker, and will work hard 
Iu drilling. To overcome this, the center should be thinned, care being taken to 
remove an equal amount of stock on each side, and so keep the point central. In 
grinding a drill preserve the original form, which usually will insure rapid and satis- 
factory workJ' 



i?3 



DRILL LIST 

FOR 
TAPS WITH "V" THREAD. 



£d 




_: 


u 

' 2d 


•So 


_; 


*4 

2d 




^ 


4> eS 

an 




0J~ 
r? Q 




go 


4)3 




ll 


5° 


.a u 


O 


5° 


J3 u 





5° 


c- 1 O. 





3 
32 


48 


49 


1 3 

3 2 


16 


p 


8 1 
"3 2 


9 


If 


A 


56 


48 


it 


18 


2 I 
6 4 




8 


If 


¥ 


60 


47 


7 


'4 


R 


T 1 

l 3 2 


8 


5& 
64 


64 


32 


49 


7 


[6 


S 


r 1 


8 


If 


7 


36 


48 


1 5 

it 


14 


8 


I3 3 2 


S 


B* 


40 


46 


16 


w 


T ' 

1 8 


7 


i 


32 


44 


* 


12 


2 5 
64 


T 1 


8 


Si 


X 
8 


36 


42 


J 


13 


X 


iA 


7 


61 
6 4 


| 


40 


41 


3 


14 


H 


iA 


8 


fi- 


•I* 


30 


40 


■H 


12 


if 


Il 3 6 


7 


ll 


9 
*4 


3.2 


38 


1 7 
32 


13 


if 


1 A 


8 


i£ 


A 


36 


37 


H 


14 


A 


iA 


7 


iA 


A 


30 
32 


33 

32 


9 

T5 

A 


12 
14 


29 
6 ¥ 

ti 


1 A 

_ 1 


8 
7 


iA 

iA 


A 


36 


3i 


1 9 

3 2 


12 


1 
1* 


I3 9 Z 


7 


1 A 

7 


A 


24 


29 


u 


14 


I A 


7 


J ¥ 


A 


30 


26 


1 


10 


iH 


7 


iA 


A 


32 


27 


f 


n 


4 


_ 3 
I 8 


6 


it 
1 A 


A 


24 


20 


1 


12 


13s 


lit 


6 


7 
If 


3° 


16 


11 


10 


U 


1 A 


6 


1* 


A 


32 


14 


ft 


11 


H 


,15 
l32~ 


6 


•iA 


i 

4 


18 
20 


17 
'4 


It 

A 

7 


12 
10 


3 5 


ii 

.17 
132" 


6 
6 


i 6 | 
ill 


t 


24 


8 


| 


11 


. 1 


it 


5 


if! 


9 

32 

3*2 


18 
20 


1 3 

8? 

3 


g 
? 
25 

T2 


12 
10 


l6S 
ti 


T 21 

v 

1 4 


5 
5 


If 


A 


16 


1 




11 


i6« 


T 25 
132 


5 


1 I 


5 
1.6" 


18 


C 


25 

3 2 


12 


I7S 


iH 


5 


iff 
iff? 
ill 


A 


20 


E 


13 

TS 


10 


II 


ill 


5 


M 


16 


F 


2 7 
J2 


10 


#1 


if 


42 


it 


18 


e-} 


7 


9 


23 
■3"2 


T 29 

lis 


4i 


If 


8 


14 


K 


f 


10 


H 


,15 

If* 


4i 


1 


16 


M 


If 


9 


1 


If* 


4* 


ill 


I 


18 


if 


f! 


10 


49 
■5? 


2 


4i 


IS 

•ffl 


14 


N 


t* 


9 


If 









DRILL LIST 

FOR TAPS WITH U. S. STANDARD THREADS. 



5-16 

H 
7-16 

% 



20 


3-16 


Va 


18 


D 


1 


16 
14 


N m 


iy 8 


13 


13-32 


12 


29-64 


i* 


11 


33-64 


i% 


10 


% 


w 



5^ 
5 



47 64 
27-32 
61-64 
1 5-64 
1 11-64 
1 19-64 
1 25-61 



1% 
2 

$$ 

2% 
2% 



5 

4^ 

4K 

4*1 

4 

4 



1 23-32 
1 27-32 

1 31-32 

2 1-16 
2 3-16 



MACHINE SCREW TAPS. 



P. 


Drill 
tside 
erof 
w. 


S .&0 




Drill 
tside 
terof 
w. 


£ bo 

Q^2oj 


P. 

03 


Drill 
tside 
ter of 


C 60 


o 
c/3 


Size of 

for Oui 

Diamel 

Sere 


55 


o 
o5 


Size of 

for Ou 

Diame 

Sere 


•S5 gg 

a s 

55 


O 

33 


Size of 

for Ou 

Diame 

Sere 




2x48) 




50 


9x24 1 , 




30 


16x16 "v 




12 


2x56 - 


44 


49 


9x28 I 


16 


28 


16x18 I 


I 


8 


2x64 . 




48 


9x30 f 


28 


16x20 j 




7 


3x40" 




49 


9x32 J 




26 


17x16 < 




8 


3x48 - 


39 


47 


10x24 ") 




26 


17x18 (. 


L 


4 


3x56 




45 


iox3o y 


11 


24 


17x20 f 




3 


4x32" 




46 


10x32 ) 




24 


18x16 < 




2 


4x36 - 


33 


44 


11x24 ) 




21 


18x18 I 


19-64 


2 


4x40. 




43 


11x28 [ 


6 


20 


18x20 f 




1 


5x30 1 




43 


11x30 j 




19 


19x16 < 




1 


5x32 


Va 


42 


12x20 ) 




24 


19x18 I 


5-16 


B 


5x36 


4i 


12x22 ! 
12x24 f 




20 


19x20 { 




C 


5x40 




38 


7-32 


19 


20x16 \ 




C 


6x30 : 




38 


12x28 J 




18 


20x18 I 


P 


E 


6x32 


28 


37 


13x20 ) 




17 


20x20 j 




F 


6x36 " 


36 


13x22 [ 


15-64 


17 


22x16 ) 
22x18 f 


a 


H 


6x40 . 




35 


13x24 j 




15 


& 


J 


7x28" 




34 


14x20 1 

14x22 y 

14x24 ) 




15 


24x14 ) 




L 


7x30 • 


24 


33 


X A 


11 


24x16 I 


% 


M 


7x32 




32 




10 


24x18 J 




N 


8x24) 




31 


15x18 \ 
15x20 | 




12 


26x14 1 
26x16 f 


13-32 


O 


8x30 - 


19 


31 


F 


10 


P 


8x32 . 




30 


15x22 f 
15x24 J 


8 


28x14 ) 
28x16 f 


7-16 


R 










7 


S 














30x14 i 
30x16 ; 


29-64 


u 

V 



175 



290 SCREW THREAD. 

ACME STANDARD. 

The various parts of the 29° Screw Thread, Acme Standard are 
obtained as follows : 

Width of Point of Tool for 

.3707 



Screw or Tap Thread 



Width of Screw or Nut Thd. 



No. of Thd. per In. 
.3707 



.0052 



No. of Thd. per In. 
Diameter of Tap = Diameter of Screw + .020 
Diameter of Tap or Screw at Root = 

r i 



Diameter of Screw 
Depth of thread = 



^ No of Linear Thd. per In. 

l 



+ .020 



+ .010 



2 x No. of Thds. per in. 
TABLE OF THREAD PARIS. 



No. of Thds 
per in. 
Linear. 


Depth 

of 

Thread. 


Width at 
Top of 
Thread. 


Width at 

Bottom 

of Thread. 


Space at 

Top of 

Thread. 


Thickness 

at Root 
of Thread. 


1 


.5100 


.3707 


3655 


.6293 


.6345 


1 1-3 


.3850 


.2780 


2728 


.4720 


.4772 


2 


.2600 


.1853 


.1801 


.3147 


.3109 


3 


.1767 


.1235 


.1183 


.2098 


.2150 


4 


.1350 


.0927 


.0875 


.1573 


.1625 


5 


.1100 


.0741 


.06S9 


.1259 


.1311 


6 


.0933 


.0618 


.0566 


.1049 


.1101 


7 


.0814 


.0529 


.0478 


.0899 


.0951 


8 


.0725 


.0463 


.0411 


.0787 


.0839 


9 


0655 


.0413 


.0361 


.0699 


.0751 


10 


.0600 


.0371 


.0319 


.0629 


.0681 



176 



TABLES FOR USE WITH DRAUGHTSMEN'S 
PROTRACTORS. 

Table for Dividing Circles or Laying out Geometrical Figures. 



Number 


Included 


Angles at Center 


Angles for Sides 


of Sides. 


Angle 


of Circles. 


of Figures. 


3 


120° 


30° 


30° 


4 


90° 


45° 


45° 


5 


72° 


18°— 54° 


36°-72° 


6 


60° 


30° 


30° 


8 


45° 


45° 


22° 30' 


10 


36° 


54°— 18° 


18°-54° 


12 


30° 


60° 


15°- 45° 


14 


25° 43' 


64° 17'— 38° 34 


12° 51'— 38° 34' 






12° 51' 


61° 17' 


16 


22° 30' 


6-,o W— 45° 


11° 15' -33° 45' 


18 


20° 


70°— 50°-30° 


10°- 30°- 50° 






10° 


70° 


20 


18° 


7i°-54° 


go_27o_4 5 o 


24 


15° 


7 y °-60 o -45° 


7° 30'— 22° 30' 
37° 30' 



Tapers per Foot and Corresponding Angles. 



Taper 
Per Foot. 


Included 


Angle with 


Taper 
Per Foot. 


Included 


Angle with 


Angle. 


Center Line 


Angle. 


Center Line 


1-8" 


0°-W 


0°-18? 


1 " 


4°-46' 


2°-23' 


1-4" 


1°-12' 


0°-36' 




7°-09' 


8°— 32? 


5-16" 


l°-30' 


0°— 45' 


8°-20' 


4 o -10 / 


3-8" 


I°— 17' 


0°-54' 


2 " 


9°-31' 


4°-46 / 


7-16" 


2°— 05' 


l°-02' 


2 l A" 


ll°-54' 


5°— 57' 


1-2" 


2°— 23' 


1°-12' 


3 * 


14°-15' 


7°-08' 


3-4" 


3°— 35' 


1°— 47' 


3H" 


16°— 36' 


8°— 18' 


15-16" 


4°— 28* 


2°-14' 


4 '' 


18°-55' 


9°-2V 



177 



DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS OF THE NUMBERS OF 
TWIST DRILL AND STEEL WIRE GAUGE. 





Size of 




Size of 




Size of 




Size of 




Number 




Number 




Number 




Number 


No. 


in 


No. 


in 


No. 


in 


No. 


in 




Decimals 




Decimals. 




Decimals. 




Decimals 


, 


.2280 


21 


.1590 


41 


.0960 


61 


0390 


2 


.2210 


22 


.1570 


42 


.0935 


62 


.0380 


3 


.2130 


23 


.1540 


43 


.0890 


63 


.0370 


4 


.2090 


24 


.1520 


44 


.0860 


64 


.0360 


5 


.2055 


25 


.1495 


45 


.0820 


65 


.0350 


6 


.2040 


26 


.1470 


46 


.0810 


66 


.0330 


7 


.2010 


27 


.1440 


47 


.0785 


67 


.0320 


8 


.1990 


28 


.1405 


48 


.0760 


68 


.0310 


9 


.1960 


29 


.1360 


49 


.0730 


69 


.02925 


10 


.1935 


30 


.1285 


50 


.0700 


70 


.0280 


11 


.1910 


31 


.1200 


51 


.0670 


71 


.0260 


12 


.1890 


32 


.1160 


52 


.0635 


72 


.0250 


13 


.1850 


33 


.1130 


53 


.0595 


73 


.0240 


14 


.1820 


34 


.1110 


54 


.0550 


74 


.0225 


15 


.1800 


35 


.1100 


55 


.0520 


75 


.0210 


16 


.1770 


36 


.1065 


56 


.0465 


76 


.0200 


17 


.1730 


37 


.1040 


57 


.0430 


77 


.0180 


18 


.1695 


38 


.1015 


58 


.0420 


78 


.0160 


19 


.1660 


39 


.0995 


59 


.0410 


79 


.0145 


20 


.1610 


40 


.0980 


60 


.0400 


80 


.0135 



178 



NEW FORM OF ELECTRICAL RAILWAY. 

A new form of electrical railway is being erected at St. 
Panl, Minn. The cars do not tonch the ground, but are sus- 
pended from girders which form the track and at the same time 
the mains conveying the current. Speeds of from eight to ten 
miles per hour are expected. 



TABLE FOR MAKING THE UNIVERSAL TAPS, WITH THE MOST 
SUITABLE PROPORTIONS REQUISITE FOR GOOD WORK- 
ING TAPS USED BY HAND. 

From % to 9 /i 6 the head is turned the same size as the screw ; 
the %, and all above, to pass through the holes screwed. As 
the same table shows the size of tap and bottom of screw, the 
workmen will be enabled to make the tapping holes a size that 
will insure a full thread. The bottom of screw will give the 
size for drills, bits, etc. 





*& ™ 








rCl 


Wheels for cut- 


ft 


«8 .2 

2 2 


£ 


ew 


© 
PJ 


ting the screws. 




M ■* 


CM 


^ 












=4-1 

o 

© 
© 
B 

•eg 


-* be 

«M .S 

O ft 

a & 

o ^ 

£ k 

o o 


O 

-4J 

bx 
3 


© 

CO 
=4-1 "4= 

°& 

,£1 ft 

bx 

© 


bx © 
© 


© 
=4-1 & 

© o3 
-O © 

PJ+ 3 


1 

03 


© 
1 
© 

g 

© 

-4J 


pi 
o 


© 


S 


pq 


p=t 


J 


w 


5zj 


3 


1— 1 


Pm 


OQ 


i 


A 


2 X 4 


IX 


7 
16 


20 


40 


80 


20 


100 


A 


4 


2K 


1A 


A 


18 


40 


80 


20 


90 


3 

8 


\ and -h 


2% 


1% 


A 


16 


45 


80 


20 


90 




Simple wheels. 


7 
T8 


u 


3X 


1 3 4 


1 


14 


20 






140 


i 


13 


3% 
3% 


9, 


H 


ia 


?,0 






1?0 


, 9 


15 


2% 
2^ 


ii 


19 


90 






190 


t 


i and -h 


3. 


n 


20 






no 


11 




4^ 


2% 
2% 
2 7 ^ 


f 


n 


90 






no 


3. 


5. 


f and Tii 


10 


90 






100 


7 
8 


i & and 6"4 


1 


9 


20 






90 


1 


f and A 


5K 


3H 


1 


8 


20 






80 


H 


15 
16 

land A 


6 

6% 


3% 

3 3 4 


1 

li 


7 
7 


20 
20 






70 


14 






70 


l* 


1A 


7 


4^ 


li 


6 


20 






60 



179 



TABLE FOR MAKING THE UNIVERSAL TAPS— Continued. 





. 


tap. 






^ 


Wheels 


ft 


■■d © 


£ 




© 


for cutting the 


c6 


2 M 


O 


s 


o 


© 


screws. 








O 

© 
© 

1 


CM .3 

O ft 

If 


3 


°£ 
£ ft 

be 

© 


© 


«H ft 

© eg 

rO © 

§^ 




1 


P 


M 


fe 


h3 


w 


£ 


S 


m 


1% 


1A 


7% 


4% 


1% 


6 


20 


60 


1% 


1» 


9 


5^ 


1% 


5 


20 


50 


l 3 4 


1A and A 


9% 


5% 


1% 


5 


40 


50 


1% 


1» 


10 


6^ 


1% 


4X 


40 


90 


2 


11 and A 


11 


6% 


1M 


4X 


40 


90 


2^ 


1 f and A 


nx 


7^ 


IX 


4X 


40 


90 


2% 


1 1 and rg- 


12 


7% 


1% 


4 


40 


80 


2% 


2A 


12% 


8^ 


1% 


4 


40 


80 


2K 


O 3 


13 


10% 


1% 


4 


40 


80 


2% 


9-5_ 

^16 


13 


9 l A 


1% 


4 


40 


80 


2% 


21 


13% 


9% 


1% 


3% 


40 


70 


2% 


2* 


13% 


10 


1« 


3^ 


40 


70 


3 


21 


14 


10 


2 


3% 


40 


70 



UNIVERSAL GAS-PIPE THREADS. 



/ 


Wheels for Cutting, Etc. 




Diameter. 


Man- 
drel. 


Interme- 
diate. 


Pinion. 


Screw. 


Pitch. 


1% and all above 


85 
20 
20 
30 
30 


80 


20 


120 
140 
140 
85 
120 


11.294 
14. 


% 






14. 


% 


65 
60 


20 
20 


18.412 


Small brass tube 


24. 



180 



Different Standards for Wire Gauge in use in the United States. 





Dimensions of Sizes in Decimal Parts of 


an Inch. 




O bo 

0) S3 


<S A 


a g 


a . 3 . 
-9£« 


4> 

£0 

ft * 


2 

0~ 


•a • 


fe§- 


0g 


acq ^3 


5 CO 




as 


CO 0) 
CO 


tog 

6^ 




000006 








.464 




.46875 


000000 


00000 








.432 




.4375 


000OQ 


0000 


.46"" 


A5i" 


.3*938 , 


.400 




.40625 


0000 


000 


.40964 


.425 


.3625 


.372 




.375 


000 


00 


.3648 


.38 


.3310 


.348 




.34375 


00 





.32486 


.34 


.3065 


.324 




.3125 





1 


.2893 


.3 


.2830 


.300 


■227" 


.28125 


1 


2 


.25763 


.284 


.2625 


.276 


.219 


.265625 


2 


3 


.22942 


.259 


.2437 


.252 


.212 


.25 


3 


4 


.20431 


.238 


.2253 


.232 


.207 


.234375 


4 


5 


.18194 


.22 


.2070 


.212 


.204 


.21875 


5 


G 


.16202 


.203 


.1920 


.192 


.201 


.203125 


6 


7 


.14428 


.18 


.1770 


.176 


.199 


.1875 


7 


8 


.12849 


.165 


.1620 


.160 


.197 


.171873 


J8 


9 


.11443 


.148 


.1483 


' .144 


' .194 


.15625 


9. 


10 


.10189 


.134 


.1350 


.128 


,191 


.140625 


10 


11 


.090742 


.12 


.1205 


.116 


,188 


.125 


11 


12 


.080808 


.109 


.1055 


.104 


.185 


.109375 


12 


13 


.071961 


.095 


.0915 


.092 


.182 


.09375 


13 


14 


.064084 


.083 


.0800 


.080 


.180 


,078125 


14 


15 


.057068 


.072 


.0720 


.072 


.178 


.0703125 


15 


16 


,05082 


.065 


.0625 


.064 


.17o 


,0625 


16 


17 


.045257 


.058 


.0540 


.056 


.172 


.05625 


17 


18 


.040303 


.049 


.0475 


.048 


.168 


.05 


18 


19 


.03589 


.042 


.0410 


.040 


.164 


.04375 


19 


20 


.031961 


.035 


.0348 


.036 


.161 


.0375 


20 


21 


.028462 


.032 


.03175 


.032 


.157 


.034375 


21 


22 


.025347 


.028 


.0286 


.028 


.155 


.03125 


22 


23 


.022571 


.025 


.0258 


.024 


.153 


.028125 


. 23 


24 


.0201 


.022 


.0230 


.022 


.151 


.025 


24 


25 


.0179 


.02 


.0204 


.020 


.148 


.021875 


25 


26 


.01594 


.018 


.0181 


.018 


.146 


.01175 


56 


27 


.014195 


.016 


.0173 


.0164 


.143 


.0171875 


27 


28 


.012641 


.014 


.0162 


.0149 


.139 


.018625 


28 


29 


.011257 


.013 


.0150 


.0136 


.134 


.0140625 


29 


30 


.010025 


.012 


.0140 


.0124 


.127 


.0121 


30 


31 


.008928 


.01 


.0132 


.0116 


.120 


;0109875 


31 


32 


.00795 


.009 


.0128 


.0108 


,115 


.01016625 


32 


33 


.00708 


.008 


.0118 


.0100 


.112 


.009875 


33 


34 


.006304 


.007 


.0104 


.0092 


,110 


.00859375 


34 


35 


005614 


.005 


.0095 


.0084 


.108 


.0078125 


35 


36 


.005 


.004 


.0090 


.0076 


,106 


.00703125 


36 


37 


0C4453 






.0068 


.103 


.006640625 


37 


38 


.003965 






.0060 


.101 


.00625 


38 


39 


.003531 
.003144 






.0052 
.0048 


.099 
.097 




39 


40 




40 



181 








.0240 


.61 








•0315 


.80 


6 






.0380 


•97 








.0447 


1. 14 








.0520 


1.32 




ooo 




.0530 


1 35 






10 


.0570 
•057S 


'•45 
1.47 


8 


oo 




0589 


ISO 






II 


.0629 


1.60 









.0649 
.0660 


1.6s 

1.68 


9 


I 


12 


.0688 
.0710 
.0728 


'75 
1.80 
1.S5 


,0 




13 


.0748 
.0S00 


1.90 
230 


ii 




«4 


.0807 


2.05 




2 




.0826 
.0842 


2.10 
2.14 






•5 


.0866 
.0940 


2.20 
2-39 


12 


3 


16 


.0944 


2.40 








.0973 


247 


'3 


4 


>7 


.1062 
.1080 


2.70 

2-74 






.. 


.1105 


2.81 


14 


5 


IS 


.1181 
1220 


300 
309 








.123O 


314 


15 


6 




1269 


3-30 





.1360 


3-45 


.1368 


3-47 


■'377 


3-50 


I4I7 


3<>o 


.I50O 


3.8i 


■1535 


390 


■1574 


4.00 


• I631 


4.14 


.1646 


4.16 


•'653 


4.20 


.1763 


4-43 


.1780 


452 


.1811 


4.60 


.I894 


4.81 


.1920 


4.88 


.1968 


5.00 


.2026 


5'5 


.2047 


5.20 


.2068 


5?3 


.2125 


5-40 


.215S 


54S 


.2200 


559 


.2285 


5.80 


.2289 


5. Si 


.2322 


5-90 


.2340 


5-94 


.2421 


O.15 


..'440 


6.20 


.2480 


6.29 


.2552 


6.48 


.2598 


660 



182 









Screw Gauges Compared. 














CONTINUED. 








No. Screw Gauge. 


Dimensions. 


No. Screw Gauge. 


Dimensions. 


American. 


English. 


German. 


French. 


Inches. 


Millimetres. 


American 


English. 


German. 


French. I 


nche, 


Millimetres. 




15 


„ 


M 


2620 


6.65 


28 








4263 


IO.83 


16 


.. 




m 


.2684 


6.82 




27 






4300 


IO.92 






16 


.. 




2755 


7.00 






25 


3' 


4330 


II.OO 




16 


*. 


i. 




2760 


7.01 


29 








4395 


1 1. 16 


I? 




r. 


e . 




2816 


7- 15 




28 






4440 


11.28 








25 




28 74 


7:30 


30 




26 


32 


4526 


11. 50 




17 








2900 


7-37 




29 






458o 


H.63 






17 


«» 




2913 


7.40 


31 




.« 


„ 


4658 


11.83 


18 










2947 


749 




30 






4720 


I.I-99 




18' 


«.- 






3040 


7-72 






27 


°, 


4724 


12.00 






18 


« 


3070 


7.80 


32 


f . 






4790 


12.17 


19 




»* 






3079 


7.82 




31 




(. • 


4860 


12.34 








26 




3149 


8.00 


33 






33 


4921 


12.50 




19 


,, 






3180 


8.08 




32 






5000 


12.70 


20 


a 




*.. 




3210 


8.15 


34 








5053 


lfl.83 






19 


«.c 




3228 


8.20 




33 






5140 


13.06 




20 




»» 




3320 


8.43 


35 








5184 


13.17 


21 






„ 




3342 


8.49 




34 






5280 


13-41 






20 






3385 


8.60 


36 






3+ 


5316 


13- 50 








27 




3425 


8.70 




35 




... 


5420 


13-51 




21 


>) 


rt 




3460 


8.79 


37 






.... 


5448 


13-84 


22 






<.t 




3474 


8.82 




36 


*■: 




5560 


13-87 






21 


.-) 




3543 


9.00 


38 




.-> 


*- 


5579 


1417 




22 








3600 


9.14 




37 


m. 




5700 


14,22 


23 










3605 


9.16 








35 


5708 


1450 








28 




3700 


9.40 


39 




.. 


■=-. 


57" 


l4-5« 


24 






. 




3737 


9-49 




38 


M 


6- 


5840 


14-58 




23 


22 






3740 


9.50 


40 




« 




5842 


1484 


25 




-- 






3868 


9.83 




39 


„. 




598o 


14-94 




24 


23 


29 




3880 
3937 


9-85 




40 


" 


36 


6120 
6102 


1529 
1550 


26 


25 




;; 




4000 
4020 


10.16 
10.21 








37 
38 


6496 
6889 


16.50 
17-50 


27 










4132 


10.49 








39 


7322 


18.50 






24 


30 




4133 


IO.50 








40 


7677 


1950 




26 


" 






4160 


IO.57 

















[83 



T •■£ 90M9PTAOIJ sdjtllS 1 ?^**!^ •SnrTIttf 

3onvo nam cmvaNV-is M.3M 




OLD STANDARD -WIRE GAUGE 



Wire and Screw Gauge Compared. 

No. Wire Gauge. Dimensions. No. Wire Gauge. 

. G. Paris. W.&'M. S. G. Inches. Millimetres. B. W.O Paris \V. & M S- C. 



40 




.630 


16.00 


39 




.606 


15.40 




40 


5842 


14.84 


36. 




■5*2 


1478 




39 


.5711 


I4.5I 


37 




•559 


14.20 




38 


•5579 


14.17 




37 


•5448 


1384 


36 




•535 


13-59 




36 


.5316 


1 3- 50 




35 


.5184 


1317 


35 




5" 


13.01 




J4 


•5053 


12.83 




33 


4921 


12.50 


34 


. 


.488 


12.40 




32 


■4790 


12.17 




3' 


.4658 


1183 


33 


. 


.464 


11.79 


000000 


.460 


11.68 


t* 


• 


■ 45+ 


11.53 




30 


-4526 


11.50 


32 


. 


.441 


II.20 




29 


4395 


11.16 






■430 


10.02 




2S 


4263 


10.83 




.. 


• 425 


1079 


3" 


. 


.417 


10.59 




>7 


■4132 


10.49 




26 


.4000 


10.16 


30 0000 


•393 


IO.00 




25 


.3868 


9-83 



.380 


965 


3737 


9-49 


370 


9.40 


362 


9.19 


3605 


9- 16 


.3474 


8.82 


346 


8.80 


34o 


8.64 


3342 


8-49 


331 


8.41 


323 


8.20 


3210 


8.15 


3079 


7.82 


307 


7.80 


300 


7.62 


299 


7.60 


2947 


7-49 


2 84 


7.22 


283 


7- 19 


2816 


7-15 


276 


7.00 


2684 


6.82 


263 


6.68 


259 


6.58 


2552 


6.48 


252 


6.40 


244 


6.20 


2421 


6.15 


238 


6.05 


232 


590 


2289 


5.81 



184 







Wire and Screw Gauge Compared. 








CONTINUED. 




No. Wire Gauge. 


Dimensions. 


No. Wire Gauge. 


Dimensions. 


B. \V. G. 


Paris. 


W. &M. 


S. G. 


Inches. 


Millimetres. 


B. w. G. 


Paris. 


W.&M. 


S. G. 


Inches. 


Millimetres 






4 




.225 


5-72 




11 


16 




.063 


I.60 


5 


.. 






.220 


5-59 




10 


.« 






059 


I.50 








12 


.2158 


5-48 


17 




...* 






058 


1-47 




22 






.213 


5-40 












0578 


1-47 






5 


M 


.207 


5.26 




9 








055 


I.40 


6 


21 




II 


.203 
.2026 

.193 


5.16 
5>5 
4.90 


18 


• 


17 






054 
051 
049 


1-37 
1.30 
I.24 






6 


10 


.192 
.1894 


4.88 
4.S1 




7 


IS 






047 
0447 


1.20 
T.14 


7 


— 




.- 


.180 


4-57 




6 








043 


1.10 






7 


,9 


• 177 

.1763 


4.50 
4.48 


19 


"' 


19 






042 
041 


1.07 
1.04 




20 






•173 


4.40 




S 








039 


1. 00 


8 


.- 


- 




.165 


4.19 


20 


4 


20 






035 


.88 








S 


.1631 


4.14 


21 




21 






032 


.81 






S 




.162 


4.11 








000 




0315 


.So 




10 


„. 




•154 


3-90 




3 








031 


.80 








7 


.1500 


3.81 


S3 




22 






028 


• 71 


9 


>. 


9 


.i 


.148 


3-76 




2 








027 


.70 








6 


.1368 


3-47 


23 




23 






025 


.63 






IO 


• • 


• 135 


3-43 




1 


24 






023 


.60 


IO 


ii 




«... 


•134 


3-40 


24 










022 


.56 








5 


.1236 


3.14 


25 


P 


25 






020 


•5' 


II 


-- 


II 




.120 


305 


26 




26 






018 


•46 




17 


~ 


• > 


.118 


3-oo 






27 






017 


•43 








4 


.1105 


2.81 


27 


.. 


28 






Ol6 


.41 


12 


.- 


— 




.109 


2-77 






29 






015 


■38 




16 


— 




.106 


2.70 


28 




30 






OI4 


•36 






12 




.105 


2-77 






3 1 






OI35 


•34 








3 


.0973 


2-47 


29 




32 






OI3 


•33 


«3 


IS 


,. 


" 


095 
•094 


2.41 
2.40 


30 




33 






OI2 


■30 

.28 






«3 


.. 


.092 


2.34 


31 




34 






OIO 


•=5 




14 


— 


= > 


.087 


2.20 






35 






0093 


.24 








a 


.0842 


2.14 


32 




36 






O09 


•*3 


14 






»< 


.083 


2. 11 






.37 






OO85 


.22 






14 




.080 


2.63 


33 




38 






008 


.20 




»J 




.. 


.C78 


2.00 






39 






0075 


.19 


15 




15 


i 


.072 
.071 


I.83 
1.80 


34 
35 




40 






0O7 
005. 


.18 
.13 




« 


.. 




.070 


I.80 


36 




.. 






004 


.10 


16 








.06S 


t.65 















185 



SIZES OF NUMBERS OF THE U, S. STANDARD GAUGE. 

FOR SHEET AND PLATE IRON AND STEEL 

An Act Establishing a Standard Gauge for Sheet and Plate Iron and Steel. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
States of America in Congress assembled. That for the purpose of secur- 
ing uniformity the following is established as the only gauge for sheet 
and plate iron and steel in the United States Of America, namely : 



Number 


Approximate 


Approximate 


Weight per 


Weight per 


of 


Thickness in 


Thickness in 


Square Foot 


Square Foot 


Gauge. 


Fractions of 


Decimal Parts 


in Ounces 


in Pounds 


an Inch. 


of an Inch. 


Avoirdupois. 


Avoirdupois. 


0000000 


1-2 


.5 


320 


20.00 


000000 


15-32 


.46875 


300 


18.75 


00000 


7-16 


.4375 


280 


17.50 


0000 


13-32 


.40625 


260 


16.25 


000 


3-8 


.375 


240 


15. 


00 


11-32 


.34375 


220 


13.75 





5-16 


.3125 


200 


12.50 


1 


9-32 


.28125 


180 


11.25 


2 


17-64 


.265625 


170 


10.625 


3 


1-4 


.25 


160 


10. 


4 


15-64 


.234375 


150 


9.375 


5 


7-32 


.21875 


140 


8.75 


6 


13-64 


.203125 


130 


8.125 


7 


3-16 


.1875 


120 


7.5 


8 


11-64 


.171875 


110 


6.875 


9 


5-32 


.15625 


100 


6.25 


10 


9-64 


.140625 


90 


5.625 


11 


1-8 


.125 


80 


5. 


12 


7-64 


.109375 


70 


4.375 


13 


3-32 


.09375 


60 


3.75 


14 


5-64 


.078125 


50 


3.125 


15 


9-128 


.0703125 


45 


2.8125 


16 


1-16 


.0625 


40 


2.5 


17 


9-160 


.05625 


86 ' 


2.25 


18 


1-20 


.05 


32 


2. 


19 


7-160 


.04375 


28 


1.75 


20 


3-80 


.0375 


24 


1.50 


21 


11-320 


.034375 


22 


1.375 


22 


1-32 


.03125 


20 


1.25 


23 


9-320 


.028125 


18 


1.125 


24 


1-40 


.025 


16 


1. 


25 


7-320 


.021875 


14 


.875 


26 


3-160 


.01875 


12 


.75 


27 


11-640 


.0171875 


11 


.6875 


28 


1-64 


015625 


10 


.625 


29 


9-640 


.0140625 


9 


.5625 


30 


1-80 


.0125 


8 


.5 


31 


7-640 


.0109375 


7 


.4375 


32 


13-1280 


.01015625 


6 1-2 


.40625 


33 


3-320 


.009375 


6 


.375 


34 


11-1280 


.00859375 


5 1-2 


.34375 


35 


5-640 


.0078125 


5 


.3125 


36 


9-1280 


.00703125 


4 1-2 


.28125 


37 


17-2560 


.006640625 


4 1-4 


.265625 


38 


1-160 


.00625 


4 


.25 



186 



WEIGHT OF IRON AND STEEL SHEETS, 

Weights Per Square JFoot.— Kent. 





Thickness by 




Thickness by American 




Birmingham Gauge 




(Brown and Sharpe's) Gauge. 


No. of 

Gauge. 


Thickness 
in Inches. 


Iron. 


Steel. 


No. of 
Gauge. 


Thickness 
in Inches. 


Iron. 


Steel. 


0000 


.454 


18.16 


18.52 


0000 


.46 


18.40 


18.77 


000 


.425 


17.00 


17.34 


000 


4096 


16.38 


16.71 


00 


.38 


15.20 


15.30 


00 


.3648 


14.59 


14.88 





.34 


13.60 


13.87 





.3249 


13.00 


13.26 


1 


.3 


12.00 


12.24 


1 


.2893 


11.57 


11.80 


2 


.284 


11.36 


11.59 


2 


.2576 


10.30 


10 51 


3 


.259 


10.36 


10.57 


3 


.2294 


9.18 


9.36 


4 


.238 


9.52 


9-71 


4 


.2043 


8.17- 


8.34 


5 


.22 


8.80 


8.98 


5 


.1819 


7.28 


7.42 


6 


.203 


8.12 


8.28 


6 


.1620 


6.48 


6.61 


7 


.18 


7.20 


7.34 


7 


.1443 


5.77 


5.89 


8 


.165 


6.60 


6.73 


8 


.1285 


5.14 


5.24 


9 


.148 


5;92 


6.04 


9 


.1144 


4.58 


4.67 


10 


.134 


5.36 


5.47 


10 


.1019 


4.08 


4.16 


11 


.12 


4.80 


4.90 


11 


.0907 


3.63 


3.70 


12 


.109 


4.36 


4.45 


12 


.0808 


3.23 


3.30 


13 


.095 


3.80 


3.88 


13 


.0720 


2.88 


2.94 


14 


.083 


3.32 


3.39 


14 


.0641 


2.56 


2 62 


15 


.072 


2.88 


2.94 


15 


.0571 


2.28 


2.33 


16 


.065 


2.60 


2.65 


16 


.0508 


2.03 


2.07 


17 


.058 


2.32 


2.37 


17 


.0453 


1.81 


1.85 


18 


.049 


1.96 


2.00 


18 


.0403 


1.61 


164 


19 


.042 


1.68 


1.71 


19 


.0359 


144 


1.46 


20 


.035 


1.40 


1.43 


20 


.0320 


128 


1.31 


21 


.032 


1.28 


1.31 


21 


.0285 


1.14 


1.16 


22 


.028 


1.12 


1.14 


22 


.0253 


1.01 


1.03 


23 


.025 


1 00 


1.02 


23 


.0226 


.904 


.922 


24 


.022 


.88 


.898 


24 


.0201 


.804 


.820 


25 


.02 


.80 


.816 


25 


.0179 


.716 


.730 


26 


.018 


.72 


.734 


26 


.0159 


.636 


.649 


27 


.016 


.64 


.653 


27 


.0142 


.568 


.579 


28 


.014 


.56 


.571 


28 


.0126 


.504 


.514 


29 


.013 


.52 


.530 


29 


.0113 


.452 


.461 


30 


.012 


.48 


.490 


30 


.0100 


.400 


.408 


31 


.01 


.40 


.408 


31 


.0089 


.356 


.363 


32 


.009 


.36 


.367 


32 


.0080 


.320 


.326 


33 


.008 


.32 


.326 


33 


.0071 


.284 


.290 


34 


.007 


.28 


.286 


34 


.0063 


.252 


.257 


35 


.005 


.20 


.204 


35 


.0056 


.224 


.228 



Iron. Steel. 

Specific gravity 7.7 7.854 

Weight per cubic foot 480. 489.6 

Weight per cubic inch 2778 .2833 

As there are many gauges in use differing from each other, and even 
the thickness of a certain specified gauge, as the Birmingham, are not 
assumed the same by all manufacturers, orders for sheets and wiers 
should always state the weight per square foot, or the thickness in thous- 
andths of an inch. 

I8 7 



SQUARE AND ROUND BAR IRON. 



g fe S Weight of Weight of || £ Weight of Weight of £ | S Weight of Weight of 
ll"I Square Round ® |"o Square Round ""I'" Square Round 



3.s M 


Bar one 


Bar one 


5 p £ 


Bar one 


Bar one 


c h a 


Bar one 


Bar one 


flflj 


ft. long. 


ft. long. 




ft. long. 


ft. long. 


JaQa 


ft. long. 


ft. long. 




t 


.013 


.010 


2 


13.33 


10.47 


4 


53.33 


41.89 


.052 


.041 


t 


14.18 


11.14 


A 


55.01 


43.21 


A 


.117 


.092 


15.05 


11.82 


1 


56.72 


44.55 








A 


15.95 


12.53 


ft 


58.45 


45.91 


J 


.208 


.164 














^ ! 


.326 


.256 


\ 


16.88 


13.25 


i 


60.21 


47.29 


.469 


.368 


t 


17.83 


14.00 


A 


61.99 


48.69 


A 


.638 


.501 


18.80 


14.77 


1 


63.80 


50.11 








A 


19.80 


15.55 


A 


65.64 


51.55 


J 


.833 


.654 














i 9 ' 


1.055 


.828 


* 


20.83 


16.36 


* 


67.50 


53.01 


1.302 


1.023 


A 


21.89 


17.19 


A 


69.39 


54.50 


ii 


1.576 


1.237 


t 


22.97 


18.04 


r 


71.30 


56.00 








H 


24.08 


18.91 


H 


73.24 


57.52 


1 


1.875 


1.473 














I 1 


2.201 


1.728 


1 


25.21 


19.80 


t 


75.21 


59.07 


2.552 


2.004 


it 


26.37 


20.71 


i j 


77.20 


60.63 


it 


2.930 


2.301 


f 


27.55 


21.64 


79.22 


62.22 








H 


28.76 


22.59 


il 


81.26 


63.82 


l 


3.333 


2.618 














* 


3.763 


2.955 


3 


30.00 


23.56 


5 


83.33 


65.45 


4.219 


3.313 


A 


31.26 


24.55 


t 


85.43 


67.10 


A 


4.701 


3.692 


i 


32.55 


25.57 


87.55 


68.76 








A 


33.87 


26.60 


A 


89.70 


70.45 


i 


5.208 


4.091 














A 


5.742 


4.510 


I 


35.21 


27.65 


i 


91.88 


72.16 


1 


6.302 


4.950 


A 


36.58 


28.73 


f 


94.08 


73.89 


A 


6.888 


5.410 


f 


37.97 


29.82 


96.30 


75.64 








A 


39.39 


30.94 


A 


98.55 


77.40 


1 


7.500 


5.890 














A 


8.138 


6.392 


i 


40.83 


32.07 


} 


100.8 


79.19 


1 


8.802 


6.913 


t 


42.30 


33.23 


A 


103.1 


81.00 


H 


9.492 


7.455 


43.80 


34.40 


f 


105.5 


82. S3 








t\ 


45.33 


35.60 


H 


107.8 


84.69 


$ 


10.21 


8.018 














H 


10.95 


8.601 


1 


46.88 


36.82 


1 


110.2 


86.56 


I 


11.72 


9.204 


it 


48.45 


38.05 


i ? 


112.6 


88,45 


it 


12.51 


9.828 


i 


50.05 


39.31 


115.1 


90.36 








il 


51.68 


40.59 


il 


117.5 


92.29 



6 120.0 94.25 
1 88 



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I89 



ESTIMATED WEIGHT OF HALF ROUND, OVAL, AND HALF OVAL IRON. 

PER LINEAL FOOT. 



SIZE HALF ROUND. 


SIZE OVAL. 


WEIGHT PER FOOT. 


SIZE HALF OVAL. 


WEIGHT PER FOOT. 


1 


S*A 


.186 


f*A 


.093 


A 


A?^ 


.253 


A*A 


.127 


i 


£*i 


.331 


i*s 


.166 


s 


i*& 


.517 


i*A 


.259 


i 


t*f 


.744 


**A 


.372 


i 


S*A 


1.013 


i*A 


.507 


i 


1 X* 


1.323 


1 x\ 


.662 


ii 


1§*A 


1.624 


n*& 


.812 


14 


H*i 


2.007 


Hxr 5 5 


1.034 


i* 


H*S 


2.976 


l£xf 


1.488 



ESTIMATED WEIGHT OF HOOP IRON. 

PER LINEAL FOOT ROLLED TO PARTRIDGE GAUGE. 





NUMBER OF WIRE GAUGE. 


WIDTH IN INCHE8. 


13 


14 


» 


16 


17 

.1139 

.1367 

.1595 

.1822 

.205 

.229 

.251 

.273 

.296 

.319 

.365 


18 


19 


20 


21 


22 


5 




.1028 . 
.1953 . 




.1302 
.1562 


.0976 

.1171 

.1367 

.1562 

.176 

.195 

.215 

.234 

.254 

.273 

.313 


.0895 

.1074 

.1253 

.1432 

.161 

.179 

.197 

.215 


.0814 

.0976 

.1139 

.1302 

.146 

.163 

.179 

.195 


.0731 
.0877 
.1023 
.1169 


.0651 


f 




.0781 


I 




.2278 . 
.2604 . 


264' 

293 

322 

352 

381 

41 

469 

527 

586 


.1822 

.2083 

.234 

.26 

.286 

.313 

.339 

.365 

.417 

.469 

.521 


091?. 






.1041 


A 


.352 

.391 

.43 

.469 

.508 

.547 

.625 

.703 

.781 


.293 
.326 
.358 
.391 
.423 
.456 
.521 
.586 
.651 




'B 

li 






It:::::.:.:::::: 










IS 






it 










2 










21 










24- 















ESTIMATED WEIGHT OF TIRE IRON. 

PER SET OF 54 FEET. 





THICKNF.SiS. 




A 


i 


A 


1 


*• 


I 


& 


8 


1 


I 


1 


a 


Lbs. 
25 
30 
34 
38 


Lbs. 
34 
40 
45 
51 
57 
63 
68 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs 


f ::::::: 


50 
57 
64 
71 

78 
85 




















68 
77 
85 
94- 
103 
111 
120 
135 


80 
90 
100 
109 
118 
130 
140 
160 


91 

103 
114 
120 
187 
148 
160 
180 
205 
228 












u . . 


116 
128 
141 
154 
166 
180 
250 










it:::::::: 


143 
157 
171 
185 
200 
228 
256 
285 








18 










if : 




201 
222 
239 
274 
304 
342 


239 
259 
279 
319 
359 
399 


<>73 


lft 


?90 


l^ 






319 


2 






365 


2i 






4-16 


24... 1 




....... 






456 



190 



ESTIMATED WEIGHT OF WAGON BOX IRON. 



Width in 


Wire Gauge. 


Weight 


Approx. No. of 


No. Feet in Tun, 


Inches. 


per Foot. 


Feet in Bundle. 


2,000 Lbs. 


t 


No. 10 


.295 


380 


6,770 


i 


" 11 


.264 


422 


7,575 


1 


" 12 


.233 


480 


8,580 




" 10 


.350 


320 


5,710 


3- 


" 11 


.309 


362 


6,470 


1 


" 10 


.4 


280 


5.000 



ESTIMATED WEIGHT OF STEEL TIRE.. 

Per Set of 54 Feet. 






WEIGHT, 

PER.SET. 



7| lbs. 

11J " 

15J " 

22| " 

35| " 

13i " 

18 " 

22 " 

27 " 

35i " 

15J " 

204 " 

25 " 

30| " 



sizeI 


WEIGH1 
PER SE1 


p. 


£by 4 in.... 


40J lb 


s. 1* 




' * ":••■ 


23| « 






' ft "•••• 


29* ' 


( j. 




' A "•••• 


35* < 


' l] 




' & ".... 


424 ' 


' I! 




' 4 "•••• 


47i < 






' A "...' 


58* ' 




1* ' 


' fV "•••• 


40* < 


' 1 J 


1* ' 


' 4 "•••• 


54 ' 


' V 


1* ' 


' yV "•■•• 


67* ' 


' 1; 


1* ' 


' f "•••• 


81 « 


2 


H ' 


' 4 ".... 


59 ' 


2 


H ' 


' A "•••• 


i 74 < 


2 



^by £ in. 



WEIGHT, 
PES SET. 



98 
107 
124 
142 
154 
178 
165 
197 
236 
190 
225 
270 



WEIGHT OF THIMBLE SKEINS. 



2 by 
2 " 

n " 

24 " 
24 " 
2§ " 
2} «« 

2| » 
21 <J_ 



8* 



WEIGHT, 
PER SET. 



22 lbs. 

22 " 

24 " 

30 " 

30 " 

36 " 

36 " 

46 " 



by 9 in 


50 lbs 


" 9 ".... 


56 " 


" 9 ".... 


70 " 


"10 «.... 


60 " 


" 10 ".... 


70 " 


" 11 "."... 


72 " 


" 10 "..., 


76 " 


" 10J "•••• 


80 " 


" 11 ".... 


84 " 



WEIGHT, 
PER SET. 



3$ by 11 in. 

31 " 12 
12 

12 
12 
12 
13 

14 
14 



WEIGHT, 
PER . SET. 



Q. 




92 lbs. 






90 " 






96 " 






116 " 






146 " 






172 " 






176 " 






264 " 






300 " 





WEIGHT OF 


COLUMBUS STEEL SKEINS. 




SIZE. 


WEIGHT, 
PER SET. 


SIZE. 


WEIGHT, 
PER SET. 


SIZE. 


WEIGHT, 
PER SET. 


SIZE. 


WEIGHT, 
PER SET. 


2£by7£ in.. 


47 lbs. 


3 by 9 in. 


66 lbs. 


3iby 11 in. . 


94 lbs. 


4 by 12 in. . 


110 lbs. 


2J " 8 ".. 


50 " 


3 " 10 " 


66 " 


3| " 12 «.. 


97 " 


44 " 12 ".. 


134 « 


2| " 8 ".. 


52 " 


34 " 10 " 


80 " 


3| " 11 ".. 


100 " 


4| " 13 ",. 


165 " 


2| "8* ».. 


53 " 


3| " 10* " 


88 " 


3| " 12 ".. 


100 " 


5 " 14 ".. 


185 " 



I 9 I 



APPROXIMATE WEIGHT AND STRENGTH 
OF CORDAGE. 



Size In 




Weight of 100 


Weight of 100 


Strength of 


Length of 


Circumfer- 




Fathoms Manila 


Fathoms Tarred 


Manila Rope 


Maulla Rope 


ence. 




In Lbs. 


Hemp In Lbi. 


In Lbs. 


In One Lb. 


Fine 6 thd 


is in. 


12 


17 


540 


50 feet, 


6 " 


% " 


18 


24 


780 


33 " 4 »"• 


9 " 


■5 It 
16 


24 


34 


1,000 


25 " 


12 " 


rt ;; 


30 


45 


1,280 


20 " 


xH" 


16 


37 


50 


1,562 


17 " 8 in. 


iy 2 " 


y i \\ 


46 


55 


2,250 


13 " 


*X " 


16 


65 


75 


3,062 


9 " 3 " 


2 '* 


5/8 " 


80 


100 


4,000 


7 " 6 " 


*%" 


% " 


98 


125 


5,000 


6 " 


2^ " 


13 << 

16 


1 20 


155 


6,250 


5 " 


*%" 


H " 


142 


190 


7,50O 


4 " 3 " 


3 " 


i " 


170 


225 


9,000 


3 .. 6 " 


3^" 


1 16 " 


200 


265 


10,500 


3 M 


3/2 " 


iH u 


230 


300 


12,250 


2 " 7 " 


3H" 


i.X" 


2.71 


350 


14,000 


2 " 3 " 


4 " 




310 


405 


16,000 


1 " 11 " 


4^" 


iH" 


346 


455 


18,062 


1 " 8 » 


VA " 


l/ 2 '« 


39o 


510 


20,250 


1 " 6 " 


4M " 


1, 9 6 " 


435 


575 


22,500 


1 " 5 " 


5 " 


I 5/ 8 " 


480 


640 


25,000 


1 " 3 " 


5% " 


iK" 


58i 


775 


30,250 


1 " 


6 " 


2 '« 


678 


930 


36,000 


10/3 " 


ty 2 " 


2>§" 


797 


1,075 


42,250 


9 " 


7 " 


2^" 


920 


1,245 


49,000 


7/3 " 


VA " 


2/ 2 " 


1,106 


1,405 


56,250 


ey 2 " 


8 " 


25/ 8 " 


1,265 


i, 600 


64,000 


sA " 


sy 2 « 


2^ " 


1,420 


1,780 


72,250 


5 " 


9 " 


3 " 


1,572 


2,030 


81,000 


\A " 


9% " 


3 l A" 


1,760 


2,285 


90,250 


4 " 


10 " 


3H" 


i,95i 


2,550 


100,000 


zA " 



Manila is about 25 per cent, stronger than Sisal. 

Hawser-laid Rope will weigh one-sixth more. 

Tarred Hemp Rope weighs about one-fourth more than Manila Rope. 

Manila, Sisal and Jute weigh about the same. 



192 



RAILS PER MIUE. 

To calculate the number of gross tons of rails for a mile of track, multiply the weight 
of the rail per yard by 1 f and the product will be the exact weight in tons per mile. 



Weight 
per yd. 


Gross Tons 
per mile. 


Weight 
per yd. 

40-lb.... 

35 .... 


Gross Tons 
per mile. 

62.86 

55.00 


Weight 
per yd. 

20-lb 


Net Tons 
per mile. 

35.20 


Weight 
per yd. 


Met Tons 
per mile. 


60-lb . . 


...94.30 


12-lb 


21.12 


56 


88.00 


18 .... 


31.68 


10 .... 

8 .... 


17.60 


50 


.....78.57 


30 .... 


...;.47.14 


16 ..... 


28.16 


14.08 


45 


70 71 


25 .... 


39.29 


14 .... 


24.64 


6 .... 


10.56 











CROSS-TEES PER MILE. 

1| feet, center to center. 3,520 ties. | 2 feet, center to center 2,640 ties. 



.3,017 



24 



,348 
.2.113 



WEIGHT AND NUMBER OF FISH PLATES AND BOLTS REQUIRED PER 

MILE 



Lengths of Raij g. 


No. of Joints 

FEB MILE. 


Lbs. of Plates 

PER KILE. 


Lbs. op Bolts 

PER MILK. 


Total Weight 

FEB MILK. 


18 feet 


588 
528 
440 
423 
391 
352 


9,408 
8,448 
7,040 
6,768 
6,256 
5,632 


2,352 
2,112 
1,760 
1,682 
1,564 
1,408 


11,760 
10,560 


21 " , 


24 " 


8,800 


25 " 


8,460 


27 " -. 


7,820 


30 " 


7,040 





Note. — If double nuts are used, add 37i per cent to the weight of the bolts. 



estimated weight of metals. 



Pounds per Squabe Foot. 



Thickness. W j™f ht Cast Iron. Steel. Copper. Brass. 



H 



2.51 
5.03 
5.55 
10.07 
12.58 
15.10 
17.62 
20.14 
22.65 
25.17 
27.69 
30.21 
32.72 
35.24 
37.76 
40.28 



2.34 
4.69 
7.03 
9.38 
11.73 
14.07 
16.42 
18.77 
21.11 
23.46 
25.81 
28.15 
30.50 
32.85 
35.19 
37.54 



2.55 
5.10 
7.66 
10.21 
12.76 
15.31 
17.87 
20.42 
22.97 
25.52 
28.08 
30.63 
33.18 
35.73 
38.28 
40.83 



193 



2.89 
5.78 
8.67 
11.56 
14.45 
17.34 
20.23 
23.12 
26.01 
28.90 
31.97 
34.68 
37.57 
40.69 
43.35 
46.25 



2.67 
5.35 
8.02 
10.7 
13.37 
16.05 
18.72 
21.4 
24.07 
26.75 
29.42 
32.1 
35.19 
38.28 
41.37 
43.75 



Lead. 



7.38 
11.07 
14.76 
18.45 
22.14 
25.83 
29.53 
33.22 
36.91 
40.60 
44.29 
47.98 
51.67 
55.37 



Zinc. 



2.34 
4.68 
7.02 
9.36 
11.7 
14.04 
16.34 
18.72 
21.08 
23.44 
25.80 
28.13 
30.49 
32.81 
35.17 
37.50 



AVERAGE WEIGHTS AND USUAL SIZES OFSPRINGS. 



ELLIPTICS. 

Weights and capacities given here are not absolutely correct, but from them a fair 
estimate may be made. 



Wid 
Inch 


*' No. Plates. 


Lengths, 

Inches. 


Thickness 
of Plates. 


Combined 

Thickness, 

Inches. 


Estimate 

Weight per 

set, lbs. 


Estimate 

Capacity, 

lbs. 


1- 


fc 2 


28 


56 


tf 


15 


160 


J 


I 


30 


45 


A 


17 


200 




32 


34 


H 


18 


185 


I 


2 


32 


4 5 


A 


16 


180 


J 


1 


34 


33 


4 


20 


220 




34 


34 


H 


19 


195 




2 


36 


33 


i 


21 


200 




2 


36 


34 


u 


20 


185 




3 


32 


344 


M 


26 


260 




3 


32 


345 


H 


25 


240 




■ • 3 


34 


333 


a 


28 


280 




3 


34 


344 


*3 
SIT 


27 


260 




3 


36 


333 


J 


30 


260 




: 3 


36 


344 




29 


345 




4 


34 


3333 


1 


35 


360 


T. 


\ i 


34 


3444 


n 


34 


340 


1 


34 


3455 


« 


33 


330 




4 


36 


2333 


1A 


39 


345 




4 


36 


3333 


l 


38 


340 




4 


36 


3444 


a 


35 


325 




5 


34 


23333 


1A 


43 


440 




5 


34 


33333 


if 


41 


420 




5 


34 


34444 


1A 


38 


440 




5 


34 


34555 


1A 


27 


435 




• 5 


36 


23333 


IA 


46 


420 




5 


36 


3 3 3 3 3 


li 


45 


400 




I 5 


36 


34444 


IA 


41 


430 




5 


36 


34555 


IA 


40 


400 




5 


38 


23444 


IA 


42 


480 




: 3 , 


34 


333 


i 


3L 


300 




1 3 


34 


344 


H 


24 


295 




! 3 


36 


333 


;i 


32 


280 




I 3 


36 


344 


H 


31 


275 




I 4 


34 


3333 




39 


380 




I 4 


34 


3444 


H 


36 


375 




4 


36 


3333 


l 


40 


360 




4 


36 


3444 


H 


37 


355 




2 5 


36 


23333 


If 


50 


365 




$ 5 


36 


33333 


47 


360 




1 5 


36 


34444 


IA 


43 


340 




4 3 


34 


333 


3 


34 


320 




* 3 


34 


344 


ft 


31 


315 




i 3 


36 


333 


I 


35 


300 




S 3 


36 


344 


M 


33 


295 




i 4 


34 


3333 


l 


42 


400 




1 1 


34 


3444 


H 


38 


395 




36 


233 3 


1A 


47 


385 



194 



ELLIPTICS.-Continued. 



; Width, 

Inches. 


No. Plater. 


Lengths, 

Inches. 


Thickness 
of Plates. 


Combined 

Thickness, 

Inches. 


Estimate 

Weight per 

set, lbs. 


Estimate 

Capacity, 

lbs. 


ii 


4 


36 


3333 


1 


44 


380 


il 


4 


36 


3444 


iS 


41 


375 


if 


4 


38 


2333 


50 


375 


if 


4 


38 


3333 


1 


47 


370 


4 


38 


3444 


u 


43 


365 


1* 


5 


34 


23333 


1& 
iff 


55 


465 


l| 


5 


36 


23444 


52 


455 


1| 


5 


36 


34444 


ItV 


49 


440 


l\ 


5 


38 


23333 


1& 


59 


455 


5 


38 


23444 


1ft 


56 


445 


ll 


5 


38 


34444 


1A 


50 


430 


if 


6 


36 


233333 


l* 


63 


570 


1 




6 


36 


233444 


ifi 


61 


550 


1 


f 


6 


38 


2 3 3 3 3 3 


ItV 


68 


545 


1 




6 


38 


233444 


Ifi 


64 


540 


1 




4 


36 


2333 


1A 


54 


445 


1 




4 


36 


2344 


l*V 


51 


440 


1; 




4 


36 


3333 


l 


50 


435 


1 




4 


36 


3444 


n 


46 


430 


1; 




4 


38 


2333 


l*V 


56 


425 


1; 




4 


38 


2344 


i* 


54 


420 


M 




4 


38 


3333 


i 


53 


415 


l 




4 


38 


3444 


n 


48 


430 


l- 




5 


36 


2 3 3 3 3 


1A 


62 


530 


l^ 




5 


36 


23344 


1A 


59 


510 


h 




5 


36 


34444 


h% 


54 


485 


1 




5 


38 


23333 


1A 


65 


510 


l- 


: 


5 


38 


23344 


1A 


64 


490 


1 


5 


38 


34444 


ItV 


57 


495 


l 


6 


36 


222333 


m 


76 


595 


i 


! 


6 


36 


233333 


ItV 


71 


600 


l 


; 


6 


36 


233444 


m 


68 


580 


1 


. 


6 


38 


222333 


i« 


82 


585 


l 




6 


38 


233333 


ItV 


76 


585 


l 


i 


6 


38 


233444 


in 


74 


580 


2" 


5 


36 


23333 


ia 


71 


560 


2 


5 


38 


23344 


ia 


69 


540 


2 


5 


38 


23333 


ia 


76 


570 


2 


5 


38 


23344 


ia 


74 


550 


2 


6 


36 


222333 


1H 


88 


580 


2 


6 


36 


233333 


ItV 


81 


670 


2 


6 


38 


222333 


Hi 


95 


650 


2 


6 


38 


233333 


It 8 * 


88 


640 


2 


7 


36 


2223333 


Iff 


99 


780 


2 


7 


36 


2233333 


HI 


92 


760 


2 


7 


38 


2223333 


iff 


105 


750 


2 




7 


38 


2333333 


Iff 


98 


730 



195 



PLATFORMS 





Is 

. S3 


h 


!i 


i* 




II 


i 


.d S 

£."3 




» 

W 


U 




Si 

Is 


& 


£ 


6 U 
Z 


3* 


a w 


it* a 


£ 


d w 


6" 


^ 


So 

H 


«** 


w3 


1K 


3 


4 


38 


42 


62 


475 


2 


5 


6 


40 


44 


150 


1700 


itt 


4 


5 


38 


42 


72 


600 


2 


6 


7 


40 


42 


160 


2400 


3 


4 


38 


42 


70 


525 


2 


6 


7 


40 


44 


170 


2600 


1% 


4 


5 


38 


42 


75 


750 


2 


7 


8 


40 


42 


195 


2800 


1* 


4 


5 


38 


42 


85 


950 


2 


7 


8 


40 


44 


210 


2700 


i# 


4 


5 


40 


42 


90 


925 


8 


7 


8 


42 


44 


250 


3000 


ih 


4 


5 


40 


44 


95 


900 


7 


a 


42 


44 


275 


3250 


\v« 


5 


6 


38 


42 


95 


1250 


•■IV, 


8 


9 


42 


44 


295 


3800 


\v« 


5 


6 


40 


42 


100 


1200 


2% 


9 


10 


42 


44 


315 


4200 


1H 


5 


6 


40 


42 


105 


1150 


-i\4 


10 


11 


4*2 


44 


330 


4700 


1% 


6 


7 


40 


42 


115 


1500 


2% 


8 


9 


42 


44 


315 


3900 


r% 


4 


5 


40 


42 


115 


1200 


2^ 


9 


10 


42 


44 


335 


4500 


l%f 


5 


6 


40 


42 


125 


1500 


2% 


10 


11 


42 


44 


350 


5000 




5 


6 


40 


44 


130 


1400 


2% 


12 


13 


42 


44 


385 


5500 


1* 


6 


7 


40 


42 


145 


2000 


3 


10 


12 


42 


44 


400 


5500 


1$ 


6 


7 


40 


44 


150 


1900 


3 


12 


14 


42 


44 


425 


6000 


2 


5 


6 


40 


42 


145 


1800 

































BOLSTER, OR HALF SPRINGS. 

PLAIN END. 



1^x3x42 20 lbs. per pair. 1^x5x42. , 

1^x4x42 23" " 1^x6x42. 

1^x5x42 27" " 2 x4x42. 

1^x3x42 23" " 2 x5x42. 

1^x4x42 29" " 2 x6x42. 



.35 lbs. per pair 





s 


J3 


5^ 


3=? 


A 


| 


£ 


52 


1* 




a. 
6 
as 






.§S 

% a 

Wo 




K 


55 






II 


i>4 


4 


50 


28 


250 


IK 


6 


52 


50 


425 


i£ 


4 


52 


30 


225 


1« 


6 


54 


55 


410 


i)2 


5 


50 


35 


325 


m 


4 


50 


38 


400 


Wa. 


5 


52 


38 


300 


m 


4 


52 


43 


385 


m 


4 


50 


30 


275 


1M 


4 


54 


48 


375 


i% 


4 


52 


34 


260 


i% 


5 


50 


45 


450 


i% 


5 


00 


37 


350 


l£ 


5 


52 


48 


440 


\% 


5 


52 


40 


325 


l£ 


5 


54 


53 


430 


114 


4 


50 


32 


325 


i% 


6 


54 


60 


4V5 


1)3 


4 


52 


35 


300 


2 


6 


54 


60 


550 


i)< 


5 


50 


38 


375 


2 


5 


56 


63 


525 


i« 


5 


52 


40 


360 


2 


6 


56 


70 


650 


iH 


5 


54 


45 


350 


2 


6 


60 


75 


600 



COACH PLATFORM. 

I>4x3 and 3x34 and 32 34 lbs. per set. 

1)4x4 and 4x36 and 34 41 " 

1^x5 and 5x36 and 34 38 " " 

1 %±3 and 3x36 and 34 42 " 

i^x4 and 4x36 and 34 50 " 

1^x5 and 5x38 and 36 59 " 

j %x5 and 5x40 aDd 38 73 " 

I 9 6 



LIST OF SIZES AND APPROXIMATE WEIGHTS. 

CONCORD AXLES. COMMON AXLES. 



Size of Bed. 


Length of Box. 


Weight per Set. 


Size of Bed. 


Length of Box. 


Weight per Set. 


14 inches. 


6i inches. 


47 pounds 


1 inches. 


64 inches. 


43 pounds 


14 ' 




7 


49 


n " 


64 " 


56 " 


J± ' 




6* " 


56 


H " 


7 


58 " 






7 


57 


li " 


7 


71 " 




I • 




7 


70 




74 " 


75 "• 




• 




7* - 


73 


If " 


74 " 


86 •« 


1 


! : 




7* " 


84 " 


l| " 


8 " 


87 " 


1^ 




8 


88 


14 " 


74 " 


98 " 








t": 


90 


14 " 


8 " 


101 « 




\ : 




99 
102 


3j " 


§t :: 


103 " 
121 " 




[ * 




9 


125 


l| " 


9 " 


124 " 




* • 




n « 


127 


ia <> 


94 " 


148 " 


2 




94 " 


167 


i? :: 


10 


150 • " 


2 




10 " 


169 " 


104 " 


153 " 


I! : 




104 " 


223 


2* " 


ia » 


200 " 




11 " 


230 


2 


104 " 


205 " 


U : 




104 " 
li 


275 

285 


If " 


l? " 


250 " 

284 " 








Pi 


11 

12 
12 
12 


301 








330 " 








375 








460 











Above weights must not be considered the exact weight per set, but are given as an 
aid in making estimates on work. Always measure from the inside of flange of the 
nut to the inside of collar at the shoulder ; this gives the length of box. 



APPROXIMATE LOAD FOR AXLES 



1 inch Axles. 

14 

14 » 

li " 

14 " 

lg " 
if 

2 

24 " 

24 « 



. 500 to 750 pounds. 
. 750 " 1000 
, 1000 " 1500 
. 1500 " 1800 
. 2000 " 2500 

3000 " 3500 
. 3500 " 4000 
, 6000 " 7000 

8000 " 9000 
.10000 '12000 



Above are safe loads for Steel Axles where ordinary usage is given. 



197 



TA6LE 

Showing the Approximate weight in Pounds of 100 Machine Bolts. 
of Sizes Enumerated Below. 

I * A t A * A I ' t * i U U 



1J... 3.7 6.0 9.0 15.2 1*.6 27.5 34.3 54.3 

2.... 4.2 7.0 10.517.2 22.2 31.0 38.4 60.0 90.8 

2J.. 4.8 8.0 12.0 19.2 24.8 34.5 42.5 65.7 99.1148.2 209.0 277.0 

3 5.5 9.0 13.5 21.2 27.5 38.0 46.7 71 .4 107.4 159*. 222.5 293.5 

3£... 6.110.0 15.023.2 30.1 41.5 50.8 77.1115.7 169.8 236.0 310.0 

4 6.-8 11.0 16.5 25.2 32.8 45.0 55.0 82.8 124.0 180.6 249.5 326.5 

4£... 7.4 12.0 18.027.2 35.4 48.5 59.1 88.9 132.3 191.4 263.0 343.0 

5 8.113.0 19.5 29.2 38.1 52.0 63.3 95.0 140.6 202.2 276.5 359.5 

6J... 8.7 14.021.031.2 40.7 55.5 67.4 101.1148.9 213.0 290.0 376.0 

6 9.4 15.022.533.2 43.4 59.0 71.6 107.2 157.2 223.8 303.5 392.5 

6*... 10.1 16.0 24.1 35.2 46.0 62.5 75'.7 113.3 165.5 234.6 317.0 409.0 
7.".... 10.8 17.0 25.7 37.2 48.7 66.0 79.9 119.4 173.8 245.4 330.5 425.5 
7f.. 11.5 18.027.339.2 51.3 69.5 84.0 125.5 182.1256.2 344.0 442.0 
8.'.... 12.2 19.0 28.9 41.2 54.0 73.0 88.2 131.6 190.4 267.0 357.5 458.5 

9 , 32.145.2 59.5 80.0 96.5 143.8 207.0 288.6 385.5 493.0 

10 35.3 49.2 65.0 87.0 104.8 156.0 223.6 310.2 413.5 527.5 

11 38.553.2 70.5 94.0 113.1168.2 240.2 331.8 441.5 562.0 

12 41.7 57.2 76.0 101.0 121.4 180.4 256.8 353.4 469.5 596.5 

13 v, 81.5 108.0 129.7 192.6273.4 375.0497.5 631.0 

14 87.0 115.0 138.0 204.8 290.0 396.6 525.5-665.5 

15 92.5 122.0 146.3 217.0306.6418.2553.5 700.0 

16 98.0 129.0 154.6 229.2 323.2 439.8 581.5 734.5 

17 ■. 103.5 136.0 162.9241.4339.8461.4609.5 769.0 

18 109.0 143.0 171.2 253.6 356.4483.0 637.5 803.5 

19 114.5 150.0 179.5 265.8 373.0 504.6 665.5 838.0 

20 120.0 157.0 187.8 278.0389.6 526.2 693.5 872.5 

21 290.4 406.5 548.2 721.5 907.0 

22 302.8 423.4 570.2 749.5 941.5 

23 3)5.2 440.3 592.2 777.5 976.0 

24 327.6 457.2 614.2 805.5 1010.5 

25 340.0 474.1636.2 833.5 1045.0 

26 352.4 491.0 658.2 861.5 1079.5 

27 364.8 507.9 680.2 889.5 1114.0 

28 377.2 524.8 702.2 917.5 1148.5 

29 389.6 541.7 724.2 945.5 1183.0 

30 402.0 558.6 746.2 973.5 1217.5 



198 







Flat and Round Head Stove Bolts. 












Number of Papers in a Case and Number of Bolts in a Keg. 














APPROXIMATELY. 










Size. 


% Inch. 


& Inch. 


#, Inch. 


% Inch. 


% Inch. 


y% Inch. 




Case. 


Keg. 


Case. 


Keg. 


Case. 


Keg. 


Case. 


Keg. 


Case. 


Keg. 


Case. 


Keg. 


y* 


518 


1 30OC 


366 


12000 


















% 


402 


12000 


336 


IOOOO 


260 


9500 


224 


9000 










H 


366 


I IOOO 


290 


9000 


234 


8500 


190 


8000 










J 4 


336 


IOOOC 


260 


8000 


224 


7500 


180 


7000 


100 


4800 


90 


350O 


% 


290 


900c 


245 


7500 


190 


7000 


175 


6500 


90 


4500 


70 


32CO 


I 


260 


8000 


234 


7000 


I So 


6500 


150 


6000 


90 


4000 


62 


3000 


I>8 


234 


7500 


224 


. 6500 


180 


6000 


135 


5500 


90 


3800 


62 


2700 


iX 


234 


7000 


190 


6000 


180 


5500 


135 


5000 


90 


3500 


60 


250O 


iH 


245 


6500 


180 


5500 


150 


5000 


120 


4S00 


70 


3200 


60 


2200 


i'A 


245. 


6000 


175 


5000 


150 


4800 


113 


4500 


62 


3000 


60 


2100 


Of 


190 


5000 


ISO 


4000 


140 


4500 


90 


4000 


60 


2-00 


60 


200O 


2 


180 


4000 


149 


3000 


108 


400O 


90 


3500 


60 


2300 


59 


1700 


2.V 


150 


350O 


115 


3000 


100 


3500 


7° 


3000 


59 


2OO0 


40 


I500 


2'A 






loS 


2800 


90 


3000 


60 


2800 


45 


1800 


40 


I40O 


*x 






90 


2500 


90 


2800 


53 


2500 


40 


1600 


40 


I200 


3 


,?.-, 




90 


2000 


90 


2500 


59 


2000 


40 


1300 


40 


IOOO 


3* 






90 




59 




59 


2000 


30 


1300 


30 


IOOO 


i'A 


t... 




90 






59 




59 


I80O 


30 


I200 


30 


900 


3* 






70 












40 


ISOO 


30 


I IOO 


30 


900 


4 


>.;. 




59 












40 


1500 


30 


900 


24 


750 


4* 


...-* 




* 9 












3o 


12O0 


30 


800 


24 


650 


4K 




„,... 


59 












30 


I2O0 


30 


800 


24 


600 


4* 






59 












30 


I2O0 


30 


80O 


24 


550 


5 




.^« 


59 












30 


IOOO 


24 


706 


24 


500 


5* 




«.-.. 


.<-., 












30 


IOOO 


24 


700 


24 


470 


SK 




.... 


= . . » 








«;» 




30 


IOOO 


24 


660 


20 


450 


5K 




,.., 














24 


IOOO 


24 


60O 


20 


420 


6 








.... 








24 


800 


24 


530 


20 


400 


G* 








.... 






,... 


24 


800 


20 


5co 


20 


370 


W 
















24 


800 


20 


500 


20 


350 



199 













^ 














Tire Bolts 


















Number of Papers in a 


Cast. 














Philadelphia 




Bay State. 


Size. 


'£ 


& 


& 


X 


% 


H 


Size. 


Yo 


'- 


% 


y% 


P 


per 


s. Papers. 


Papers. 


Papers. 


Papers. 


Papers. 




Paper 


s. Papers. 


Papers 


Papers. 


i Inch. 


260 


224 


180 


135 






1 Inch. 


260 


184 






i% " 


= 34 


I go 


1S0 


10S 


go 


62 


i'X ■• 


224 


150 






iyi •• 


2 24 


180 


150 


100 


62 


59 


i'A - 


190 


140 






JS( •• 


180 


150 


140 


90 


60 


59 


iX " 


184 


115 


90 


59 


2 " 


1S0 


135 


10S 


90 


60 


59 


2 " 


135 


108 


70 


59 


=X " 


150 


Sg 


95 


68 


59 


50 


2X " 


108 


90 


62 


59 


2'A " 




90 


go 


£0 


40 


5° 


2'A " 


100 


90 


59 


40 


1% " 




90 


90 


56 


40 


40 


■tf " 


90 


70 


59 


40 


3 




00 


62 


59 


30 


40 


3 


90 


62 


59 


40 


3* " 




63 


59 


59 


30 


40 


3* " 


70 


59 


59 


30 


3'A " 




59 


59 


59 


30 


40 


3K " 


59 


59 


59 


3° 


3# " 




68 






59 


30 


SO 


3* " 


59 


59 


40 


30 


4 




62 






59 


30 


30 


4 


59 


59 


40 


3° 


4* " 










40 


25 


30 


4V " 




59 


32 


30 


4K " 










40 


25 


30 


4'A " 




40 


32 


24 


4* " 










40 


24 


24 


4* " 




40 


30 


24 


5 










30 


24 


24 


5 




30 


30 


24 


sX '• 










30 


24 


24 


s'A " 




30 


24 


24 


s'A " 










24 


24 


20 


S'A " 




2 4 


24 


- 24 


sX " 










24 


24 


20 


sX " 




24 


24 


20 


6 




1 






24 


24 


20 


6 




24 


24 


20 





TABLE « 

Showing the Average Weight in Pounds of 100 Common Carriage 
Bolts, of Sizes Enumerated. 

Length. * A I A i f 

1 2.8 4.8 6.9 9.4 14.5 28.0 

H 3.1 5.2 7.6 10.4 15.9 30.0 

U 3.4 5.7 8.3 11.4 17.3 32.0 

If 3.7 6.1 9.0 12.4 18.6 34.0 

2 3.0 6.6 9.7 13.3 20.0 36.0 

2£ 4.4 7.0 10.4 14.3 21.4 38.0 

2£ 4.7 7.5 11.1 15.3 22.8 40.0 

2| 5.0 7.9 11.8 16.3 24.2 42.0 

3 5.3 8.4 12.5 17.3 25.5 44.0 

3J 5.9 5.3 13.9 19.3 28.3 48.0 

4 6.6 L0.2 15.3 21.3 31.0 52.0 

4i 7.2 11.1 16.7 23.3 33.8 56.0 

5 7.8 12.0 18.0 25.3 36.5 60.0 

5i 8.4 12.9 19.4 27.3 39.3 64.0 

6 9.0 13.8 20.8 29.3 42.0 68.0 

6J 9.7 14.7 21.2 31.2 44.8 72.0 

7 10.3 15.6 23.6 33.2 47.5 76.0 

7$ 10.9 16.5 25.0 35.2 50.3 80.0 

8 11.6 17.4 26.4 37.2 53.0 84.0 

8£ 18.4 27.8 39.2 55.8 88.0 

9 19.3 29.2 41.2 58.5 92.0 

9J 20.2 30.6 43.1 61.3 96.0 

10 21.0 32.0 45.1 64.0 100.0 

10$ 33.4 47.1 66.8 104.0 

11 34.8 49.1 69.5 108.0 

11$ 36.2 51.0 72.3 112.0 

12 37.5 53.0 75.0 116.0 

COACH SCREWS, LAG SCREWS AND SKEIN SCREWS. 

Arerage Weight of One Hundred. 



Diam. 


i 


A 


1 


A 


* 


9 


f 


1 


s- 


1 


Length. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


H 


2.7 


3.5 


5.8 


9.1 














2 


3.5 

4.2 


4.4 
5.3 


7.1 
8.5 


11.0 
12.9 


15.0 
17.3 


22.8 
25.3 


26.3 
29.9 








2* 








3 


4.7 


6.2 


9.8 


14.8 


19.5 


27.8 


33.5 


46.1 


71.8 


103.0 


3* 


5.2 


7.1 


11. 1 


16.5 


21.6 


30.4 


37.1 


51.5 


78.6 


112.0 


4 


5.7 


8.0 


12.5 


18.2 


23.8 


33.0 


40.7 


57.1 


85.3 


121.0 


4* 


6.5 


9.0 


13.8 


19.9 


26.3 


35.5 


44.5 


62.9 


92.0 


130.0 


5 


7.0 


10.0 


14.9 


21.8 


28.8 


38.0 


48.3 


68.8 


98.6 


141.0 


5* 


7.5 


11. 


16.0 


23.5 


31.3 


40.7 


52.0 


74.7 


105.3 


153.0 


6 


8.0 


12.0 


17.2 


25.2 


33.8 


43.3 


55.7 


80.5 


112.0 


164.0 


7 










38.9 
44.0 
48.5 
53.0 
57.5 


50.0 
56.8 
63.5 
70.3 
77.0 


63.2 
69.3 
76.4 
83.5 
90.6 


92.3 
104.0 
115.4 
126.8 
138.2 


125.4 
138.8 
156.3 
173.8 
191.3 


185.0 


8 










205.0 


9 










225.0 


10 










245.0 


11 










265.0 


12 










62.0 


83.7 


97.8 


149.5 


208.8 


285.0 



TABLE SHOWING THE APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF OVAL HEAD 
RIVETS PER POUND. 






Length, 


Wire. 


Wire. 


Wire. 


Wire. 


Wire. 


Wire. 


.Wire. 


Wire. 


Inch. 


% 


Vin. 


H 


No. 5. 


No. 6. 


Ma 


No. 7. 


No. 8. 


h 


28 


48 


83 


96 


130 


150 


160 


210 


a 


24 


39 


62 


84 


104 


125 


136 


160 


I 


22 


31 


55 


75 


91 


108 


116 


142 


1 


20 


28 


50 


64 


83 


94 


102 


125 


li 


18 


26 


43 


52 


68 


80 


88 


110 


li 


16 


22 


38 


46 


62 


71 


75 


96 


if 


14 


20 


33 


42 


54 


64 


67 


83 


o 


13 


18 


29 


37 


48 


56 


60 


72 


21 


12 


16 


25 


34 


41 


48 


52 


66 


H 


11 


15 


23 


32 


37 


44 


47 


57 


93 


10 


14 


21 


30 


34 


40 


43 


52 


3 


9 


13 


20 


28 


21 


37 


39 


48 


H 


9 


12 


19 


27 


29 


35 


37 


46 


H 


8 


12 


18 


25 


27 


33 


35 


44 


31 


7 


11 


17 


23 


26 


32 


34 


43 


4 


7 


10 


16 


22 


25 


31 


33 


41 



THOUSAND RIVETS. 

APPROXIMATE DIMENSIONS. 



Size. 


Longth. 


Diam. 
Wire Gauge. 


Size. 


Length WJ 


3iam. 
e Gauge. 


8 Ounce. 


A 


No. 13i 


3£ Pound. 


H * 


ro. 8 


10 ' 


H 


" 13 


4 


H 


' 7* 


12 " 


A 


" 121 


5 


1 


' 6J 


14 " 


A 


" 12 


6 


H 


' 6 


t Pound. 


tt 


" 11| 


7 


H 


' 51 


li " 


A 


" 11 


8 


A 


' 41 


1* " 


H 


" 10J 


9 


SI 


' 41 


1| " 


i 


" 10 


10 


H 


' 4 


2 


H 


- 9i 


12 " 


i 


' 3 


2ft " 


A 


" 9 


14 


H 


« 2 


3 


A 


- 8J 


16 ', 


H 


1 





Gimlet Pointed Coach Screws. 








Number in one Keg of 150 Pounds. 










APPROXIMATELY. 








Size. 


X 


as 1 n 


K | X 


% 


X 


* 


H 


t 


»# 


5000 


3000 


2300 


5° 
1520 


1200 












2 


4300 


2500 


1850 


50 SO 
1400 935 


770 


600 








2'A 


3300 


2200 


5° 
1590 


50 
1210 


820 


25 

760 


500 








3 


3000 


2100 


1455 


1000 


750 


650 


25 

475 


;k 






i'A 


2700 


1850 


SO 
I30O 


835 


25 

675 


25 
550 


430 


286 






4 


2500 


1650 


1 1 50 


865 


25 
620 


25 

467 


390 


255 






4K 


2300 


5<= 
1500 


50 
1050 


=5 
790 


25 
560 


25 
450 


25 
■360 


»»s 






5 


2175 


5° 
1400 


25 

960 


25 
7'o 


25 
520 


414 


325 


21b 


153 


122 


5tf 






25 
930 


67 5 5 


25 
470 


37= 


25 
306 


200 


142 


114 


6 






835 


625 


440 


25 
351 


25 
285 


25 
190 


132 


104 


7 


« 




750 


25 
530 


395 


25 
320 


260 


25 
103 


120 


90 


S 






62a 


465 


350 


2 So 


218 


143 


105 


81 


9 










303 


250 


192 


12S 


9s 


74 


IO 










26S 


215 


178 


118 


83 


67 


II 










251 


1 So 


159 


107 


82 


63 


12 










234 


]&2 


146 


97 


71 


60 




The Small Figures indicate the Number of -Screws in One Pa 


>er Packag 


e. 







203 







Patent Iron Wood Screws 














Number of Gross in a Case. 








% Inch. 


X 


Inch. 


)i Inch. 


X Inch. 


% Inch. 


■>A Inch. 


I Inch. 


No. Gro. 


No. 


Gro. 


No. Gro. 


No. Gro. 


No. Gro. 


No. Gro. 


No. 


Gro. 


o . . 480 





. 480 


I ■ « 480 


I .. . 480 


2 ... 360 


2 . . 300 


3 • 


200 


I .. 480 


I 


. 380 


2 a , 450 


2 . . 45° 


3 •• 3°o 


3 ■» 200 


4 • 


200 


2 .. 360 


2 


. 480 


3 > • 450 


3 . . 360 


4 . . 200 


4 . . 200 


5 • 


200 


3 . . 480 


3 


. 450 


4 ,-, 3&0 


4 • • 300 


5 . . 200 


5 .. 200 


6 . 


2O0 


4 • • 450 


4 


• 450 


5 < .. 300 


5 . . 200 


6 .. 200 


6 .. 200 


7 • 


200 




5 


. 360 


6 , „ 200 


6 . , 200 " 


7 •• 300 


7 .. 200 


8 . 


200 




6 


. 300 


7 . . 200 


7 , , 200 


8 .. 300 


8 . . 200 


9 • 


300 




7 


, 2O0 


8 ,. aoo 


8 „ soo 


9 . . 200 


9 ... 200 


10 


300 




8 


. 200 


9 ., 200 


9 . , 200 


10 . . 200 


10 . . 200 


11 


200 




9 


. 2O0 




10 . , 200 


11 , , 200 


II . . 200 


12 


200 








11 , } 200 


II , , 200 


12 . . 200 


12 .. 20O 


13 .. 


180 








12 .„ 200 


12 , , 200 


13 ,. 200 


13 . . 20O 


14 • 


180 










13 ... 200 

14 ,J 2O0 


14 . . 200 

15 .. 180 


14 .. 1S0 

15 .. ISO 


15 • 

16 . 


180 
180 








i't Inch. 
No. Gro. 


No. 


Inch. 
Gro. 






1.6 , . 180 


16 . . ISO 


17 • 

18 . 


IOO 
IOO 






4 . .. 200 

5 a * 200 


4 . . 20O 
5' ,, 200 


I* Inch. 

No. Gro. 


2 Inch. 

No. Gro. 






20 . 


100 






6 ,, 200 


6 


. 200 


6 ,, 180 


6 ,, 180 


2'X Inch. 


2'A Inch. 






7 . . 20O 


7 


. 200 


7 .. 180 


7 j « 180 


No. Gro. 


No. Gro. 


2X 


Inch. 


8 .. 200 


8 


, 200 


8 . , 180 


8 ., 180 


8 . .. 100 


8 . . IOO 


No. 


Gro. 


9 .. 200 


9 


. 180 


9 . » 180 


9 .. .. loo 


9 .3 100 


9 .. 100 


10 . 


48 


10 . . 240 


10 


. 180 


10 .'. 180 


10 , , 100 


10 . , IOO 


10 , ., loo 


11 . 


50 


11 . . 240 


II 


. 180 


11 ... 100 


11 j. 100 


11 ,, 100 


11 . . 90 


12 


50 


12 ,. 180 


12 


, 1.80 


12 . . 100 


12 ".- 100 


12 , s IOO 


12 . . 90 


13 ■ 


50 


13 .. 180 


13 


, 100 


13 . . 100 


13 ,. 100 


13 ... 90 


13 •■ 9° 


'4 ■ 


50 


14 •• 180 


14 


, 100 


14 ., 100 


14 ,. 100 


14 ». 90 


14 ,. 90 4 


15 j 


50 


IS .. 100 


15 


. 100 


15 ., 100 


15 .. 90 


15 j.. 90 


15 - 5° 


16 . 


50 


16 .. 100 


16 


. 100 


16 ., 100 


16 , „ 90 


16 . ., 90 


10 .. 50 


17 • 


48 


17 .. 100 


17 


, 100 


17 .. 9° 


17 ,1 9° 


17 .j 48 


17 , ■ 50 


18 . 


48 


18 .. 100 


18 


. IOO 


18 .. 90 


18 .. 90 


18 .. 48 


18 .. 48 


20 . 


48 


20 . , 100 


20 


, 00 


20 ,. 90 


20 .._ 48 


20 lt 48 


20 . , 48 


22 


36 


22 .. 90 


22 


. 90 


22 . . 48 


22 , . 48 


22 .. 48 


22 , , 36 


24 • 


36 


24 ; . 90 


24 


■ 50 


24 .. 48 


24 . , 48 


?4 ., 36 


24 . . 36 


26 . 


36 


3 Inch. 


VA 


Inch. 


4 Inch. 


4'A Inch. 


S Inch. 


6 Inch. 






No. Gro. 


No. 


Gro. 


No. Gro. 


No. Gro. 


No. Gro. 


No. Gro. 






10 . . 50 


10 


, 48 


12 .. 48 


1 (> . , 30 


18 .-. 24 


20 . . 20 






II ,1 50 


11 


. 48 


14 .. 48 


18 " t , 30 


20 . 24 


22 . . 20 






I? .. 48 


12 


• 50 


16 ,v 36 


20 . ,, 36 


22 , , 24 


24 . . to 






13 ... 50 


13 


- 50 


18 . . 36 


22 . . 24 


24 . . 20 


26 . . 12 






»4 w 50 


14 


, 48 


20 . . 36 


24 . . 24 


26 . . 20 


28 . . 12 






IS ,. 50 


1.5 . 


, 48 


22 . . 36 


26 . , 20 


28 .. 12 


30 . ., 12 






16 ., 48 


16 .. 


■ 48 


24 . . 24 












17 .. 48 


J7 , 


. 48 


26 . ., 20 












18 .. 48 


18 . 


• 36 














20 , , 36 
22 .. 36 


20 
22 . 


• 36 

• 36 






















24 . . 36 


24 . 


• 36 










26 . . 24 


26 , 


20 











204 





Patent Iron 


Wood Screws 
















Weight 


per Gross. 


















APPROXIMATELY. 












% Inch. 


y s Inch. 


% Inch. 


H 


Inch. 


X 


Inch. 


% 


Inch. 


I 


Inch. 


No. Pounds. 


No. Pounds. 


No. 


Pounds. 


No. 


Pounds. 


No. 


Pounds. 


No. 


Pounds. 


No. 


Pounds. 


O .02(iO 


.0366 . 


I 


.0694 


I 


.0S40 


2 


.1369 


2 


•1554 


3 


.2302 


I 03') I 


I -0545 


2 


•097S 


2 


.1177 


3 


1801 


3 




2034 


4 




2994 


2 0562 


2 .0/73 


3 


1303 


3 


•1557 


4 


.2304 


4 




2649 


5 




3785 


3 0764 


3 1039 


4 


1654 


4 


•1959 


5 


.2921 


5 




3353 


6 




4676 


4 .0992 


4 1331 


5 


.2056 


5 


.2489 


6 


.3618 


6 




4H7 


7 




5671 




5 .677 


6 


.2560 


6 


•3089 


7 


•4399 


7 




5035 


8 




6770 




6 2031 


7 


3123 


7 


.3763 


8 


.5266 


8 




6018 


9 




7978 




7 2492 


S 


3762 


8 


.4514 


9 


.6221 


9 




7099 


10 




9295 




8 3009 


9 


.4464 


9 


•5342 


10 


7266 


10 




8281 


II 


I 


0725 




9 35S5 


10 


5237 


10 


.6252 


II 


.8404 


II 




9565 


12 


1 


2270 






II 


.6084 


11 


•7244 


12 


.9638 


12 


I 


0954 


13 


I 


3932 






12 


.7006 


12 


.8322 


13 


I.0969 


13 


I 


2451 


14 


I 


5714 










r3 
H 


.9488 
I.0744 


15 


I.2400 
'•3934 


14 
15 


I 


4057 
5776 


15 
16 


I 
I 


7617 
96+7 






\% Inch. 


l</ 2 Inch. 
No. i-ounds. 










16 


'•5574 


16 


I 


7610 


17 
18 


2 
2 


1800 
4084 












' 4 "3684 
5 4649 
<■> -5734 


4 -4374 

5 55M 

6 .6792 


No. 
6 


Inch. 

Pounds. 
.7850 


2 

No. 

6 


Inch. 

Pounds. 
.8908 










20 


2 


9047 


2% Inch. 


zy 


Inch. 








7 6943 


7 8213 


7 




9485 


7 


I.0756 


No. 


Pounds. 


No, 


Pounds. 


2M 


.Inch. 


8 .8275 


8 9779 


8 


I 


1283 


8 


I.2788 


8 


I.4292 


8 


1.5796 


No. 


Pounds. 


9 -9734 


9 X.1491 


9 


I 


3248 


9 


1.5005 


9 


I.6762 


9 


I 


8519 


10 


2.3498 


10 1. 1 324 


IO I.3353 


10 


I 


5382 


10 


1. 74I I 


IO 


I.9440 


10 


2 


1469 


11 


2.6970 


n 1.3046 


It 1.5367 


II 


I 


7687 


11 


2.0008 


11 


2.2329 


11 


2 


4649 


12 


3.0694 


12 I.4902 


12 1-7534 


12 


2 


0166 


1? 


2.2798 


12 


2.5430 


12 


2 


8062 


13 


3-4673 


13 I.6S95 


13 1.985s 


13 


2 


2821 


13 


2.5784 


13 


2-8747 


13 


3 


1710 


14 


3.8906 


14 I.9027 


14 2.2340 


14 


2 


5653 


14 


2.8966 


H 


3.2280 


14 


3 


5593 


15 


4-340O 


15 2 I300 


15 2.4984 


15 


2 


8667 


15 


3.2350 


15 


3.6034 


15 


3 


97>7 


16 


4-8157 


16 2.3720 


16 2.7793 


16 


3 


1865 


16 


3-5938 


16 


4.0011 


16 


4 


4084 


17 


5 3052 


17 2.62S2 


17 30764 


17 


3 


5246 


17 


3-9728 


17 


4.4210 


17 


4 


8692 


IS 


5.8460 


18 2.8994 


18 3.3905 


18 


3 


8816 


18 


43727 


18 


4.8O38 


18 


5 


3549 


20 


6.9S38 


20 3.4875 


20 4.0702 


20 


4 


6529 


20 


5.2356 


20 


5.8183 


20 


6 


4010 


22 


8.2309 


22 4I3"8 


22 4.8200 


22 


5 


5022 


22 


6.1843 


22 


6.8665 


22 


7 


5487 


24 


9-5893 


24 48524 


24 5.6419 


H 


6.4313 


2+ 


7.2208 


24 


8.0103 


24 


8.7998 


26 


11.0607 


3 Inch. 


Z'A Inch. 


4 


Inch. 


4% Inch. 


5 


Inch. 


6 Inch. 






No. Pounds. 


No. Pounds. 


No. 


Pounds. 


No. 


Pounds. 


No. 


Pounds. 


No. 


Pounds. 






IO 2.5527 


IO 29585 


12 


43854 


16 


7.6667 


18 


IO.2657 


20 


14-5590 






11 2.9291 


11 3.3932 


14 


5 


5473 


18 


9-2836 


20 


12.2282 


22 


17.0992 






12 3.3326 


12 3.8590 


16 


6 


8522 


20 


II.0628 


22 


I4-3705 


24 


19.8525 






13 3.7636 


'3 4-356I 


18 


8 


3014 


22 


13.0061 


24 


16.6945 


26 


22.8205 






14 4-2220 


14 4.8846 


20 


9 


8973 


24 


I5-II56 


26 


I9.2021 


28 


26.0054 






15 4-7084 


»5 5-4450 


22 


11 


6418 


26 


I7.3929 


28 


21.8952 


30 


29.4091 






16 3.2230 


16 6.0376 


24 


13 


5366 


















17 57656 


17 6.6620 


26 


15 


5837 


















18 6.3370 


18 7.3192 






















20 7.5665 
22 8.9I3I 


20 8.7319 
22 10.2774 






































24 IO.3787 


24 11.9577 


















26 11.9653 


=6 13-7745 




For weight of Brass Screws, 


add 7ft p 


er cent, to thes< 


weights. 



205 



Standard Penny Steel Wire Nails. 

Sizes, Lengths and Approximate Number per Pound. 



2d 

3d Fine 
3d Com 

4d 
5d 
6d 

7d 
8d 

9 ^ 
rod 

1 2d 

i6d 

2od 
3 od 
4od 
5 od 
6od 



•it 



1558 1440 



m 



550 .. 

25o|>5 
236 136 



Miscellaneous Steel Wire Nails. 

Approximate Number per Pound. 



2d 

3d Fine 

3d Com 

4d 

5d 
6d 
7 d 
8d 
9d 

lO'l 

i2d 
lod 
god 
3ud 
4od 

50(1 
6od 



'.'♦ 



2 2X UK 



20000 
23702 

3047ft 



2840 
3504 
4571 
6233 
827ft 
10668 
15000 
17777 
22N5I, 



663 
837 

1096 
1429 
1893 
2336 
3048 
4156 
5517 
7112 

IOOOO 
1 1850 
15237 



; 23s ■ 



approximate numbers are an average only, and the figures given may be varied either way, 

of heads or points. 
Brads and no-head nails will run more to the pound than table shows, and large or thick ho 



by changes in the diniei 
ded nails will run less. 



206 



TABLE OF WHEEL PROPORTIONS. 

The following proportions give the best service far general uso : 
PLAIN WOOD HUB WHEELS. 





RIMS. 




SPOKES. 




HUBS. 




Style 


Tire. 


Depth 


Diam- 
eter. 


Size. 


Diameter. 


Length 


Size o? 

MOKTISE. 


OP 

Front. 


00 

a 


1 




1 


3% or 4 


6^ 


%S% 




£ 

a 


IK 




1% 
1« 


4 of 43^ 
5 


6^ 

7 


1 £t 7 b 


1 

13 


1 


m 




1% 


Wz 


7^ 


1M*^ 


O 




IK 


■s 


1^ 
1% 


6 
6^ 


8 
8^ 




(3 


n 


i% 




i« 


7 


9 


l%x% 






i% 


as 

a 


1% 


m 


9y 2 


l%xi| 


s 

fit 


T3> 


2 


< 


2 


8 


10 


w*% 


3 

s 


■E 

o 


2!/8 




2^ 


8^ 


10^ 


2 x% 




V 
p 


2^ 




2M 


9 


11 


234*% 


a 


33 

a 


2% 




2% 


9^ 


HM 


2^x% 


E 


< 


2H 




2^ 


10 


12 


2%*i! 





WHEEL STUFF IN PAIRS, FOR CABS AND CARTS. 



RIMS. 


DIAM. 


SPOKES, 30 INCH. 


HUBS. 


\%xl% 


<o o 


134 


f 7 x 9 
17^x9^ 


l%or2 x2 




1% or 2 


(7x9 


2 or 2^x2*4 


< d 


2 


8 xlO 


2^ or 2^x234 




2^ 


/ 834x1 0i 2 
19 xll 



207 









HORSESHOES 


• 












BURDEN. 












Average Weight of Each Shoe. 

■pi-nri-vrrp ttt\tt. 






Ex. 


X 1 IfcUJN X 


Ex. 






' 


Size. 


Light. 


Light. Medium. Heavy. Light. 


Light. 


Medium. 


Heavy. 


No 


oz. 


oz. 


oz. oz. oz. 


oz. 


oz. 


oz. 





10% 


12 


.'... 09% 


11 


.... 


.... 


1 


13 


15 


17 18% 11 


13% 


14% 


15 


2 


14% 


18 


20 23 13 


15 


17 


18 


3 


17% 


20% 


24 25% 15% 


19 


21 


23% 


4 


21 


25 


28 32% 19 


23% 


23 


27 


5 


26% 


30 


34 39 24 


27 


29 


32 


6 




36 


41 46 


32 


34% 


38% 


7 




42 


48 


35 


39 




8 


.... 


.... 


57 




48 


.... 






Average Number of Shoes in . 


Each Keg. 







152 


133 


168 


145 


.... 




1 


123 


107 


90 86 145 


111 


113 


107" 


2 


113 


89 


80 69 123 


107 


94 


89 


3 


91 


78 


66 62 103 


84 


76 


68 


4 


76 


64 


57 46 84 


68 


70 


59 


5 


60 


53 


47 41 66 


59 


55 


50 


6 




44 


39 35 


50 


46 


42 


7 


• . . • 


38 


33 


46 


41 





8 








28 

AMERICAN. 


.... 


33 









A 


verage Weight of Each Shoe. 









10 


12 


8 


10 




. . . 


1 


12 


14 


17 19 10 


12 


13% 


15 


2 


15% 


17 


20 23 13 


14 


16 


18 


3 


18 


20% 


24% 27 16 


18 


20 


23 


4 


22 


24% 


28%. 33 19 


22 


24 


27 


5 


25% 


30 


35% 39 23 


26% 


29 


32 


6 




35% 


40 44 


31 


34 


37 


7 


.... 


41% 


46 50 


34 


38 


43 


8 


.... 




51 56 




43 


48 






Average Number of Shoes in Each Ke^ 


r. 







160 


133 


200 


160 


, 


... 


1 


133 


114 


90 84 160 


133 


111 


107 


2 


103 


94 


80 70 123 


114 


100 


89 


3 


89 


78 


65 59 100 


89 


80 


70 


4 


73 


65 


56 49 84 


73 


66 


59 


5 


62 


53 


46 41 69 


60 


55 


50 


6 


. . . . 


45 


40 36 


51 


47 


43 


7 


.... 


38 


35 32 


47 


42 


37 


8 


.... 


.... 


31 29 


.... 


37 


33 



208 



HORSESHOES-Continued. 

PERKINS. 

Average Weight of Each Shoe. 





Ex. 






FRONT. 




Ex. 


S. C. D. or 


Size. 


Light. 


Light. 


Special. 


Medium. 


Heavy. 


Heavy. 


Long Heel 


No. 


oz. 


oz. 


oz. 


oz. 


oz. 


oz. 


oz. 





10% 


11 




.... 


.... 






1 


13 


13% 




17 


.... 


20 




2 


16 


17 




21 


23 


25 


. . 


3 


19 


20 


25 


25 


28 


29 




4 


22% 


24% 


30 


30 


31 


34 


31 


5 


26 


30 


35 


35 


36 


... 


38 


6 


34 


38 


39 


41 






46 


7 




44 


48 


47 






50 


8 


.... 


.... 


51 


53 

HIND. 











9 


9 


- N 







. . 


.. 


1 


11 


12% 


O 


14 




18 




2 


14 


15 


T 


17 


19% 


20 




3 


17 


18 




21 


23% 


24 




4 


21 


23 


M 


24% 


27 


28 


27 


5 


25 


26 


A 


30 


32 




31 


6 


30 


33 


D 


35 






39 


7 


.... 


37 


E 


40 






40 


8 


.... 






45 












Average Number of Shoes 


in Each Keg. 












FRONT. 











152 


146 












.. 


1 


123 


119 




94 




80 




2 


100 


94 




76 


70* " 


64 




3 


74 


80 


64 


64 


57 


55 




4 


71 


67 


53 


53 


51 


47 


59 


5 


62 


53 


46 


46 


44 




42 


6 


47 


42 


41 


39 






35 


7 




36 


33 


• 34 






32 


8 






31 


30 

HIND. 











177 


177 


N 











1 


146 


130 


O 


lii" 




88 




2 


114 


107 


T 


94 


82" 


80 




3 


94 


88 




76 


68 


66 




4 


76 


70 


M 


67 


59 


57 


59 


5 


64 


62 


A 


53 


50 




51 


6 


53 


48 


D 


46 






41 


7 




43 


E 


40 


.... 




40 


8 


.... 


.... 




36 


.... 







209 



HORSESHOES— Continued. 

PHOENIX. 

Average Weight of Each Shoe. 



' 


Ex. 


— £K,vi 


N J. 


* 


Ex. 


-a 


issu 


1 


Size 


Light. 


Light. 


Medium. 


Heavy. 


Light 


. Light. 


Medium. 


Heavy. 


JSo 


oz. 


oz. 


oz. 


oz. 


oz. 


oz. 


oz. 


OZ. 





10 


12 


... 


.... 


8 


10 






1 


13 


14 


17 


19 


10% 


12 


ii" 


is" 


2 


15% 


17 


20 


23 


13 


14 


16 


18 


3 


18% 


21 


25 


27 


16 


18 


20 


23 


4 


22 


25 


29 


33 


19% 


22 


24 


27 


5 


25% 


30 


35 


39 


23 


27 


29 


32 


6 


30 


36 


42 


46 


27 


31 


34 


37 


7 




43 


49 


.... 


.... 


34 


38 




8 




.... 


56 


.... 


.... 


.... 


45 









Average Number of Shoes in 


Each Keg. 







160 


133 






200 


160 




.... 


1 


123 


114 


94' 


84 


152 


133 


114 ' 


106 " 


2 


103 


94 


80 


69 


123 


114 


100 


88 


3 


86 


76 


64 


59 


100 


88 


80 


70 


4 


72 


64 


55 


48 


82 


73 


66 


59 


5 


64 


52 


46 


41 


70 


59 


55 


50 


6 


53 


44 


38 


34 


59 


51 


47 


43 


7 





37 


33 


.... 


.... 


47 


42 





8 





.... 


28 


.... 


— 





35 


.... 



HORSE SHOE NAILS. 

STAR. 

Standard Sizes and Weights per Pound. 

No. of Nail 3 4 

Length of Nail, Regular or Country 1 

Head, in inches J 

Length of Nail, Small or City Head, 1 -i 5 , -i 7 , 

in inches J /8 /8 

Number in a Pound, Country Head 

Number in a Pound, City Head 

No. of Nail 7 8 

Length of Nail, Regular or Country \ 95/ 91/ 

Head, in inches / l /l6 l h 

Length of Nail, Small or City Head, 1 01/ 9 17 / 

in inches J ' 4 ' 16 

Number in a Pound, Country Head.. 113 91 

Number m a Pound, City Head 127 99 

210 



5 


6 


2Vw 


2 3 /ia 


l 15 /ie 


27s 


187 
193 


145 
156 


9 


10 


2»/l6 


2 13 /l6 


2 5 /s 


2 7 /s 


73 

81 


66 
69 



HORSE SHOE NAILS— Continued. 

STANDARD. 

Standard Sizes and Weights per Pound. 

No. of Nail 3 4 4% 5 6 7 

Length of Nail, Regular or) 9 93/ 93/ 

Country Head, in inches.} 2 2 /l6 2 /s 

Length of Nail, Small or\ 113/ 15/ 17/ 115/ 91/ 95/ 

City Head, in inches .... } 1U /» 1 /« 1? /« 115 /* 2 V* 2Vi« 

N Head a P ° Und ' RegUlar } •'• 264 •'• 167 137 105 

No. in a' Pound, City Head!.. 421 294 220 184 145 116 

No. of Nail... 8 9 10 11 12 

Length of Nail, Regular or) 99/ 93/ 97/ qi/ ow 

Country Head, in inches} 2 / 16 2 A 2 /s 3 /l6 3 U 
Length of Nail, Small or) 91/ 911/ 93/ Q 

City Head, in inches } 2 /a 2 /l6 Z/i 6 

N Head a P ° Und ' Regular } 88 71 63 53 49 

No. in a' Pound,' City Head . . 91 77 68 63 57 

PUTNAM. 

No. of Nail 1 2345 6789 10 

Length of Nail, in. 1V, 6 l^/ie l l / 2 l 5 /s l 7 / 8 2Vw 2V 4 2V2 2 11 /ie 2 7 / 8 

No. in a Pound.. 675 500 350 265 200 150 120 95 80 70 

CHAMPLAIN. 

No. of Nail... 2 3 4 47 2 5 6 

Length of Nail, Regular or) 115/91/ 

Country Head, in inches . } l /l6 2 /s 

Length of Nail, Small or\ 11, 13/ 15/ 113/ 17/ 91/ 

City Head, in inches..... } ^ ^ X '« 113 /ie 1 7 /s 2»/« 

No. in a Pound, Regular or) i«q i/m 

Country Head / loy 14 * 

No. of Nail... 7 8 9 10 11 12 

Length of Nail, Regular or) 95/ 97/ 95/ 915/ Q o,/ 

Country Head, in inches. } 2/l6 2 /l6 2/s 2 /l6 3 3 /s 

Length of Nail, Small or) 91/ 93 , 99/ 93/ 915/ ow 

City Head, in inches } 2 ^ 2 /s 2 /l6 2 !i 2 /l6 3 /l6 

No. in a Pound, Regular or) -.-.^ in9 7Q A7 

Country Head } lla 102 78 b7 

211 



HORSE SHOE NAILS-Continued. 

AIJSABLE. 

Standard Sizes and Weights per Pound. 

No. of Nail 2 3 4 47 2 5 

Length of Nail, inches. l 3 /ie l 3 /a l 5 /s 1 3 A 2 

No. of Nail 7 8 9 10 

Length of Nail, inches. 2 1 /* 2 3 / 8 2 9 /ie 2 3 / 4 

COUNTERSUNK HEADS. 

No. of Nail 2 3 4 4V 2 5 6 

No.inaPound.... 466 341 267 223 162 145 

STANDARD HEADS. 

No. of Nail....... 5 6 7 8 9 

No. in a Pound... 151 132 100 88 72 

LIGHT HEADS. 

No. of Nail 5 6 7 8 9 

No.inaPound... 172 142 113 99 76 

GOODENOUGH HEADS. 

No. of Nail 7 8 

No. in a Pound 80 66 

PLATE HEADS. 

No. of Nail..... 2 3 4 

No.inaPound. 529 385 291 

Clinton and American count the same as Ausable. Stand- 
ard and Light Heads made only in cheaper grades. 



6 

27s 

11 

2 13 /l6 



7 
109 



10 
63 



10 



9 

59 



47 2 
236 



THE TERM "PENNY" AS APPLIED TO NAILS. 

The origin of the term "six-penny," "ten-penny," etc., as 
applied to nails, though not commonly known, is involved in 
no mystery whatever. Nails have been made a certain number 
of pounds to the thousand for many years, and are still reck- 
oned in that way in England, a ten-penny being a thousand 
nails to ten pounds, a six-penny a thousand to six pounds, a 
twenty-penny weighing twenty pounds to the thousand; and, 
in ordering, buyers call for the three-pound, six pound or ten 
pound variety, etc., until, by the Englishmen's abbreviation of 
"pun" for "pound," the abbreviation has been made to stand 
for penny, instead of pound, as originally intended. 

212 



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217 



ANVILS. 

Approximate Dimensions of Smith's Anvils. 
Face, Length 



Pounds. 


and Width. 


Square Hole. 


Round Hole. 


80 


12 x3%in. 


%in. 


%in. 


100 


13 x3% 't 


% ' 




X " 


140 


14%x4 " 


Vs l 




% " 


175 


lG%xi% " 


1 ' 




%" 


200 


16Xx4% " 


1 « 




%" 


250 


18 x4% " 


1%' 




%" 


300 


20 x5 " 


1H ' 




% " 


350 


21 x5% " 


IX' 




%" 


400 


23 x5% " 


1% ' 




% " 


440 


24 x5% " 


1%' 




%" 



All Anvils 240 pounds and over have countersunk square hole. 

SOLID BOX VISES. 

Number indicates as nearly as possible the weight of the 
Vise in pounds. 

Number. Width of Jaw. Number. Width of Jaw. 



25 
30 
35 
40 
45 
50 
55 
60 
65 
70 
75 
80 
85 
90 
05 
100 



Number. 

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 



3% 
3X 
3% and 
4 

4X 
4Xand 
4% and 
4X to 
4% and 
5 and 
5 and 
5% and 
b% and 
5/J and 



in. 
in. 

3% in. 
in. 
in. 

4% hi. 
4% in. 
5 in. 
5 in. 
5X in. 
5% in. 
5% in. 
5% in. 
5% in. 
in. 
in. 



105 


6 


110 


6 and 


115 


6 and 


120 


6% 


125 


6% 


130 


6% and 


135 


6% and 


140 


7 


145 


7 


150 


7 


160 


7% 


170 


7X 


180 


1% and 


190 


7% and 


200 


8 



in. 

6% in. 

634 in. 

in. 

in. 

6% in. 

6% in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

in. 

8 in. 

8 in. 

in. 



VISE BOXES AND SCREWS. 

Diam. of Screw. 



l%in 
l%in, 
l^in 
IX in. 
IX in. 
l%in. 
2 in. 



for Vises from No. 



30 to No. 50 


55 ' 


70 


75 ' 


85 


90 ' 


100 


105 ' 


125 


130 * 


195 


200 ' 


250 



218 



STANDARD SIZES OF CIRCULAR SAW MANDRELS* 

r q_| 

^ J§ O ew .2 &*> Z, _2£ ► . 

a g£^ g|j i|J %%2 g£j S.si.3 

g 5^ pS£^ 5^3 3£>S SU3 XW.2£ 

1 21/2 3V2 2V2 14 lVie 1 

2 3 4 3 16 13/ M li/ g 

3 3V2 4V2 3V2 18 lVie 1V« 

4 4 5 4 20 lVie l 5 /ie 

5 4V 2 5V2 4V2 22 l'Vie l 5 /ie 

6 5 6 5 24 lVia l 3 /« 

7 5V 2 672 57 2 26 lVie l 3 /a 

8 6 7 6 28 lVie 172 

9 7 8 6 32 1»/ 16 15/ 8 
10 8 8 6 36 l 13 /i6 l 5 /s 

STANDARD LENGTH, IN INCHES, OF CUT AND WEIGHT, WITH 
HANDLE, OF HATCHETS AND BENCH AXES. 

Nos 1 2 3 

Shingling 3% 3% 4% 

Weight, lbs IX 2 2 lbs. 9 oz. 

Claw 3% 4 4% 

Weight, lbs 1% 2 2 lbs. 5 oz. 

Half 3% 3% 4 

Lath 2% 2% 2% 

Weight lib. 4oz. 1 lb. 6 oz. 1 lb. 9 oz. 

BROAD HATCHETS. 

Nos 12 3 4 5 6 7 

Width of Cut, in inches.. 4 4% 5 5% 6 6% 7 
Weight, with handle, lbs. 2 2% 3 3% 3% 4 4% 

MOLASSES GATES. 

No 1 2 3 4 5 

Inside Diameter 13-16 % 1% 1% IX 

Bore 1 1% 1% 1% l»/ le 

THE SIZES OF SKATES 

COMPARE WITH SIZES OF SHOES AS FOLLOWS. 

Skates, in... 7 7% 8 8% 9 9% 10 10% 11 11% 
Shoes, No. . . 9% 11 12% 1 2% 4 5% 7% 9 10% 

PLATE AND BEDSTEAD CASTERS. 

SIZE, IN INCHES OF WHEELS OF EACH. 

Plate.. No. 12 3 4 5 6 7 

Size % 1 1% 1% 1% l 7 /i. 1% 

Bedstead, Old No. 1%.0 1%.1 1%.2 2 in 2 in 1 2 in 2 2inhe'vy 

New " 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 

Size 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 2 2% 

219 



ESTIMATED SHIPPING WEIGHTS. 

All of the weights given below are for good Forest Growth and Dry Stock Unseasoned 
will weigh from 10 to 25 per cent more. An additional 10 or 15 per cent should be added 
for choicest grade of Timber, more especially in Spokes, Kims, Shafts, Polbs, Singletrees 
and Neckyokes. 

OAK SPOKES. 

2§ 2| 2 



Size, in.. . . 
Lbs. pr set 



Size, in 

Lbs. vr set . 



70 75 80 90 

HICKORY SPOKES. 

..2 inn 



.20 25 



32 3* 



3 
110 



Diameter, 



6 



Lbs. pr set 20 25 



Diameter, in. 
Lbs. pr set. . . 



7 
30 

3| 



OAK HUBS. 

8 84 8£ 
40 45 50 

ELM HUBS. 

4* 4| 5 
9 10 11 



60 



120 



H 



48 

10* 

95 



3| 
145 



11 

110 



4 

175 



12 
125 



44 



Size, in ... . 
Lbs. pr set. 



Size. 
Lbs. 
Size, in . . . 
Lbs. pr set 



in 

pr set. 



.21 25 3( 
..2x2 2x24 
. . 85 95 



SAWED WAGON FELLOES. 

Ifx24 2x2£ 2x2| 

75 85 90 

BENT rr.LI.OES. 

£ 14 if i| if 

;0 35 45 50 55 
2x2J 2*x2 2|x2 
100 100 110 

BENT SHAFTS. 

.I§x2 ltx2 l*x24 
. 135 150 170 



\ 5| 
3 14 

2x2| 
95 



15 18 



2x3 
115 



n 

65 

3x2 

120 



3|x2 
140 



4x2 
160 



Size, in. . . 
Lbs. each 



Size 2x4x8 ft. 

Lbs. each 22 



Size, in I|x2 l|x2 l£x24 l|x24 

Lbs. pr doz. pairs 135 150 170 180 

BENT POLES. 

Size, in 11x24 2x2| 

Lbs. pr dozen 155 180 

HICKORY AXLES. 

Size, in 2ix3£ 3x4 3£x4£ 4x5 4x6 

Lbs. pr set 37 48 64 80 96 

BOLSTERS AND SANDBOARDS. 

4 FEET LONG. 

3x4 3|x4J- 3*x5 

16 21 23 

REACHES. 

2x4x10 ft. 2x4x12 ft. 2tx4ix8 ft, 
27 32 31 

WAGON TONGUES. 

Size, in 3 3£ 4 

Lbs. each 28 36 48 

BRAKE BARS. 

Size, in 2x5 2ix5 

Lbs. each 20 26 

WAGON GEARING. 

1 1 Pieces 55 lbs. pr set. 2x3 

SINGLETREES. 

BUGGY, EXPRESS, OVAL WAGON. 

Lbs. pr dozen 22 26 35 

NECKYOKES. 

BUGGY, EXPRESS, 

Lbs. pr dozen 25 30 

EVENERS. 

BUGGY, EXPRESS, LIGHT, 

Lbs. pr dozen 60 75 120 

220 



2x2t 
220 



2x24 
200 

4ix5J 
97 



7 
25 

24x3 
130 

l|x2 
75 
5x2 
200 

2x2f 
240 

2x3 
220 

5x6 
120 



27 

2ix4|xl0 ft. 
10 

4* 
54 



4ix5t 
"33 



U 8 
30 37 

2£x3 
160 

l|x24 
85 
6x2 
240 

3x3 
265 

24x3 
245 

6x7 
200 



5x6 
40 



2tx4Jxl2 ft, 
48 



4i5 
60 



5x5 
75 



2&x0 
30 



3x6 
36 



3x7 

42 



BENT HAWNS. 



48 
20 lbs. each. 



ROUND WAGON, 

40 



WAGON, 

45 



IRONED WAGON. 

70 



IRONED WAGON. 

90 



HEAVY, 
135 



ESTIMATED SHIPPING WEIGHTS. 



Lbs. pr set. 



SHORT BUGGY, 

15 



BOWS. 

LONG BUGGY, 

20 

PLOW H\X»I,ES. 



25 



Size, in 

Lbs. pr dozen. 



l| x 2i 

51 



PLOW BEAMS. 



Lbs. each. 



TWO-HORSE. 

24 



Size, in... 2x2i 



Lbs. pr set. 
Lbs. pr set . 
Lbs. pr set . 



35 



BEAMS, 
60 



KNE&3, 
40 



BOB Rl'NXERSi 

2x2* 2x3 2x3| 
40 45 60 

BOB r.EARIXC 
RAVES, ROLLERS. 

60 25 



2x4 
65 



l|x2| 

54 



2x41 
75 



WAGON. 

30 



THREE-HORSE 
27 



2x5 

115 



2Jx5 

145 



SADDLE. 
..10 



REACH, 



Lbs. each. 



•SEAT SQ., 

30 



l-SEAT SQ , 
65 



2-SEAT SQ., 

35 



2-SEAT SQ., 
90 



CDTTER STUFF. 

l-SEAT TORT., 2-SEAT PORT., 

35 40 

CUTTER WOODS. 

l-SEAT PORT.. 2-SEAT PORT., 

75 125 



l-SEAT SWELL, 
35 



I-SEATSWELL, 
<5 



BENCHES 

120 



2-SEAT SWELL. 

40 



2-SEAT SWELL. 
150 



Lbs. each. 
Lbs. each. 



PIANO, 

50 



BODIES. 

PLATFORM. 

115 



PHAETON, 
85 



JUMP-SEAT, 
100 



EXTENSION TOP, 

200 



Lbs. each. 



SQUARE CORNER, 
11 



ONE-SEAT, 
NO BODY, 
. 110 



ONE-SEAT, 

WITH BODY, 

190 



SEATS. 

ROUKD CORNER, 
11 



GEARS. 

TWO-SEAT, 
NO BODY, 
125 



EXCELSIOR, 
10 



IMPROVED IRONED. 

135 

SURREY. 

85 

GRAHAM'S. 

12 



TWO-SEAT, 

WITH BODY, 

225 



PHAETON, 

WITH BODY, 

270 



HANSON 4 
MACK'S. 

175 



Lbs. each .... 

PLATFORM GEARINGS. 

Capacity 1,000 lbs., 1,500 lbs., 2,000 lbs., 2,500 lbs.. 3,000 lbs. 

Lbs. each 45 50 55 60 70 

SULKY GEARINGS. 

Lbs. pr set, Light 18 Medium 23 

WHEELS. 

Tread, in | J 1 l£ 1* If 

Lbs. pr set 44 58 65 85 93 115 

HANDLES. 

AXE, RAILROAD PICK, COAL PICK 

Lbs. pr doz 20 30 20 

ROUGH BUGGY GEARING. 

AXLE BEDS, SPRING BARS, REACHES, HEAD BLOCKS, 

Lbs. pr doz 65 38 55 28 

POLE CIRCLES. SHAFT BARS. 

Inch 14 If 11 Inch Hx2 2x21 

Lbs. pr doz 28 35 44 Lbs. pr dozen 62 85 

LUMBER. 

Oak 4,250 lbs. pr 1,000 feet. 

Ash. . . . 4,000 

Hickory 4,250 

Whitewood 3,500 

Basswood ' 3.500 



SLEDGE, 

15 



11 
135 



HAMMER. 

7 



SIDEBARS. 
65 



TABLE OF EMERY WHEEL SPEEDS. 

The following table designates number of revolutions per minute for 
specified diameters of wheels, to cause them to run at the respective 
periphery rates of 4,000, 5,000 and 6,000 feet per minute. 

The medium of 5,000 feet is usually employed in ordinary work, but 
in special cases it is sometimes desirable to run them at a lower or higher 
rate according to requirements. 

The stress on the wheel at 4,000 feet periphery speed per minute, is 48 
pounds per square inch. At 5,000 feet, 75 pounds. At 6,000 teet, 108 pounds. 



Diameter 

Wheel 
in Inches. 


Rev. per Minute 

for 

Surface Speed 


Rev. per Minute 

for 
Surface Speed 


Rev. per Minute 

for 

Surface Speed 




of 4,000 feet. 


of 5,000 feet. 


of 6,000 feet. 


I 


15,279 


19,099 


22,918 


2 


7,639 


9,549 


1 ',459 


3 


5,093 


6,366 


7,639 


4 


3,820 


4,775 


5,730 


5 


3,056 


3,820 


4,584 


6 


2 ,'546 


3,183 


3,820 


7 


2,183 


2,728 


3,274 


8 


1,910 


2,387 


2,865 


JO 


1,528 


1,910 


2,292 


12 


1,273 


1,592 


1,910 


14 


1,091 


1,364 


1,637 


16 


955 


1,194 


1,432 


18 


849 


1,061 


1.273 


20 


764 


955 


1,146 


22 


694 


868 


1,042 


24 


637 


796 


955 


30 


509 


637 


764 


36 


424 


53i 


637 



HOW TO ERECT MACHINE TOOLS. 

When Machine Tools are first received, if they have been shipped any dis- 
tance in an open or box car, a large amount of dirt and grit will accumulate in 
transit. In order to thoroughly remove these, the tools should be taken care- 
fully apart and thoroughly cleaned. 

The next thing to be considered is the foundation, and if on the ground 
floor, would in all cases recommend, when possible, that the tools be placed 
on a stone foundation ; the advantages obtained by so doing will well repay the 
extra cost. Careful leveling of the machine after it has been placed in posi- 
tion is imperative. Be sure your level is accurate and sensitive, and in addi- 
tion to this you will need a true straight edge: with these the machine can be 
tested until known to be correct. 

The countershaft should also be level, and in strict alignment with the 
main line. 

One of the most important things in starting a new machine, and the 
one which is most often neglected, is to see that the machine is well lubri- 
cated, and with a good quality of oil ; the very best oil is the cheapest, and 
should be used in generous quantities, particularly for the first few weeks the 
machine is running. Convenient places are provided for oiling all bearings, 
and careful attention should be given to see that all bearings and sliding sur- 
faces are well lubricated. 

If these directions are carefully followed there will be little trouble about 
the machine running properly. 



DIRECTIONS FOR HARDENING LATHE CENTERS. 

The point of center should be heated to a bright red, then cooled in clean, 
cold water. After it becomes cold, it should be withdrawn and the dirt cleaned 
at once from same, that color may be seen. Our centers should be drawn to a 
light straw color, on account of the special grade of steel used. Care should 
be taken not to heat center very far back, as it is liable to become sprung' 
should such be done. 



223 



COMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE UNITED STATES 
AND METRIC SYSTEMS. 

DENOMINATION. EQUIVALENT. 

One grain equals in grammes 0.0648 

One pound avoirdupois equals in kilogrammes 0.4536 

One tonne of 2240 pounds equals in tonnes 1.0160 

One tonne of 2000 pounds equals in tonnes 0.9071 

One inch equals in millimetres/ . 25.400 

One foot equals iu metres 0.3048 

One mile equals in kilometres 1.6094 

One square inch equals in square millimetres 645.2 

One square foot equals in square metres 0.09291 

One acre equals in ares (100 square metres) 40.47 

One square mile equals in square kilometres 2.500 

One cubic inch equals in cubic centimetres 16.30 

One cubic foot equals in cubic metres 0.02832 

One cubic yard equals in cubic metres v 0.7646 

One quart dry measure equals in litres 1.101 

One quart liquid or wine measure equals in litres... 0.9465 

One foot pound equals in kilogrammetres 0.1383 

One pound per foot equals in kilogrammes per metre 1.488 

One thousand pounds per square inch. equals in kilogrammes per 

square millimetre 0.503 

One pound per square foot equals in kilogrammes per square metre, 4.882 

One pound per cubic foot equals in kilogrammes per cubic metre. 16.02 

One degree Fahrenheit equals in degrees centigrade 0.5556 



224 



COMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE METRIC SYSTEM 

AND UNITED STATES WEIGHTS 

AND MEASURES. 

DENOMINATION. EQUIVALENT. 

One gramme equals ingrains < 15 433 

One kilogramme equals in pounds avoirdupois 2.2047 

One tonne equals in tons of 2240 pounds 0.9843 

One tonne equals in tons of 2000 pounds 1.1024 

One millimetre equals in inches 0.03937 

One metro equals in feet 3.2807 

One kilometre equals in mPes 0.6213 

One square millimetre equals in square inches 0.00155 

One square metre equals in square feet 10.763 

One are (100 square metres) equals in acres 0.02471 

One square kilometre equals in square miles 0.3861 

One cubic centimetre equals in cubic inches , 0.0610 

One cubic metre or stere equals in cubic feet 35.3105 

One cubic metre equals in cubic yards 1.3078 

One litre (one cubic decimetre) equals in cubic inches 60.017 

One litre equals in quarts, dry measure , 0.908 

One litre equals in quarts, liquid or wine measure 1.0566 

One kilogrammetre equals in foot pounds 7.2331 

One kilogramme per metre equals in pounds per foot 0.6720 

One kilogramme per square millimetre equals in pounds per 

square inch 1422. 

One kilogramme per square metre equals in pounds per square foot, 0.2084 

One kilogramme per cubic metre equals in pounds per cubic foot... 0.0624 

One degree centigrade equals in degrees Fahrenheit 1.8 



225 



A CONVENIENT METRIC CONVERSION. 

The following metric conversion table was compiled by Mr. C. W 
Hunt, of New York City : 

Millimeters X .03937 = inches. 

Millimeters -r- 25.4 = inches. 

Centimeters X .3937 == inches. 

Centimeters -^ 2.54 = inches. 

Meters = 39.37 inches. (Act of Congress.) 

Meters X 3.281= feet. 

Meters X 1.094 = yards. 

Kilometers X .621 = miles. 

Kilometers X 3280.7 = feet. 

Square Millimeters X .0155 = square inches. 

Square Millimeters h- 645.1 = square inches. 

Square Centimeters X .155 = square inches. 

Square Centimeters -e- 6.451 = square inches 

Square Meters X 10.764 = square feet. 

Square Kilometers X 247.1 = acres. 

Hectares X 2.471 = acres. 

Cubic Centimeters ■*■ 16.383 = cubic inches. 

Cubic Meters X 33.315 '— cubic feet. 

Cubic Meters X 1308 = cubic yards. 

Cubic Meters X 264.2 = gallons (231 cubic inches). 

Liters X 61. 022 = cubic inches. (Act of Congress, 

Liters X .2612 = gallons (231 cubic inches) 

Liters -j- 3.78 = gallons (231 cubic inches). 

Liters -^ 28.316 = cubic feet. 

Grammes X 15.432 = grains. (Act of Congiess.) 

Grammes (water) -^ 29.57 = fluid ounces. 

Grammes h- 28.35 = ounces avoirdupois. 

Grammes per cubic cent. +■ 27.7 = pounds per cubic inch . 

Joule X 7373 = foot pounds. 

Kilograms X 2.2046 = pounds. 

Kilograms X 35.3 = ounces avoirdupois. 

Kilograms h- 1102.3 = tons (2,000 pounds). 

Kilograms per square cent. X 14.223 = pounds per square inch. 

Kilo- watts X 1.34 = horse power. 

Watts -=- 746 = horse power. 

Calorie X 3.968 = B. T. U. 

Cheval vapeur x 9863 = horse power. 

(Centigrade X 1.8) + 32 = degrees Fahrenheit. 

Francs X .193 = dollars. 



226 



Table of Decimal Equivalents of Millimeters and 
Fractions of Millimeters. 

T &o mm. = .0003937" 



Mm. 


Inches. 


Mm. 


Inches. 


Mm. 


. Inches. 


A 


=.00079 


U 


= .02126 


4 


= .15748 


5 2 o 


= .00157 


n 


= .02205 


5 


= .19685 


A 


=.00236 


u 


= .02283 


6 


= .23622 


A 


=.00315 


H 


= .02362 


7 


= .27559 


A 


-=•00394 


tr 


= .02441 


8 


= .31496 


A 


=.00472 


H 


= .02520 


9 


= .35433 


5 V 


= .00551 


33 

SIS 


= .02598 


10 


= -39370 


A 


=.00630 


34 
50 


= .02677 


n 


= .43307 


A 


=.00709 


3 ft 


= .02756 


12 


= .47244 


*§ 


=.00787 


H 


= .02835 


13 


= .51181 


H 


=.00866 


S 7 
77 


= .02913 


14 


= .55n8 


H 


=.00945 


l§ 


= .02992 


15 


= -59055 


1 3 

50 


=.01024 


3 9 
TO 


= .03071 


16 


= .62992 


H 


= .01102 


-n 


= .03150 


17 


= .66929 


tt 


=.01 181 


n 


= .03228 


18 


= .70866 


*» 


= .01260 


42 
50 


= .03307 


19 


= .74803 


ti 


= 01339 


43 

50 


= .03386 


20 


= .78740 


H 


=.01417 


44 

50 


= .03465 


21 


= .82677 


if 


=.01496 


45 
oO 


- = .03543 


22 


= .86614 


H 


= .oi575 


46 
50" 


= .03622 


23 


== .90551 


1* 


=.01654 


t* 


= .03701 


24 


= .9448S 


U 


=.01732 


48 
"5"7 


= .03780 


25 


= .98425 


IS 


=.01811 


49 
"5"0" 


= .03858 


26 


= 1.02362 


ft 


= .01890 




= -03937 






u 


=.01969 


2 


= .07874 






u 


= .02047 


3 


= .ti8ii 







10 Mm. = 1 Centimeter = 0,3937 Inches. 
10 Cm. = 1 Decimeter = 3.937 " 
10 Dm. = 1 Meter = 39.37 Inches. 
25.4 Mm. = 1 English Inch. 



227 



NOTES ON THE WORKING OP STEEL. 

1. Good soft heat is safe to use if steel be immediately and thoroughly 
worked. It is a fact that good steel will endure more pounding than any iron. 

2 If steel be left long in tbe fire it will lose its steely nature and grain, 
and partake of the nature of cast iron. Steel should never be kept hot any 
longer than is necessary for the work to be done. 

3. Steel is entirely mercurial under the action of heat, and a careful 
study of the tables will show that there must of necessity be an injurious 
internal strain created whenever two or more parts of the same piece are 
subjected to different temperatures. 

4. It follows that when steel has been subjected to heat not absolutely 
uniform over the whole mass, careful annealing should be resorted to. 

5. As the change of volume due to a degree of heat increases directly 
and rapidly with the quantity of carbon present; therefore, high steel is 
more liable to dangerous internal strains than low steel, and great care 
should be exercised in the use of high steel. 

6. Hot steel should always be put in a perfectly dry place of even tem- 
perature while cooling. A wet place in the floor might be sufficient to 

cause serious injury. 

7. Never let anyone fool you with the statement that his steel possesses 
a peculiar property which enables it to be "restored" after being 
" burned "; no more should you waste any money on nostrums for restor- 
ing burned steel. We have shown -how-to restore "overheated" steel. 
For "burned" steel, which is oxidized steel, there is only one way of 
restoration, and that is through the knobbling fire or blast furnace 
" Overheating " and " restoring " should only be allowable for purposes of 
experiment. The process is one of disintegration, and is always injurious. 

8. Be careful not to overdo the annealing process ; if carried too far 
it does great harm, and it is one of the commonest modes of destruction 
which tbe steel maker meets in his daily troubles. It is hard to induce 
the average worker in steel to believe that very little annealing is neces- 
sary, and that a very little is really more efficacious than a great deal. 



Mr. Kirkaldy's experiments show conclusively : 

1. That the breaking strain of iron and steel does not (as hitherto 
assumed) indicate the quality. A high-breaking strain may be due to hard, 
unyielding character, or a low one may be due to extreme softness. Tbe 
contraction of area at the fracture forms an essential element in estimating 
the quality. 

2. Iron when fractured suddenly produces a crystalline fracture; but 
if gradually, a fibrous fracture. This accounts for the anomaly in the 
supposed change of iron from a fibrous to a crystalline character. Sudden 
shoulders which prevent a regular elongation of fibre cause a sudden snap. 

3. Strength of steel is reduced by being hardened in water ; but both its 
hardness and toughness are increased by being hardened in oil. Iron 
heated and suddenly cooled in water is hardened, and the breaking strain 
(if gradually applied) is increased, but it is more likely to snap suddenly. 
It is softened and its breaking strain reduced if heated and allowed to 
cool gradually. Iron if brought to a white heat is injured if it be not at 
the same time hammered or rolled. Case-hardening bolts weakens them. 

22§ 



STEEL 

Steel is a compound of iron and carbon, varying in proportion of 0.5 per 
cent, to 5 per cent, of carbon. Specific gravity 7.8 ; tensile strength, 120,000 
lbs. per square inch. Ordinary steel is carbon steel, but steely compounds 
of iron have been produced which have the same general properties as ordi- 
nary steel, the carbon of which is replaced by other chemical elements. 

TO TEST 8TEEL AND IRON, 

Nitric acid will produce a black spot on steel ; the darker the spot, the 
harder the steel. Iron, on the contrary, remains bright if touched with 
nitric acid. Good steel in its soft state has a curved fracture and a uniform 
gray lustre; in its hard state a dull, silvery, uniform white. Cracks, threads 
or sparkling particles denote bad quality. 

Good steel will not bear a white heat without falling to pieces, and will 
crumble under the hammer at a bright red heat, while at a middling heat 
it may be drawn out under the hammer to a fine point. 

TEMPERING STEEL 



Color. 


Purpose. 


Tern. 
Fah. 


Alloy whose 

fusing point is 

same temperature 


Light straw. 




430° 
470° 
5<i0° 
550° 


Tin Lead. 
1 to 1% 


Dark straw 

Brown yellow 

Dark purple 


Wood tools, taps and dies 

Hatchets, chipping chisels 

Springs, etc 


1 to 2>| 
1 to 4% 
l to 12 



CASE HARDENING. 

Place horn, hoof, bouedust or shreds of leather, together with the 
article to be casehardened, in an iron box subject to a blood-red heat, 
then immerse the article in cold water. 

CASE HARDENING WITH PRUSSIATE OF POTASH. 

Heat the article after polishing to a bright red, rub the surface over 
with prussiate of potash ; allow it to cool to dull red, and immerse it in 
.water. 

CASE-HARDENING MIXTURES. 

3 prussiate of potash. 
1 sal-ammoniac, 
or, 

1 prussiate of potash. 

2 sal-ammoniac, 
bone-dust. 



229 



THE SIZING AND CUTTING OF GEAR WHEELS. 

The word " diameter " when applied to gears, is always understood to 
mean the pitch diameter. 

DIAMETRAL PITCH of the gear is the number of teeth to each inch of 
its pitch diameter. 

If a gear has 40 teeth and the pitch diameter is 4 inches, there are 10 
teeth to each inch of the pitch diameter, and the diametral pitch is 10, 
or in other words, the gear is 10 diametral pitch. 

CIRCULAR PITCH is the distance from the center of one tooth to the 
center of the next tooth, measured along the pitch circle. 

If the distance from the center of one tooth to the center of next tooth . 
measured along the pitch circle, is 1-2", the gear is 1-2" circular pitch. 

THE DIAMETRAL PITCH given, to obtain the circular pitch divide 3 1416 
by the diametral pitch. 

If the diametral pitch is 4, divide 3.1416 by 4, and the quotient, .7854". 
is the circular pitch. 

THE CIRCULAR PITCH given, to obtain the diametral pitch, divide 
3.1416 by the circular pitch. 

If the circular pitch is 2", divide 3.1416 by 2 and the quotient, 1.5708, is 
the diametral pitch. 

THE NUMBER OF TEETH AND THE DIAMETRAL PITCH given, to obtain 
he pitch diameter, divide the number of teeth by the diametral pitch. 

If the number of teeth is 40 and the diametral pitch is 4, divide 40 
by 4, and the quotient, 10, is the pitch diameter. 

THE NUMBER OF TEETH AND THE DIAMETRAL PITCH given, to obtain 
the whole diameter of size of blank of gear, add 2 to the number of teeth 
and divide by the diametral pitch. 

If the number of teeth is 40, and the diametral pitch is 4, add 2 to the 
40, making 42, and divide by 4 ; the quotient, 10 1-2, is the whole diameter 
of the gear or blank. 

THE NUMBER OF TEETH AND THE DIAMETER OF THE BLANK given, to 



230 



obtain the diametral pitch, add 2 to the number of teeth, and divide by 
the diameter of the blank. 

If the number of teeth is 40, the diameter of the blank is 10 1-2", add 2 
to the number of teeth, making 42, and divide by 10 1-2: the quotient, 4, is 
the diametral pitch. 

THE PITCH DIAMETER AND THE DIAMETRAL PITCH given, to obtain the 
number of teeth, multiply the pitch diameter by the diametral pitch. 

It the diameter of the pitch circle is 10", and the diametral pitch is 4, 
multiply 10 by 4, and the product, 40, will be the uumber of teeth in the 
gear. 

THE WHOLE DIAMETER OF THE BLANK AND THE DIAMETRAL PITCH 
given, to obtain the number of teeth in the gear, multiply the diameter 
by the diametral pitch and subtract 2. 

If the whole diameter is 10 1-2, and the diametral pitch is 4, multiply 
10 1-2 by 4. and the product, 42 less 2, or 40 is the number of teeth. 

THE THICKNESS OF A TOOTH AT THE PITCH LINE is found by dividing 
the circular pitch by 2, or divide 157 by the diametral pitch. 

If the circular pitch is 1.047", or the diametral pitch is 3, divide 
1 .047 by 2, or 157 by 3, and the quotient, .523 inch, is the thickness of tooth. 

THE WHOLE DEPTH OF A TOOTH is found by dividing 2.157 by the 
diametral pitch. 

If the diametral pitch of a gear is 6, the whole.depth is 2.157 divided 
by 6. equals .3595. 

THE WHOLE DEPTH of a tooth is about 1116, or exactly .6866 of the 
circular pitch. 

If the circular pitch is 2, the whole depth of tooth is about 1116 of 2 
iuches. or 1 3-8 inches nearly. 

THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE CENTERS OF TWO GEARS is found by 
adding the number of teeth together, and dividing half the sum by the 
diametral pitch. 

If two gears have 50 and 30 teeth, respectively, and are 5 pitch, add 50 
and 30, making 80. divide by 2, and then divide the quotient, 40, by the 
diametral pitch, 5, aud the result, 8", is the center distance. 



231 



No. 1 will cut wheels from 135 teeth to a rack. 
<. 2 
" 3 

" 4 " " 

" 5 » " 



55 " 


" 184 teeth 


35 •« 


" 54 '« 


26 " 


.i 34 H 


21 " 


m 25 M 


17 " 


.« 20 .. 


14 " 


„ , 6 ,. 


12 M 


.. , 3 .• 



If a cutter is wanted for a wheel of 40 teeth of 8 pitch, then the cutter 
required, would he No. 3 of 8 pitch, inasmuch as a No. 3 cutter will cut 
all wheels containing from 35 to 54 teeth, inclusive, and 40 occurring be- 
tween those numbers, that is the one desired. It should be borne in 
mind that eight different cutteTS are required in order to cut all the 
wheels of any given pitch. 

As these cutters allow of being ground when dull, it is important that 
they be kept sharp. By paying particular attention to this the cutting 
will be greatly facilitated beside being much better done. 

It is desirable in applying gearing of any kind, to avoid having wheels 
or pinions with a small number of teeth. Pinions of twelve teeth will 
work very well, but a less number of teeth should not be used. 

Few mechanics are familiar with the raiuutiae of gearing and the 
necessity of exact sizing of wheels, as to diameter, is often overlooked. 
Special care is required also to know that the distance of the centres of 
two wheels running together is correct relatively to the diameters. 

table; showing oepth of space ano thickness or TOOTH 

IN SPUR WHEELS, WHEN CUT WITH PATENT CUTTERS. 



Pitch 
of 


Depth to be 
Cut in Gear. 


Thickness of 
Tooth at 


Pitch 

Of 


Depth to be 
Cut in Gear. 


Thickness of 
Tooth at 


Cutter 


Inch. 


Pitch Line* 
Inch. 


Cutter. 


Inch. 


Pitch Line. 
Inch. 


2 


1.078 


.785 


12 


180 


.131 


2tf 


.958 


697 


14 


154 


.112 


W 


.863 


.628 


16 


135 


.098 


V4 


.784 


.570 


18 


120 


.087 


3* 


.719 


.523 


20 


.108 


.079 


3% 


616 


.448 


22 


.098 


.071 


4* 


.539 


.393 


24 


.090 


.065 


5 


.431 


.314 


26 


.083 


060 


6 


.359 


.262 


28 


.077 


.056 


7 


.308 


.224 


30 


.072 


.052 


8 


.270 « 


196 


82 


.067 


.049 


9 


.240 


.175 


36 


.060 


.044 


10 


.216 


157 


40 


.054 


.039 


11 


.190 


.143 


48 


.045 


.033 



232 



FORMULAS 

FOR DETERMINING THE DIMENSIONS OF GEARS 
BY DIAMETRAL PITCH. 

Let P denote the diametral pitch or the number of teeth to one inch 

of diameter of pitch circle. 
" D »* " diameter of pitch circle. 
•• D " " whole diameters. Larger 

" N " " number of teeth. Wheel. 

" V •• «« velocity. wheels 

" d' " " diameter of pitch circle. ") 
" d " " whole diameter. Smaller j 

*• n " ' number of teeth Wheel 

"v " " velocity, 
••a M " distance between the centers of the two wheels. 
•* b " " number of teeth in both wheels. 
'• t " " thickness of tooth or cutter on pitch circle. 
" D" •' " working depth of tooth 
" f ,r " Amount added to depth of tooth for rounding the 

corners and for clearance. 
♦•D"+f " " whole depth of tooth. 
" fi constant 3.1416. 

" P* circular pitch, or the distance from the centre 

of one tooth to the centre of the next on the 
pitch circle. 

The examples placed opposite the formulas on the two pages follow- 
ing are for a single wheel of 12 pitch, 6.166 in., or 6 2-12 in. diameter, etc. 
and in the case of the two wheels the larger has the same dimensions. 
The velocities are respectively one and two. 



233 



FOR A SINGLE WHEEL. 



Formulas. Examples. 

p _»±2_T2Jl t0t n + * ]2 . I. 

D 6.166' 6 2-12 

N 72 

P-^-y-12. 2. 

A' - P £>' = 12 X 6 =-. 72. 5. 

i V=PD_2 = 12x 6.166 - 2, or 12 X 6 2-12 - 2 - 72. 6. 

N + 2 72 -f 2 

D - — ±-= = — ^- - 6.166, or 6 2-12. 7. 

2? = /)' + — = 6 + ^, or 6 + .166 - 6.166. 8. 

D" — j = - ¥- .166, or 2-12. lu. 

D" + /-.166 + .013-- .179. 12 



234 



FOR A PAIR OF WHEELS. 

Formulas. Examples. 

6.= 2oP = 2X 45X 12= 108. 15. 

b V 108 X 1 



v-t-V 



36. 16. 



bv 
v+ V 


108X2_ ?2 


pd 1 v 


12X6X1 



jyr= nt, = 36p = 72 17. 

n = ^ I= 72Xl = 18. 

v 2 



#= 



20. 

= - = 30. 

v 2 

V — !L1 — 36 X2 21 . 

~ iV 72" _ 

v = — = 72X1 = 2 22- 

n 36 

|w m,nx«xi, t 23< 



2a (AT + 2) 2X4.5X (72 + 2) 
D = g = — =6.166. 24. 

2a (n + 2) 2 X 4.5 X (36 + 2) 
d = B m = 3.166. 25. 

& 108 

a== 2-p = 2-xT2= 4 - 5 - 26 

LV + d' 6 + 3 
a = £— = -5— =4.5. 29. 



235 



CALCULATING SPEED OF PULLEYS. 



TO FIND SIZE OF PULLEY ON LINE SHAFT. 

Multiply diameter of pulley on countershaft by its number of revo- 
lutions and divide the product by number of revolutions of line shaft. 
The quotient will be the diameter of pulley on line shaft. 

Example.— Countershaft runs 120 revolutions; diameter of pulley, 10 
inches ; line shaft runs 120. 120X10 = 1200. -^$1 — 10 inches diameter. 

TO FIND SIZE OF PULLEY ON COUNTERSHAFT. 

Multiply diameter of pulley on line shaft by its number of revo- 
lutions, and divide the product by number, of revolutions of counter- 
shaft. 

Example.— Diameter of pulley on line shaft, 18 inches; line shaft 
runs 160 revolutions ; countershaft runs 120 revolutions. 
.Li t xi eo — 24 inches diameter. 

TO FIND NUMBER OF REVOLUTIONS OF COUNTERSHAFT. 

Multiply diameter of pulley on line shaft by its number of revolutions, 
and divide product by diameter of pulley on countershaft. 

Example.— Diameter of pulley on line shaft, 30 inches ; line shaft 
runs 140 revolutions ; diameter of pulley on countershaft. 12. Soj<^ao = 
350 revolutions. 



RULE FOR GEARING ENGINE LATHES FOR 
SCREW CUTTING. 

Take from the index the number of threads cut by equal gears and 
multiply it by a number that will give for a product a gear on the index. 
Place this gear on the spindle or stud. Then multiply the number of 
threads per inch to be cut by the same number, and put the resulting 
gear on the screw. 

Example.— Lathe cuts four threads by equal gears, and thirteen 
threads per inch are wanted. 

Spindle or stud 4_ 

Threads to be cut 13 __ 

The constant five will give for a product a gear on the index ~ ' 

Therefore, to cut thirteen threads per inch, would require a gear of 
twenty teeth on the spindle or stud, and a gear of sixty-five teeth on the 
lead screw. 

236 



DIAMETRAL AND CIRCULAR PITCHES COMPARED. 

Diametral pitch is the number of teeth to one inch of diameter of pitch- 
line or circle. 

Circular pitch is the distance from center to center of two adjacent teeth 
on the pitch line. 

No. 1 table shows the diametral pitches with the corresponding circular 
pitches. 

No. 2 table shows tbe circular pitches with the corresponding diametra 
pitches. 



TABLE No. 1. 


^ 


TABLE No. 2. 




Diam'l 


Circular 


Diam'l 


Circular 


Circular 


Diamet'l 


Circu'r 


Diamet'l 


Pitch. 


Pitch. 


Pitch 


Pitch. 


Pitch. 


Pitch. 


Pitch. 


Pitch. 


2 


1.571 in. 


12 


.262 in. 


2 


1.571 in. 


% 


3.590 in 


2% 


1.396 " 


14 


.224 " 


1% 


1.676 «' 


13-16 


3.867 " 


1.257 " 


16 


.196 " 




1.795 " 


% 


4.189 " 


2% 


1.142 " 


18 


.175 " 


1.933 " 


11-16 


4 570 " 


3 


1047 " 


20 


.157 " 


i% 


2.094 " 


& 


5 027 " 


35* 


.898 " 


22 


.143 " 


17-16 


2 185 «« 


5.585 " 


4 


.785 '■ 


24 


.131 " 


m 


2.285 •« 


% 


6 283 " 


5 


.628 " 


26 


.121 " 


15-16 


2.394 " 


7-16 


7.181 " 


6 


.524 " 


28 


.112 " 


IH 


2.&1S " 


% 


8.378 •« 


7 


.449 «' 


30 


.105 " 


1 3-16 


2.646 " 


5-16 


10.053 " 


8 


.393 " 


32 


.098 " 


1H 


2.795 " 


X A 


12.566 " 


9 


.319 «' 


36 


.087 " 


11-16 


2.957 " 


3-16 


16.755 «• 


10 


.314 " 


40 


.079 " 


1 


3142 " 


Yb 


25.133 " 


11 


.286 " 


48 


.065 " 


15-16 


3.351 " 


1-16 


50.266 " 



According to. the system adopted by the Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co., 
any wheel of one pitch will gear into any other wheel or into a rack of 
the same pitch. Eight cutters are required for each pitch. These eight 
cutters are adapted to cut from a pinion of twelve teeth to a rack, and 
are numbered respectively, 1, 2, 3, etc. The number of teeth and the 
pitch for which a cutter is adapted is also marked on each. 



237 



Material Required for Tops. 

FULL LEATHER BUGGY TOP. 



Top Leather 60 ft. 

Body Cloth 1% yds. 

Head Lining 4 " 

Buckram 1% " 

Enam. Drill % " 

Tanback& Moleskin. 1 

Curled Hair 10 lbs. 

Knobs IX doz. 

Knob Eyelets 2% " 

Double Buckle Loops. % " 
Rubber Prop Block 8 in. 



Prop Block Washers.. /£ doz. 

Curtain Light 1 only. 

Bow Sockets 1 set. 

Props 1 " 

Prop Nuts % doz. 

Prop Rivets % " 

Stump Joints Yz li 

Shifting Rail 1 set. 

Short Bows 1 " 

Tacks, Cord, Lining Nails, 
Buttons or Tufts sufficient. 



Full Rubber Top, same material as above, except in place 
of leather, 2% yards of Rubber for roof, side-quarters and back 
stays, and 3 yards colored-back rubber for curtains. For Apron 
2 yards white-back rubber. 



PHAETON TOP. 

Body Cloth 2 yds. 

Head Lining only 1% " 

Head & Curtain Lin'g 4 " 
Rubber Roof, Quarters 

and Stays 2% " 

Rubber, Curtains only. 3 " 

PHAETON CANOPY TOP. 

Body Cloth 1% yds. 

Head Lining.... .... .1% " 

Head and Curtain Lin- 
ing 5% " 

Rubber Roof and Cur- 
tains 6% " 

Rubber for Curtains 
only 4% " 

Fringe, where no hood 
is used .4 " 

Fringe, where hood is 
used 2% " 



EXTENSION TOP. 

Body Cloth 4 yds. 

Head Linng, only 3 

Head & Curtain Lm'g.5 
Rubber Roof, Quarters 

and Stays 5% " 

Rubber for Curtains 6 

For Full Leather Top. 2 hides. 

SURREY CANOPY TOP. 

Body Cloth 334 yds. 

Head Lining, only .... 2% 4 ' 

Head and Curtain Lin- 
ing .8X 

Rubber Roof ...2% 

Rubber for Curtains 
only 7 

Fringe, where no hood 
is used 7 

Fringe, where hood is 
used 6 



WIRE BALE TIES. 

Nos. 16, 15, 14, 13 and 12 are put in bundles of 250 Ties. 
Nos. 11, 10 and 9 wire are put up m bundles of 125 Ties, and 
run in length from 6 feet to 11% feet. 

To get length of Tie required, add three inches to the 
measure around the bale when under pressure. 



238 



SIZE AND LENGTH OF TIES IN GENERAL USE. 

For 17x22 Perpetual Presses, use Ties 8, 8X or 9 feet long; 
No. 14 wire for heavy work, 'and No. 15 for light work. 

For 14x18 Perpetual Presses, use Ties 8, 8/J or 8% feet long; 
No. 14 wire for extra or extreme heavy work; No. 15 for heavy 
and medium work, and No. 16 for light work. 

For 12x15 Perpetual Presses, use Ties 7%, 7% or 8 feet long; 
No. 15 wire for heavy work, and No. 16 for medium or light 
work. 

For Upright Hand Presses use No. 14 or No. 15 wire. 

For Upright Light Horse Presses, use No. 14 wire. 

For Upright Heavy Portable or Light Stationary Horse 
Presses, use No. 13 wire. 

For Upright Heavy Stationary and Beater Presses, use No. 
12, No. 11 and No. 10 wire, according to the size of the bale and 
number of Ties used. 

For Broom Corn, Wool, Cotton, Hides, etc., or other mate- 
rials put up in heavy bales, use No. 9, No. 10 or No. 11 wire. 

STRENGTH OF ICE. 

Ice 2 inches thick will bear men on foot. 

Ice 4 inches thick will bear men on horseback. 

Ice 6 inches thick will bear logging teams with light loads. 

Ice 8 inches thick will bear logging teams with heavy loads. 

Ice 10 inches thick will bear 1,000 lbs. to the square foot. 

This table is for pure sound ice. 

NUMBER OF FEET IN A LOG. 

To ascertain the number of feet (board measure) in a log 
of a given size, deduct four inches from its diameter at small 
end, square the remainder, multiply the product by the length 
of log and divide by 16, the result will be the board measure 
contents of log. 

RAILWAY SIGNAL CODE. 

One whistle signifies "down brakes." Two whistles sig- 
nify "off brakes." Three whistles signify "back up." Con- 
tinued whistles signify "danger." Rapid short whistles "a 
cattle alarm." A sweeping parting of the hands on the level 
with the eyes, signifies "go ahead." Downward motion of the 
hands with extended arms, signifies "stop." Beckoning motion 
of one hand, signifies "back." Red flag waved up the track, 
signifies "danger." Red flag stuck up by the roadside, signi- 
fies "danger ahead." Red flag carried on a locomotive, signi- 
fies "an engine following." Red flag hoisted at a station, is a 
signal to "stop." Lantern at night raised and lowered verti- 
cally," is a signal "to start." Lantern swung at right angles 
across the track, means "stop." Lantern swung in a circle, 
signifies "back the train." 



GREATEST KNOWN DEPTH OF THE OCEAN. 

The greatest depth which has been ascertained by sound- 
ing is five miles and a quarter (25,720 feet, or 4,620 fathoms), 
not quite equal to the height of the highest known mountain, 
Mount Everest, which measures 29,002 feet, or 5% miles high. 
The average depth between 60 degrees north and 60 degrees 
south, is nearly three miles. 

SOME THINGS THAT ARE MISNAMED. 

The misapplication of a name in speaking of the common 
things of life is a source of many errors, especially in the 
young. The reason why things are not rightly named in all 
cases is not because of any deficiency of our language, but be- 
cause the names of most common substances were given long 
years ago, and very often before the true nature of the articles 
were understood. The Journal of Applied Science has this to say 
upon the subject: 

Why should trade not have a Johnson to classify and cor- 
rect the mass of inconsistencies that go to make up its nomen- 
clature? We not only tax our brains to invent "fantastic" 
names for every new fabric, varied, perhaps, only by a thread 
or a shade from what our grandparents wore a century ago, but 
there are in use positive misnomers for many staple articles of 
merchandise. The following imperfect list, culled from sources 
already at hand, will give a faint idea of them: 

Acid (sour), applied in chemistry to a class of bodies to 
which sourness is only accidental, and by no means a universal 
characteristic. Thus rock crystals, quartz, flint, etc., are 
chemical acids, though no particle of acidity belongs to them. 

Black lead does not contain a single particle of lead, being 
composed of carbon and iron. 

Brazilian grass does not come from Brazil, or even grow 
there; nor is it grass at all. It consists of a palm leaf (Thrinax 
argentea) , and is imported chiefly from Cuba. 

Burgundy pitch is not pitch, nor is it manufactured in or 
exported from Burgundy. The best is a resinous substance 
prepared from common frankincense, and brought from Ham- 
burg; but by far the greater quantity is a mixture of rosin and* 
palm oil. 

China, as a name for porcelain, gives rise to the contradic- 
tory expressions — British china, Dutch china, Chelsea china, 
etc., like wooden milestones, iron milestones, brass shoe-horns, 
iron pens, steel pens. 

Cuttle bone is not bone at all, but a structure of pure chalk, 
once embedded loosely in the substance of certain species of 
cuttle fish. It is enclosed in a membraneous sac within the 

240 



body of the fish, and drops out when the sac is opened, but it 
has no connection whatever with the sac of the cuttle fish. 

Galvanized iron is not galvanized. It is simply iron coated 
with zinc ; and this is done by dipping it in a zinc bath contain- 
ing muriatic acid. 

German silver is not silver at all, nor was the metallic alloy 
called by that name invented by a German, but has been in use 
in China time out of mind. 

Honey soap contains no honey, nor is honey in any way 
employed in its manufacture. It is a mixture of palm oil soap 
and olive oil soap, each one part, with three parts of curd soap, 
or yellow soap scented. 

Japan lacquer contains no lac at all, but is made from the 
sap of a tree called Rhus vernicifera. 

Kid gloves are not usually made from kid skins, but of lamb 
or sheep skins. At present many of them are made of rat 
skins. 

Meerschaum is not petrified "sea foam," as its name im- 
plies, but is a composition of silica, magnesia and water. 

Mosaic gold has no connection with Moses or the metal 
gold. It is an alloy of copper and zinc, used in the ancient 
museum or tessellated work. 

Mother-of-pearl is the inner layer of several sorts of shells. 
It is not the mother of pearl, as its name indicates, but in some 
cases the matrix of the pearl. 

Pen means a feather (Latin penna, a wing). A steel pen 
is not a very choice expression. 

Prussia blue does not come from Prussia, but is the pre- 
cipitate of the salt of protoxide of iron with prussiate of 
potassa. 

Salad oil is not oil for salad, but oil for cleaning sallades— 
i. e., helmets. 

Salt is not salt at all, and has long been excluded from the 
class of bodies denominated "salts." 

Sealing wax is not wax at all, nor does it contain a single 
particle of wax. It is made of shellac, Venice tupentine and 
cinnibar. Cinnibar gives it a deep, red color, and the turpen- 
tine renders the shellac soft and less brittle. 

Sperm oil properly means "seed oil" (Latin, sperma, seed), 
from the notion that it was spermaceti (the sperm or melt of a 
whale). The sperm whale is the whale that gives "seed oil," 
which is taken chiefly but not wholly from the head. 

Whalebone is not bone at all, nor does it possess any of 
the properties of bone. It is a substance attached to the upper 
jaw of the whale, and serves to strain the water which the 
creature takes up in large mouthfuls. 

241 



Rhinoceros horn is no horn at all, but a kind of matted or 
compact hair, and is only like a horn from being a protuber- 
ance on the animal's head. 

TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE WIRE. 

Weight per Mile-Ohm.— This term is to be understood as 
distinguishing the resistance of material only, and means the 
weight of such material required per mile to give the resistance 
of one ohm. To ascertain the mileage resistance of any wire, 
divide the "weight per mile-ohm" by the weight of the wire 
per mile. Thus in a grade of Extra Best Best, of which the 
weight per mile-ohm is 5,000, the mileage resistance of No. 6 
(weight per mile 525 lbs.) would be about 9% ohms; and No. 14 
steel wire, 6,500 lbs., weight per mile-ohm (95 lbs. weight per 
mile) , would show about 69 ohms. 

The grades of LINE WIRE are generally known to manu- 
facturers, consumers, and the trade in this country, as "Extra 
Best Best" (E. B. B.), "Best Best" (B.B.), "Best" (B.), and 
"Steel," 

The "Extra Best Best" is made of the very best iron, as 
nearly pure as any commercial iron, soft, tough, uniform, and 
of very high conductivity, its weight per mile-ohm being about 
5,000 lbs. 

The "Best Best" is of excellent iron, showing in mechani- 
cal tests almost as good results as the E. B. B., but not quite 
as soft, and being somewhat lower in conductivity; weight per 
mile-ohm about 5,700 lbs. 

Some manufacturers have ceased to make the grade known 
as "Best" — which term has become to some extent a misnomer, 
as it has been much applied to inferior wire hardly suited for 
telegraphic purposes, and having a weight per mile-ohm of 6,000 
to 7,000 lbs. It is found that wire made from Bessemer or 
Open-Hearth Steel, low in carbon, gives better satisfaction, 
being tougher and stronger than iron wire that can be fur- 
nished at an equal price per pound, and offering no more resist- 
ance to the electric current. This "Steel" wire is well suited 
for Telephone or short Telegraph Lines, and the weight per 
mile-ohm is about 6,500 lbs. 

The following are (approximately) the weights per mile of 
various sizes of Galvanized Telegraph Wire, drawn by Tren- 
ton Iron Co.'s gauge: 

No. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 

Lbs. 720, 610, 525, 450, 375, 310, 250, 200, 160, 125, 95, 

Telegraph Wire is frequently made by Birmingham wire 
gauge. 

242 



SIZES OF WIRE USED IN TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE LINES. 

No. 4. Has not been much used until recently; is now used 

on important lines where the multiplex systems 

are applied. 
No. 5. Little used in the United States. 
No. 6. Used for important circuits between cities. 
No. 8. Medium size for circuits of 400 miles or less. 
No. 9. For similar locations to No. 8, but on somewhat shorter 

circuits; until lately was the size most largely used 

in this country. 
No. 10. \ For shorter circuits, railway telegraphs, private lines, 
No. 11. / police and fire alarm lines, &c. 
No. 12. For telephone lines, police and fire alarm lines, &c. 
No. 13. ") For telephone lines and short private lines; steel wire 
No. 14. j is used most generally in these sizes. 

The Coating of Telegraph Wire with zinc as a protec- 
tion against oxidation is now generally admitted to be the most 
efficacious method. Some years ago telegraph wire used to be 
boiled in linseed oil, which process cost less than galvanizing 
and protected the wire tolerably well, except where it was ex- 
posed to the action of sea air. It can still be coated in that 
manner if required; but a good coat of zinc is the best protec- 
tion against rust, and wire so coated is moreover a better con- 
ductor than plain wire. 

Joints in Telegraph Wire.— The fewer the joints in a 
line the better; hence the advantage of the present method -of 
making single pieces of wire weighing 90 or 100 lbs. (or even 
150 lbs.) instead of (as a few years ago) 30 to 50 lbs. All joints 
should be carefully made and well soldered over, for a bad joint 
may cause as much resistance to the electric current as several 
miles of wire. 

MISUSE OF THE REFRIGERATOR. 

Among the vast mass of people in this country the uses and 

Eossibilities of the Refrigerator are not understood. Most 
ousewives believe that anything that has been kept in the re- 
frigerator is good and wholesome food. This belief exists in 
spite of the fact that every housekeeper can tell of instances 
within her own experience where food kept in one of these ice 
boxes has spoiled, and consequently been thrown away. 

Man must take his food before putrefaction has begun. 
The savage takes it fresh, or else under conditions that admit 
of little putrefaction. 

As men grew civilized, one of the first things they turned 
their attention to was that of preserving food, or rather of pre- 
venting putrefaction. To begin with, they improved the method 
of drying meat by exposing it to the smoke of a fire in place of 



the rays of the sun. Then the effect of salt was discovered, 
then that of saltpetre, then that of cold in the form of ice, and 
finally the effect of cold, dry air, which is the highest point 
reached. 

The effect of cold on food is to retard putrefaction, or by 
freezing, to stop it absolutely. But in Household Refrigerators 
the food is never frozen. The action of cold in the refrigerat- 
ors is to delay or retard the process of putrefaction; in other 
words, to lengthen the period between death and the time when 
the food becomes uneatable and poisonous in its effects on the 
consumer. 

_ The misuse of the refrigerator, to quote the title of this 
article, lies in the belief that the ice box will prevent putrefac- 
tion. Just so long as its owner regards it only as a contrivance 
which will only retard decay she is safe, and her refrigerator 
will do her good service. 

Probably not one housekeeper in a hundred, and not one 
servant in a thousand, has any idea of what is meant by keep- 
ing the refrigerator clean. Properly, all the refrigerators 
should be washed out thoroughly once a week, with hot water 
in which soda has been dissolved. But merely to wash out the 
refrigerator is not enough; it must be cleaned. This means 
that the corners must be scrubbed out, the waste pipe 
thoroughly cleansed, and the whole thing made as clean as the 
proverbial new pin. Then, before the ice is put into it, it 
should be well aired. The solution of soda should be washed 
out with fresh hot water. This must all be done at least once 
a week. CYRUS EDSON, M. D. 

Sanitary Superintendent of the New York Board of Health. 

POINTS ON VARNISH. 

Drying and Hardening.— Proper light and ventilation are 
absolutely necessary to facilitate drying and hardening. Var- 
nish applied in buildings that are damp and not properly heated 
in cold weather, will be considerably retarded in drying and 
hardening. Extremely hot weather will also keep varnish soft 
for quite a time. The best results are obtained at a tempera- 
ture of 70 to 75 degrees Fahrenheit. 

Turning White.— It is caused by the action of water and 
dampness. t The more elastic the varnish, the better it will re- 
sist this action, whereas, cheap, brittle, quick-drying varnishes 
are very easily affected. 

Brittleness. — Is an inherent defect in the varnish caused 
by an excess of dryer, lack of oil, or adulterated materials hav- 
ing been used in its manufacture. If a varnish powders white 
under friction of the linger or easily scratches white, that is in- 
controvertible evidence of its poor quality. Brittle varnishes 

244 



should not be used even for the undercoats, as they destroy the 
toughness and durability of the finish, despite its being pro- 
tected with an elastic, durable, finishing varnish. It is poor 
economy, in any event, to use brittle varnishes, as the cost of 
application, which is the main expense, is the same as if good 
material were employed. 

Chilling. — As its name implies, is caused by exposure to 
cold weather. Varnish should never be used while in this con- 
dition. The remedy is to keep the chilled varnish in a warm 
room, until it has been restored to its normal condition. Long 
exposure to cold weather may also cause the varnish to become 
"specky" and "seedy," in which event it is necessary to keep 
it near a steam pipe or warm stove for some time, until the 
chilled particles have disappeared. 

Cracking.— Cracking is caused by the undercoats not hav- 
ing been dry when the finishing coat was applied, or when 
abnormally heavy coats have been used, especially for the 
undercoats. Brittle varnishes are liable to crack when exposed 
to sudden changes of temperature. 

Blooming or Going Foggy. — Is caused by exposure to 
dampness, moisture or gases, AFTER the varnish has become 
hard. The more elastic the varnish, the less liable it is to 
"bloom" or become "foggy." 

Wrinkling, Crawling, Cramping or Sagging.— Is caused 
by applying the varnish too heavily or by exposure to sudden 
changes of temperature while in the process of drying, or if the 
undercoats are not dry when the finishing coat is applied. 

Deadening or Sinking Away.— Caused by the undercoats 
not having been allowed sufficient time to dry, causing the 
finishing coat to become absorbed while in the course of hard- 
ening. Insufficient foundation coatfe will also cause the finish- 
ing to sink away. 

Blistering.— Is caused by the action of heat, especially 
from the concentrated rays of the sun, if sap or dampness is 
retained in the wood, or if moisture exists in the undercoats 
when the finishing coat is applied. _ 

Pitting.— Is caused by applying varnish over an oily or 
damp surface; also, if the varnisher is not careful to thoroughly 
incorporate the turpentine in reducing the varnish, or uses im- 
proper thinning material. 

Knots and Sappy Woods.— The sap and knots should be 
"killed" by the use of grain or wood alcohol shellac for the 
first coat. If this is not done, the sap will work through and 
injure the finish. 

Thinning. — When found necessary, should be done with 
spirits of turpentine. In order to insure proper amalgamation, 
neither the varnish nor the turpentine should be too cold when 

245 



mixing. The warmer the varnish and terpentine, the quicker 
the amalgamation. After reducing the varnish, allow it to 
stand awhile before using. Oil, Japan or liquid dryer should 
NEVER be added to varnish. 

Sweating. — Is caused by rubbing the undercoat before it 
is thoroughly dry. 

PAINT FAILURE. 

Blistering.— Due to paint being too thick, or second coat 
being put on before first coat is dry. Sometimes caused by 
lumber being green or wet at time of painting. 

Cracking.— Caused by wet or green lumber, also adulter- 
ated oil or too much thinner or improper treatment of the 
pigments. 

Chalking.— This is the prevalent complaint. White lead 
will always chalk on outside work. It is due to chemical action 
between the lead and oil by which the oil is destroyed and the 
white powder of the pigment alone remains. Chalking is more 
rapid in hot climates than in cold, and is also hastened by the 
use of adulterated oil and an excess of thinners. Zinc paint 
properly made is said to be entirely free from this objection. 

Paint failure is so frequent that it will pay an owner or 
architect to investigate carefully. The universal use of zinc as 
a pigment in France, and its growing popularity in this country 
in the face of great opposition, shows that it has merits worthy 
of consideration. 

COST OF PAINTING. 

This is a difficult problem for the architect. We shall not 
attempt to give accurate rules. For exterior work, two coats 
on good surface, ordinary colors, from $1.50 to $2.50 per square 
of 100 square feet; three-coat work, $2.50 to $3.50 per square. 
This includes material and labor. The labor is from two to 
four times the cost of the material. One gallon of first quality 
paint will cover an average of 250 square feet to 350 square 
feet, two coats. 

USEFUL NOTES FOR BUILDERS. 

Roof boards weigh about three pounds per superficial foot. 

Terra cotta tiling weighs from 25 to 35 pounds per square 
foot. 

Hollow tile for five-inch partition weighs from 22 to 35 
pounds per superficial foot. 

Lath and plastering, two-coat work, weighs from 9 to 12 
pounds per superficial foot. 

The weight of a superficial foot of brickwork eight inches 
thick, including mortar, is from 83 to 87 pounds. 

An iron roof 100 feet wide, with a rise of one-third pitch, 
will weigh from 10 to 15 pounds per superficial foot. 

246 



One hundred pounds per square foot distributed uniformly 
over a surface of a bridge is a safe working standard. 

The weight per square foot of roof tiling, set in iron or be- 
tween wood rafters ready for slating, is about 12 pounds. 

A fireproof floor constructed of iron beams and four-inch 
brick arches will weigh from 65 to 75 pounds per superficial foot. 

The safe and proper bearing of joist, timber and girders 
supporting a floor should not exceed ten tons on brick walls and 
fourteen tons on good stone walls. 

A fireproof floor constructed of iron beams and iron arches 
made of No. 18 iron, and filled in on top with concrete or slag 
and cement, will weigh about the same as brickwork four inches 
thick. 

Smallest convenient size of slab for a 14-inch washbowl, 21 
by 24 inches. Height of slab from floor, 2 feet 6 inches. Very 
small (12) inch corner washbowl: slab 1 foot 11 inches each side. 

Space occupied by water closets, 2 feet 6 inches wide, 2 feet 
deep. 

Urinals should be not less than 2 feet 2 inches between 
partitions; partitions 6 feet high. 

Horse Stalls.— Width, 3 feet 10 inches to 4 feet, or over 5 
feet in width and 9 feet long. Width should not be between 4 
and 5 feet, as in such case the horse is liable to cast himself. 

Pitch of Tin, Copper or Tar and Gravel Roof .—Five-eighths 
of an inch to the foot and upward. 

A load of mortar measure's a cubic yard, requires a cubic 
yard of sand and nine bushels of lime, and will fill thirty hods. 

A bricklayer's hod measuring one foot four inches by nine 
inches, equals 1,296 cubic inches in capacity, and contains 
twenty bricks. 

A single load of sand or other materials equals a cubic yard. 

One thousand bricks closely stacked occupy about fifty-six 
cubic feet. 

One thousand old bricks cleaned and loosely stacked occupy 
about seventy-two cubic feet. 

One hundred yards of plastering will require fourteen hun- 
dred laths, four and a half bushels of lime, four-fifths of a load 
of sand, nine pounds of hair and five pounds of nails, for two- 
coat work. 

A bushel of hair weighs, when dry, about fifteen pounds. 

Flashings.— By "flashings" are meant pieces of tin, zinc or 
copper laid over slate, and up against walls, chimneys, cop- 
ing, etc. 

Counter flashings are of lead or zinc, and are solid be- 
tween the courses in brick, and turned down over the flashings. 

In flashing against stonework, grooves should be cut to 
receive the counter flashing. 

247 



GEOMETRICAL DEFINITIONS. 

Angle. — An opening between two lines that meet in a point. 
Right Angle.— A straight line perpendicular to another. 
Obtuse Angle.— An angle wider than a right angle. 
Acute Angle.— An angle less than a right angle. 
Triangle.— A figure with three sides and three angles. 
Equilateral Triangle. — An angle having all sides equal. 
Isosceles Triangle.— An angle having two of its sides equal. 
Scalene Triangle.— An angle having all its sides unequal. 
Right-angled Triangle. — A triangle having one right angle. 
Obtuse-angled Triangle. — A triangle having one obtuse 

angle. 
Acute-angled Triangle.— A triangle having all its angles 

acute. 
Quadrangle, or Quadrilateral, is a four-sided figure, 

and may be a 
Parallelogram, having its opposite sides parallel. 
Square, having all its sides equal and all right angles. 
Rectangle, having a right angle. 
Rhombus, or Lozenge, having all its sides equal and no 

right angles. 
Rhomboid, a parallelogram with no right angles. 
Trapezium, having unequal sides. 
Trapezoid, having only two sides parallel. 
Polygon, a plane figure having more than four sides. 
Pentagon, haying five sides. 
Hexagon, having six sides. 
Heptagon, having seven sides. 
Octagon, having eight sides. 
Nonagon, having nine sides. 
Decagon, having ten sides. 

WHAT MACHINERY ACCOMPLISHES. 

1'. A sewing machine does the work of 12 women. The 
United States export 100,000 of those machines yearly. 

2. A Boston "bootmaker" will enable a workman to make 
300 pairs of boots daily. In 1880 there were 3,100 of these ma-* 
chines in various countries turning out 150,000,000 pairs of 
boots yearly. 

3. Glenn's California reaper will cut, thresh, winnow and 
put in bags the wheat of 60 acres in 24 hours. 

4. The Hercules ditcher, Michigan, removes 750 cubic 
yards or 700 tons of clay per hour. 

5. The Darlington borer enables one man to do the work 
of seven in making a tunnel, and reduces the cost to one-third 
of work done by hand; it also permits a week's work to be done 
in two days. 

248 



PIN TUMBLER LOCKS. 

This perfected form of lock is the result of the study of mechanics for 
thousands of years, the first locks having tumblers of this type being used 
by the Egyptians over two thousand years ago. In the Egyptian locks, 
however, the tumblers were located at a distance from the face of tbe 
escutcheon of the lock and a long and cumbersome key was required to 
operate the lock. 

By successive steps the tumblers have been brought close to the face 
of the cylinder, permitting the use of a short key, the key way has been 
made in irregular sections to add to the security of the lock, and in the 
latest form made by Eagle Lock Co. we have the short key, the key way in 
a form which closes it co a picking tool and at the same time gives the key 
a wide bearing surface on the center of the tumbler, insuring the easy in- 
sertion and withdrawal of the key as well as the highest degree of security. 

STEEL SASH PULLEYS. 

The manufacturers of the "Fox-All-Steel" Pulleys claim the following 
points of excellence : 

Double strength with half the weight, reducing freight charges by 
one-half. 

Every part is steel, und therefore practically indestructible. 

Each part is made in duplicate steel dies and accurately formed under 
extreme pressure, resulting in a perfect fit in the mortise. 

Neat in appearance, being polished or finished in nickel, copper or 
"antique" plated finish for extra fine work. 

One smooth polished steil surface runs on another. The patent double 
shouldered steel boshing makes a perfect and durable bearing. 

Quickly inserted as it is driven into four holes bored for the purpose- 
no nails or screws required. 

The Shell of the "Fox-All-Steel" Pulley is made with corrugated sides 
so formed for strength and rigidity, and for convenience in inserting. It 
is designed to tit exactly in a mortise made by boring four 13-16 in. holes in 
a line with centers % in. apart. No Counter Boring or Cutting and Fitting 
to "let in" a heavy face plate. These four holes may be quickly made with 
a single 13-16 in. bit. 

The Spurs at the four corners of the shell, acting as staples, cut their 
way into the jamb when the pulley is driven down flush and hold it firmly 
in place, also preventing any possible splitting of the wood. 

The Wheel is composed of two steel discs rigidly formed and firmly 
fastened together by a Double Shouldered Steel Bushing. 

The Wheel Discs are cut from heavy sheet steel formed under extreme 
pressure. 

The Bushing Itself is formed from specially rolled steel and bronze, 
and used exclusively in Fox Pulleys to take the continual and excessive 
wear to which a sash pulley is subjected. The shoulders have just the 
right angle to give a solid bearing for the wheel discs and when the bush- 
ing is riveted over on each end it holds the wheel firmly. 

The Axle used in No. 3 pulley is cut from round, smooth drawn rod. 
squared on each end, which gives the shell a solid bearing and it is of such 
a length that the shell can not pinch or bind the wheel. 

A Driving Set, together with a Cast Iron Marker, is placed in every 
barrel of pulleys free of charge. 

Weight of No. 3 and No. 7 Pulleys is about 2 lbs. per dozen. They are 
packed 100 dozen in a barrel. Shipping weight 220 lbs. No. 9 Pulley, 200 
dozen in a barrel. Shipping weight 275 lbs. 

COIL CHAINS. 
Size, Weight, Number of Links, Proof in Tons. 

Size of Iron, inch s/ 16 y± 6/ 16 % 7/ 16 % 9 / ]6 % % % 1 

No. of Links per ft 15 13 12 11 9 8 7 6 534 5 5 

Av. wgt. per 100 ft., lbs- 45 75 120 150 200 225 320 400 590 790 1000 

Proof, in tons 3/ 10 9/ 20 % 2 2% 4 434 6% 10 1334 18 

249 



riodern and Political Fables. 

(Just for fun.) 

By AUSTIN BIERBOWER. 

LUXURY. 

OF TWO cats, one thinking to be very fine hunted only humming-birds, and 
the other hunted only mice. The first had to hunt much longer than the 
other, because humming-birds were scarce, so that it spent nearly all its life in 
getting food, while the other had little trouble to get all it wanted. "How un- 
fortunate it is," said the first cat, "that I have formed my liking for what is so 
hard to get, and is so little when I have it." 

FASTIDIOUSNESS. 

A FASTIDIOUS ox would not drink standing in the water with his head 
turned down stream lest he should soil the water with his feet. But once 
when drinking with his head turned up stream he saw a whole drove of hogs 
washing in the water above him. 

ATTRACTING ATTENTION. 

A FLEA, which saw many people trying to get the attention of a King and 
waiting long for that purpose, said, "Though I am but a little thing, I will 
get his attention." So he jumped up the throne until he got on the King's 
head. Here he received recognition from the King by a slap; and when he 
boasted to a dog of his success the latter said, "Some get attention by their 
merit, others by their demerit. In making yourself a nuisance you got recogni- 
tion before the lords of the realm, but only as a flea." 

GAMBLING. 

A MONKEY playing with a steel trap got his tail cut off. He went back the 
next day to get his tail, when he got his foot cut off. "Now," he said, "I 
will go back and get both my foot and my tail." He went back, and the third 
time he got his head cut off, which ended his monkeying with the trap. 

ANNEXATION. 

A FOX, going on a hunt, got his tail caught in a trap. Pull as hard as he 
could he was unable to extricate himself, so he ran off home, dragging the 
trap with him. On meeting his companions he exclaimed: "See what a capt- 
ure I have made!" 

MUGWUMPERY. 

A MULE on one side of a fence was discontented because he was not on the 
other side. He finally jumped over, when he was equally discontented 
because he was not back again. "Which side of the fence do you want to be 
on?" asked a horse. "It does not matter," replied the mule, "provided I am 
on the other side." 

THE NON-PARTISAN. 

A DOG, running about in an irregular way, was asked where he was going. 
"I am not going anywhere," replied the dog, "but only running about to 
learn where to go." 

PARTISANSHIP. 

THE swans, wishing to drive the peacocks from a park, procured a law against 
big feet. The peacocks retaliated by getting a counter law against big 
necks. Soon one side could see nothing but ugly feet, and the other nothing 
but long necks. At hist they came to think peacocks were all feet and swans 
all neck. 

250 




THE 

great western wasfter 

Has Galvanized Iron Post with 
Spring Pressure. Dolly is se- 
cured by an extended malleable 
clamp which prevents it from 
ever splitting. 

FULLY GUARANTEED. 



NBOW ROTARY 




Tub is made of Vir- 
ginia Cedar, with 
Galvanized Trim- 
mings. Will last al- 
ways a lifetime. 



Which is furnished 
either in the round or 
square is the most 
powerful and satis- 
factory Rotary out. 
Runs forward or 
backward. 



TUc Ccluiia Wastisr 

Has always been a favorite 
Washer with the trade. Has 
iron pin head and post with spring 
pressure. Made now better than 
ever before. 

BENBOW MFG: CO. 

13th and Wash Streets, 
ST. LOUIS. 



A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 




WHEN YOU BUY 



BUY THE BEST. 



THE GUARANTEE 




ARE THE BEST ON EARTH. 

ARE WARRANTED FOR 5 YEARS. 

MADE BY 

LOVELL MANUFACTURING CO., 

ERIE, PA. 






Sold by A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 



The Yale and Towne Mfg. Co, 

General Offices: 

9-11-13 Murray St., New York City. 




Makers of 

The Yale Lock,* 
Builders' Hardware, 
Art Metal Work. 

*An Artistic Brochure, de- 
scribing briefly the Company's 
Night Latches and Padlocks, 
will be sent on request. 



Size of Brochure, 
Six by three and one quarter inches. 



The Brochure, with its ex- 
planatory illustrations, indi- 
cates also how a Genuine 
Yale Lock maybe distinguish- 
ed from its many imitations 



The Company's products are carried in stock by the 

A. F. Shapleigh Hardware Co, 

St. Louis, Missouri. 



a 



STANDARD" TOOLS 



THEY 
GIVE 
SATIS- 
FACTION! 



sS",<^ 



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<tf> 









MANUFACTURED 
BY 



The Standard Tool Co., 

CLEVELAND, OHIO. 




SPRING 

COTTERS and 

FLAT KEYS, 

Block furnished with Drills. Sets 5 to 9. 

NEW YORK, 94 READE STREET. 

FOREIGN AGENTS: London, Paris, Ronsdorf, Leipzig, St. Petersburg, 
Yokohama, Malmo, Sweden. 

For Sale by A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 



"BLACK HAWK" 

CORN SHELLER. 

ORIGINAL IN EVERY FEATURE. 
13 YEARS 9 RECORD. 



Never Breaks 4* * ** W §> First Prize 

or Fails to do ^&^ Mi ®db World's Fair. 



GOOD WORK. ^ MM^ & 

^ -^HRk_ ^ All Repairs Fur- 
Shells Fast, jf -^Bhp-^-j i nished _^ EE - 

Shells Clean. ^ «^^^^W^ ^ Clamps to Box. 

Shells Easily. <P 4SHHHE1- * No Holes to Bore. 



Largely of ^£HPPgV' All Bearings 

Malleable Iron. 4 jaZ? m 1 Wt> Chilledi 



Every One Warranted. Beware of Imitations. 

Insist on having the ORIGINAL and BEST. 



A. H. PATCH, 

CLARKSVILLE, TENN 



Patentee and 
Sole Maker, 



For Sale by A. F. SHAPLEIQH HARDWARE CO. 





BE SURE AND GET THE GENUINE 

ALASKA 



LINE OF STOVE 



HARDWARE 



It's made only by 

Troy Nickel Works, 

ALBANY, N. Y. 



There are cheap 
imitations. 
The name is 
on all — 

ALASKA. 

SOLD BY 

A. F. SHAPLEIGH HOW. CO. 




WILLIAM WILCOX & CO.'S 
STANDARD PAPLOCRS 



ggr Are known throughout this Country and abroad— World over. 
ENDLESS VARIETY. 



THE OLD AND RELIABLE MANUFACTURERS. 
WM. WILCOX MFG. CO., Middletown, Conn., U. S. A. 



4®= Modern Patterns of Drawn Steel Padlocks in Ivory Black. Best 
sellers and most attractive designs in the Standard Wrought Steel 
Patterns, Black Enamel Finish, including the Wilcox Rotating Hub, or 
Key Pin Padlock and Plat Steel Keys, Brass and Bronze Metal Padlocks, 
Br,i*s and Nickel Plated Dog Collar and Bag Locks. Finest grade of 
Scandinavian or Jail Padlocks. 

S^* All of the BEST WORKMANSHIP and FINISH. 

For Sale by A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 



When in need of STOVE PIPE THIMBLES don't forget 
that we can guarantee you entire satisfaction if you place 
your order with us for the 

0. K. STOVE PIPE THIMBLES. 

We find they give entire satisfaction. The most 
forcible argument we can use in their favor is that 
they sell again and again to the same dealer. 
They are handsomely japanned, screw up tight 
against the plaster, made from the best I X bright 
tin, simple in construction, and are fully guaranteed 
by the manufacturers. The O. K. Thimble will 
please you and your customers. I*et us ship you a 
sample lot. 




This Cut shows the O. K. Thimble screwed together. 

6 inch for walls (4 to 7% in.) - - - - $11.00 per doz. 

6 " " floors (7% to 12% " ) - - - - 12.00 " " 

Thimbles are packed in crates, half dozen to crate. 

A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO., ST. LOUIS. 








C. C & E. P.TOWNSEND, 

NEW BRIGHTON, PA. 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

RIVETS, WIRE 

AND WIRE NAILS. 






SOLD BY 

A. F. SHAPLEIQH HARDWARE CO. 



The Toledo Metal Wheel Company, 

TOLEDO, - - - - OHIO. 

PRODUCERS OF NOVELTIES IN 

WIRE WHEEL GOODS 




THE IMPROVED "TOLEDO" 

STEEL VELOCIPEDE. 

Hand Riveted. Very Popular. 




THE "TOLEDO" GIRLS' TRICYCLE. 

Undoubtedly the easiest running, 
handsomest and best made Parallel 
Bearing Tricycle on the market. A 
superior quality of embossed mohair 
plush is put on seats and back. 




THE "TOLEDO" STEEL WAGON. 
Constructed of the best quality of sheet steel, bent over a steel rod, 
and nailed firmly to the bottom board. 

0^"We make a tull line of Express Wagons, Wheelbarrows, 
Tricycles, Wire Wheels, Steel Sleds, Rolling Hoops, Hose 
Reels, Toy Carts, etc. 

Send for a complete catalogue. 

OUR LINE IS HANDLED BY 

A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 



COMPLETENESS — 

Hardware and Sporting Goods Dealers 9 Stock 
is not complete without a line of 

"H. & R." GOODS 

UNEQUALLED FOR 

Safety, Accuracy and Durability. 

HAMMERLESS ^ 1 

REVOLVER, CET^(k 

32 and 38 CALIBER. 11 Sj 

^ THENEW"H.&R." 

AUTOMATIC 
EJECTING 
SINGLE GUN. 

12 Gaugt. Plain Steel and Twist Barrels, 
30 and 32 inch. 




MANUFACTURERS, 



Harrington & Richardson Arms Co. 

WORCESTER, MASS. 
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE FREE ON REQUEST. 

MENTION HAND BOOK. 

For Sale by A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 



DAVID WADSWORTH & SON, 

AUBURN, N. Y., U. S. A. 

RELIABLE MAKERS OF 

GRAIN SCYTHES, 

GRASS SCYTHES, 
HAY KNIVES, 

STRAW KNIVES, 

BUSH HOOKS. 




WADSWORTH GRASS HOOK. 

GRASS HOOKS, 

CORN KNIVES, 

HEDGE TRIMMERS. 

YOU CANNOT MAKE A MISTAKE BY SPECIFYING 

WADSWORTH. 



WE SOLICIT YOUR ORDERS. 

A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 

SAINT LOUIS. 



We have been making APPLE PARERS more than 30 years and THE 
BONANZA PARER AND CORER here illustrated is, all things considered, 
the best one yet. This machine is especially adapted for use in Evap- 
orating: Factories, Hotels, Bakeries and Restaurants. Pares and Cores 6 to 
10 Bushels per hour. No other hand Apple Parer will do as much or as 
good work. RETAIL PRICE, ONLY $6.50. 

We also make the 

EUREKA (POWER) PARER, CORER AND SLICER, 
DANDY (HAND) PARER, CORER AND SLICER, 
IMPROVED BAY STATE PARER, CORER AND SLICER, 
FAMILY BAY STATE PARER, CORER AND SLICER, 
WHITE MOUNTAIN PARER, CORER AND SLICER, 
NEW LIGHTNING PARER, 
'98 TURN TABLE PARER, 

Differing in price, capacity and principle sufficiently to cover all demands. 




We are also sole manufacturers of the 

FAMILY CHERRY STONER, 

The only Cherry Stoner that removes the stone without mashing and 
wasting the fruit. Also 

THE WHITE MOUNTAIN ) 

THE SARATOGA V POTATO PARERS. 

THE VICTOR j 

fl^AU practical Potato and Labor Savers which should be in every 
Hardware Stock. 

^S^Our goods are sold by the best Jobbers throughout the world. 

Catalogue Free. 

GOODELL COMPANY, ANTRIM, N. H. 
Carried in stock by A. F. Shapleigh Hardware Co., St. Louis. 




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M. S. BENEDICT MFG. CO. 



Tfyakers of- 



SILVER PLATED WARE 




ONE OF THE BUSY CORNERS IN OUR FACTORY. 



WORKS : 



EAST SYRACUSE. 
NEW YORK, 409 BROADWAY. 
CHICAGO, 109 -in WABASH AVENUE. 

Our line carried in stock by A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 



THE BURDEN IRON COMPANY, 



MANUFACTURERS OF 




We carry the various Patterns 
in all sizes and weights and 
solicit your orders. 



THEY WILL GIVE YOU ENTIRE 
SATISFACTION. 



j{* &. Shapleigh hardware Company, 
SAINT L,OUIS. 



THE 

PLUME & ATWOOD 

MANUFACTURING CO. 
199 LAKE STREET, - - - CHICAGO, ILL 



MANUFACTURERS OF 

Sheet Brass and Copper 

Brass and Copper Rod Wire 

Brazed and Seamless Tubing 

German Silver in Sheet, Rod, Wire and Tubing 

Iron Lined Brass Cased Tubing 
Copper and Brass Rivets and Burrs 
Brass and Iron Jack Chain 
Brass Safety Chain 

Brass Butts Escutcheon Pins 

Upholsterers' Nails Ferrules 

Curtain Rings Vestibule Rod 

Kerosene Burners and Lamp Trimmings 
Banquet and Stand Lamps 

BICYCLE LAMPS AND OIL STOVES 



Factories: Waterbury, Conn. 
Mills: Thomaston, Conn. 



FERROSTEEL REGISTERS 




ARE CELEBRATED FOR 

LARGER AIR CAPACITY, 

GREATER STRENGTH, 

EASE OF CONTROL, 
CORRECT DESIGNS, 

LARGEST LINE OF SIZES. 



WRITE FOB OUR BLUB BOOK. 



THE FERROSTEEL COMPANY, 

CLEVELAND CHICAGO 





iff 



CLEAR AS CRYSTAL, 

HIGHEST GRADE, 

PRICES RIGHT. 



tforth Carolina 7/fica Co. 

BOSTON CHICAGO 



GENEVA 

STEEL GOODS 

Lead All Others! 
We Make 

EVERYTHING 

In This Line 

Geneva Tool Co, 

Geneva, Ohio. 



StA - ^ 



tti 



ft 99 



INSIDE VIEW. 



HI 




PATENT ALLOWED. 

The Chief Washer is an improvement on the style of Washers made 
like the St. Louis, the Boss, the Glory and others. We have retained the 
lower oscillating basket or cylinder in this machine, but have substituted 
a pin wheel in place of the upper cylinder; by this combination we produce 
the most effective Washing Machine on the market. All we ask is a trial. 
DIRECTIONS FOR OPERATING THE MACHINE. 

On the evening before wash day, take one bar of good soap, cut the 
same into a boiler full of rain water, and heat this until the soap fully dis- 
solves. Take the clothes to be washed, and after having separated them, 
place the linens and other white goods in a wash tub, pour the hot soap 
suds over them and cover up the tub until the next morning. In the 
morning, wring the clothes out of the tub. place them into the machine, so 
as to fill it about half full (about 15 pieces), pour clean, hot soap suds, pre- 
pared as above described, over the clothes so as to cover them well, and 
then operate the machine from 8 to 10 minutes, then your clothes will be 
ready to rinse and place on the line to dry. 

ANTHONY WAYNE MFG. CO., St. Louis, Mo., and Ft. Wayne, lid. 

For Sale by A. F. SHAPLEIOH HARDWARE CO. 



ff you vsfant^£ 

BEST TOOLS 



QL 




TRADE 



IRON 

CITY 



MARK 



Best 



smmm 




Made from Spec faL 

CRUCIBL E SPR ING ST£££ ! / t 
Canno t be put on v/ro/ta i 

ATZVZfr KNOW/V.TO FAIL M 
N IRON OR WOODWORK * - Vk 



Carried in stock by A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 




FACTORY OF 

LALANCE & GROSJEAN MFG. CO. 

NEW YORK. 

CHICAGO. 

BOSTON. 

The largest plant on earth for manufacturing 
Enameled and Sheet Metal Wares. The home of 
the "Agate Nickel-Steel," "Pearl Agate," "Peer- 
less" and "Blue and White" Wares, and the 
celebrated "L. & G." Steel Sinks. 

We carry a complete line. 

A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 



WHKN BUYING A 

HAND SAW 





*■"-»■ 



: ^^^^^?^t 




OR ANY OTHER KIND OF A 



WHY NOT GET THE BEST ON THE MARKET. 



The BEST 5AWS are made by 

E. C. ATKINS & CO. 

' Sndianapolis, Snd. 



The largest and leading SAW MANUFACTURERS OF 

THE WORLD. Insist on your dealer 

furnishing the ATKINS SAW. 

*SF DEALERS SUPPLIED BY US. °®& 

A F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 



CHAS. MORRILL'S 

PERFECT SAW SETS, BENCH STOPS, 



PUNCHES, Etc. 



THE MASTER PIECE 

No. 95 

Saw Set 




No. i 

Bench Stop 




TRADE 



This Trade Mark 
is stamped on all 
Saw Sets and other 

Hardware 

Specialties of my 

make. 



erce 

MARK 

Registered, Pat. No. 30,572, 



m°SEND FOR CATALOGUE. ■ 

CHAS. MORRILL, 

BROADWAY AND CHAMBERS, - NEW YORK. 

Sold by A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 



Morgan &WrightTires 
are good tires 



DOUBLE -TUBE, CEMENTED 
TO -THE -RIM TIRES GIVE 
THE MOST COMFORT AND 
THE LEAST TROUBLE TO 
THE MOST PEOPLE. ASK 
REPAIRMEN. THEY KNOW. 



Morgan & Wright 



CHICAGO 



"ENTERPRISE" 

Meat and Food Choppers 

a-TINNED*W 

Made in 36 Sizes and Styles 
For Hand and Power From $1.00 to $275.00 

We also Manufacture 

Rapid Grinding and 

Pulverizing Mills, 
Bone, Shell and Corn Mills, 
Self -Priming and 

Measuring Pumps, 

Self -Measuring Faucets, 

Cheese Knives, 

Bung-Hole Borers, 

Smoked Beef Shavers, 

Bacon and Bread Slicers, 

Etc., Etc., 

Descriptive Catalogue Mailed Free 

Order from your Jobber I 
— o— 

The Enterprise 
Mfg. Co. of Pa. 

Philadelphia y 

Pa. y U, S. A.\\ No. 41, - $50.00 




ABRAM ELLWOOD MFG. GO. 



MANUFACTURERS OF 




Ellwood's 
Lever 
Wire 
Stretcher. 



Hand Carts, 
Barrel Carts, 
Post Mauls, 

Wire Slrelfifleis, 



This is a very popular 
stretcher and always gives 
entire satisfaction. Our 
Little Giant Crank Stretch- 
ers are also in big demand. 



Write for prices and circulars to 
A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO, 

SAINT LOUIS. 



i_ x:. l__ 
PATENT GALVANIZED STEEL CHAIN PUMP 

Curb and Galvanized Steel Tubing. 




IT THROWS MORE WATER 

AND PUMPS EASIER THAN ANV OTHER 

PUMP IN EXISTENCE. 

IT KEEPS THE WATER PURE 
AND FRESH. 



nv\jy^ 




Patented March 12tb. IH95. 



In putting this Curb and Tubing on the market, we olTer to the public something lor which they have long boon looking. 

Chain Pumps Lave always been in favor on account of the many advantages they have over others, and the objection to 
the wood curb and tubing is overcome in the 1. X. L. Galvanized Steel Curb and Steel Tubiug, making it the best and most 
beautiful pump on the market. 

We especially call attention to Its superiority over the old Wooden Suction and Iron Pitcher Pumps, as there arc no 
valves to get out of order or dry out, and It will always throw a larger stream of water than any other Pump on 
the market 

Why You Should Use the I. X. L. Galvanized Steel Tubing. 

It does not make the water taste as wood tubing does. 

It will not rust, being made out of No. 24 (iauge Best Galvanized Steel. 

It will not rot or accumulate filtb, and leaves the water clear and pure. 

It is anti-freezing, as the reservoir piece has a small hole in same, which allows the water to run out. 

It only weighs K lb- to the foot, while wood tubing soaked with water weighs b' lbs. or more per foot. 

It can be used in wells as deep as 40 feet. 
THE I. X. L. OALVANIZED STEEL TUBINO CAN ALSO BE USED ON ANY MAKE OF WOOD CURBS. AS THE 

STIRRUP ON ALL OTHER CURBS WILL FIT THE SQUARE RESERVOIR BOX ON THE OALVANIZED TUBINO. 

The I. X. L. Curb is made of the best Galvanized Steel, consisting of only 3 pieces of steel thoroughly locked and seamed 
together, will not rot, warp or fall to pieces. It is painted aDd varnished. 

THE I. X. L. PUMP AND TUBINO IS GUARANTEED TO QIVE PERFECT SATISFACTION. 



THE I. X. L. RUBBER BUCKET. 

SOME OF ITS POINTS OF SUPERIORITY OVER ALL OTHERS. 

1. The only bucket that cannot be put in wrong. This is a special feature over all others, as many 
buckets are ruined the first timo Ibey are used on account of being put in up side down. 

2. It is a double bucket— bas two wearing edges instead of one— with a corresponding increase of 
suction power. 

:s. It lia.s water spa.e that allows a water packing; which is as good as rubber, without any increase 
of Iri. lion. 

4. It is reversible and self adjusting, as the great pliability of the rubber allows it to adjust itself to 
any size tubing. 

5. A reverse motion of crank will not injure it. The rubber can not be stripped from link. 

6. It gives the best satisfaction In wood tubing, and we especially recommend it for the I. X. L. 
Galvanized Steel Tubing 

Manufactured by 0. P. SCHRIVER & CO., Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Write us for Prices. A. F. SHAPLEIQH HARDWARE CO. 




WE ARE 
AGENTS FOR 



BELDING'S 



"New Perfection' ' Refrigerators, 




Made of thoroughly sea- 
soned, selected ash lumber, 
finished in antique. Locks 
and hinges, solid bronze, 
Roman gold finish, self- 
retaining casters, galvan- 
ized iron shelves and ice 
rack, self-closing drip cup, 
swinging base board, lids 
extra heavy and will not 
warp. 



This line of Refrigerators se- 
cured the highest awards over 
all at the Columbian Exposition. 
The points of excellence recog- 
nized were: 

Its perfect system of circulation. 

Its thorough dryness. 

Its complete insulation. 

Its excellent workmanship. 

Its first-class material. 

Its rapid discharge of waste and ease 
in cleaning. 

Its self-locking. 

Its indestructible Ice rack. 

SEND FOR CATALOGUE and QUOTATIONS. 
A. F. SHAPL.EIGH HARDWARE CO., ST. LOUIS. 




OUR ENTIRE STOCK OF 

ATHLETIC CLOTHING 

IS MADE FOR US BY THE 





OF PHILADELPHIA, PA. 

Which is a Guarantee of 

EXTRA QUALITY. 

We carry in stock 
Fancy Light- Weight Jersey 

Sweaters in Worsted and 

Cotton, 
Golf and Outing Jersey Sweaters, 
Athletic and Gymnasium Worsted 

Clothing, 
Hygienic Cotton Gymnasium and 

Athletic Clothing, 

Hygienic Racing and Bathing Suits. 



Quick mail order shipments. We 
are continually adding to our al- 
ready large line of Outing Clothing 
and invite correspondence. 

Send for Catalog. 

A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE COMPANY, 

SAINT LOUIS. 



NEWHOUSE STEEL TRAPS, 




Jfc^-The Standard for over 50 years. Made in all sizes from Rat Traps to Bear Traps. 

Complete Illustrated Catalogue on application. 

ONEIDA COMMUNITY, Ltd., - KENWOOD, N. Y. 

Sold by A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 



AMERICAN AND STEEL WIRE 




PATENTED. 

Halter Chains, Cow Chains, 
Dog Chains, Coil Chains, 

Key Chains, Trace Chains, 
Rein Chains, Sash Chains, 
Martingale Chains, 

Breast Chains, Dog Couplers, 
Dog Collars, 
Sheet Steel Swivel, 
Harness Snaps, 

Solid Steel Harness Snaps. 

ALL KINDS SPECIAL CHAINS. 
MANUFACTURED ONLY BY 

ONEIDA COMMUNITY, Limited 

NIAGARA FALLS, N. Y. 
For Sale by A. F. SHAPLEIGH HDW. CO. 



HAKE MANUFACTURING GU. 

GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN. 

MANUFACTURERS OF A COMPLETE LINE OF 

COMMON RAILROAD, 
STONE, BRICK, 

MORTAR AND GARDEN 




WHEELBARROWS. 



2l/e recommend and solicit your 
orders for this tine. 



A. F. SHAPLEIQH HARDWARE CO. 




The name "G. & J." upon a Tire is 
a guarantee that the Tire is the best 
obtainable in the way of Tires. There 
are other good Tires and other detach- 
able Tires, but none so satisfactory as 
the old reliable "G. & J." Tire, "which 
gives no trouble." 



MADE BY THE 

G. & J. TIRE CO. 

INDIANAPOLIS. 



CARRIED IN STOCK BY 

A. F. SHAPLEIQH HARDWARE CO, 




WILKINSON SHEAR COMPANY, 



MANUFACTURERS OF 



Sheep, Hedge, Mule and 

Grass Shears, Etc, 




SOLID STEEL, MACHINE FORGED. 

No. 3749— Half polished blade, 6 inches, per doz., - - $7.60 
11 3750— " " " swaged, 6 inches, per doz., 8.00 

11 3754— Full " " 6 inches, per dozen, - - 8.55 

" 3757E— Full " bows etched, one blade, straight 



or bent, per dozen, - 
3770E— True Vermonter, per dozen, 



11.05 
15.00 



Our friends will find that the Wilkinson Shear always 
gives ENTIRE SATISFACTION. We solicit your trade on 
this line and can fill all orders promptly, as we carry a com- 
plete stock. 

PRICES ON APPLICATION. 

A. F. SHAPLE1GH HARDWARE COMPANY, 

SAINT LOUIS. 



SOME OF OUR SPECIALTIES. 

CHAMPION BRACED 
WROUGHT STEEL 

GARDEN RAKE 





CRONK'S SOLID COVERED LOOSE 
AXLE BARN DOOR HANGER. 

Wheel and Axle Protected from Storm. 
Very Strong. 



(Patent Allowed.) 
The teeth are tbin and broad, 
tbera doubly strong the way lb 
comes, and are made of Polished 
Wrought Steel in pairs, solidly riveted 
to the Channel Steel Head; the ond tooth are crimpod which 
prevents their bonding sideways. Strongly braced, lias Bronzed 
Malleable Socket, and is the STRONOEST AND MOST DUR- 
ABLE RAKE IN Trie MARKET. 

No. 12-12 teeth, - » $1-00 

" 14-14 " " 13.00 

" 10-10 " - WOO 




CRONK'S PRUNING SHEARS. 



that cost twice or three times as much. They are solid steel I 
cheap as the cheapest. 

WRITE FOB CATALOGUE OP FULL, LINE AND TRADE PRICES. 

CRONK HANGER COMPANY, - - - - ELMIRA, N. Y. 

Our line lor Sale by A. F. SHAPLEIOH HARDWARE CO, 



^)KH^¥^^¥¥)^^^)^^)^e^ 



7K 

K 



\4 



5 

£ 









* 



We ca// yoi/r special attention to 



The original and genuine always bears the 

name of "John Chatillon & Sons, 

N. Y„" on the dial. 



We carry a complete stock and solicit your patron- 
age. Prices on application. 

A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO., ST. LOUIS. 



3K 



Chatillon 's Scales, i 







I 



MASSEY'S CLINCHER VISE. 




Plat 
Bott'm 


Width of 
Jaw. 


Opens. 


Price 


No. 30 


3Min. 


4 in. 


$ 6 00 


" 31 


3% " 


5 


7 00 


" 32 


iVs :: ■ 


5% " 


8 50 


" 33 


5% 


6M " 


10 00 


" 35 


8 l Z - 


17 50 


" 36 


6 " 


9 l A " 


25 00 



SWIVEL BASES. 

No. 30 $1 50 No. 33 $2 00 

No. 31 1 75 No. 35 3 50 

No. 32 2 00 No. 36 - 5 00 

Discount 

MASSEY'S LIGHTNING GRIP WOOD WORKERS' VISE. 




No. 17— 9-inch Jaw„ Opens 10 inches. Price, $6.00. 




PLANER, MILLING 

MACHINE and DRILL 

PRESS VISES. 

MASSEY'S. 



Chucks the work instantly. Parallel with bed of vise. 
The front jaw is adjustable to all shapes of work. 



No. 


Jaw, 


Opens, 


Weight, 


Depth of Jaw, 


Price. 


Inches. 


Inches. 


Pounds. 


Inches. 


41 


4 


9k 

ug 


36 


Ik 


$15 00 


42 


4 


42 


2 


17 00 


43 


5 


65 


\% 


20 00 


44 


5 


75 


3 


25 00 


46 


8 


150 


2 


45 00 


47 


8 


vSL 


163 


2 


47 00 


48 


8 


1m 


176 


2 


49 00 


49 


8 


15 l A 


195 


2 


51 00 


50 


8 


9 


165 


3 


47 00 


51 


8 


11 


178 


3 


49 00 


52 


8 


13 


191 


3 


61 00 


53 


8 


15 


210 


3 


53 00 



i&9&g* 



& 



AUCSTS 

BEST 

KEY 

BODY -— 

HIGHLY POLISHED 




Pi* 

'v THE GENUIME ARE STAMPED 
'!• tHe withI^ MALTESE CROSS 

AS PER CUT 



SUCH AS FAUU*- IN shap^^^V^tinned or nickeled 



Nos 0, 034 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 

Size 7. 8. 9, 12, 15, 18, 21. 24 inches. 

Per doz $3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 6.00 7.50 8.50 9.50 

Packed 1 doz. in box. 1 gross in case of 1 size. 






ADDITION 

TO STAMP 

RED LABEL 
^ALTESECR»V) 



f$P FhUGETS 

VSfARKn* riiiicurn 



MADE OUT OF 
$r~ THE*** gtQZ 

(no lining) 



FINISHED 
SELECTED ggg 



*I* 



4l\ 



^^^f^GENU/W£ AR& THE 
ONLY TH& MARK MfllTCcrri 



WITH 



WOOD 

Mfa*"J% MALTESEMOSS 



No. 1, Size, 7 in. No. 2, Size 8 in. No. 3, Size 9 in. No. 4, Size 10 in. 
Per doz., $0.90 1.00 1.25 1.50 

Packed 1 doz. in box. 1 gross in case of 1 size. 




Chace Pattern. 

Steel, Brass and Copper. 

Double Seamed Bottoms. 



Paragon Pattern 

WITH DETACHABLE DRIP CUP, 



MOWING MACHINE OILERS. 





ROUND. OVAL. 

MANUFACTURED BY 



No. 701. 



WILLIAM VOGEL & BROS., Brooklyn, N.Y. 



LISTS ON APPLICATION, 



BROTHERS Villi 60. 

POTEAU, - - I.T. 

MAKERS OF ALL 
KINDS OF . . . 

HAND SHAVED AND 
TURNED — 

HICKORY 
HANDLES. 

We carry a complete line and 
solicit your orders for this 
make. 

They Give Entire Satisfaction. 



A. T. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE GO. 

SAINT LOUIS. 



AUSABLE HORSE NAIL CO. 

——MANUFACTURERS OF 

AUSABLE, CLINTON, AMERICAN, HOT FORGED 
and HAMMER POINTED NAILS. 




FOR SALE BY 

A. F. SHAPLEIGH HDW. CO. 

ST. LOUIS, MO. 






THE 
ORIGINAL 



25 Calibre Repeater 

THE 25-20 MARLIN is one of the 
handiest arms made, and accurate 
to 300 yards, with light report and 
little recoil. Its bullet is more reliable 
than a 22 calibre and the barrel does not 
foul as rapidly. It will kill cleanly and 
quickly without tearing. Smokeless 
powder can be used in a large variety of 
loads and the ammunition is cheap. 

ALL MARLINS 

rifles or shotguns, have a SOLID TOP 
ACTION and eject at the side. 

OUR CATALOG, an illustrated encyclopaedia on 
arms and ammunition, with colored cover by 
Osthaus, mailed for 3 stamps. 



THE MARLIN FIRE ARMS CO. 

New Haven 
Conn. 






IVES 
PATENT 

WINDOW 

STOP 

ADJUSTER 

As Applied to 

Windows for 

PROTECTION 

AGAINST 

COLD 

DRAUGHTS, 

DUST, 

RATTLING, OR 

BINDING. 

To apply use one-half 
inch bit. 

For Sale by A. F. SHAPLEIQH HDW. CO. 




5 S 



ft o 

« I 

(0 




.a - 8 

£ J! 

(LI W 

o 



CROSS SECTION OF STOP ADJUSTER. 




Its Essential Features and Superior Advantages are: 

1. This Adjuster is practically a flush Washer, and made from one solid 
piece of metal, with a thick bed that will not bend in tightening the screw, 
and a thin flange to admit of a close adjustment of screens, and also to prevent 
the screw from drawing it into the wood. 

2. The solid ribs will drive into the hardest bead or stop, and prevent 
the Adjuster turning in either direction. 

3. In appearance it is neat and ornamental, affording a quick and simple 
adjustment of the shrinkage or expansion of windows, doing away with un- 
sightly weather strips and anti-rattler devices. 

Ask your dealer to show you these goods. 



For Sale by A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE COMPANY 




AUSTIN RIFLE POWDER 

REPRESENTS — 

The MANUFACTURERS' GUARANTEE as to its quality. Every particle is 
subjected to a SCIENTIFIC TEST, whereby satisfactory results must be 
obtained. 




AUSTIN BLASTING POWDER 

IS GUARANTEED BEST FOR 

CONTRACTORS 1 WORK. 



FOR SALE EVERYWHERE. 



521 SECURITY BUILDING, ST. LOUIS. 



41S-B00KLET FREE ON APPLICATION.^®* 
SEND YOUR ORDERS TO US. 

A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE COMPANY, 



LOGGING TOOLS 



No. 246. CANT HOOK. 




THE COLUMBUS HANDLE & TOOL CO. 

COLUMBUS, INDIANA. 



WRITE FOR CATALOGUE. 



For Sale by A. F. SHAPLEIOH HDW. CO. 



NATIONAL PUMP COMPANY, 

MOUND CITY. - - - - ILL. 

SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THE 

CELEBRATED No. 2 NATIONAL WATER ELEVATOR 

«5n/VITH ALL WIRE LINK=®ft 
LARGE SIZE BUCKET CHAIN. -W 



ASK FOR SAMPLE BUCKET AND PRICE LIST. 




New and Unrivaled. What it will do. 

g^WILL discharge 60% more water than 
any other Elevator Chain without any more 
exertion. 

jS^TWILL outlast a dozen or more chains 
of the old fashioned combination 
of sheet iron link or wire link 
connection. 

g©" WILL be appreciated for 
its convenience in coupling and 
uncoupling instantaneously solely 
by hand without the aid of any 
tools whatever. 



Patented April 11, 1899. 

For Sale by 
A. F. SHAPLEIGH 
HARDWARE CO. 





THE EXCELSIOR PENDULUM WASHER. 



The lightest running and 
most easy working Pendu= 
lum Washer made. 



THE EUREKA WASHER. 

4®= A LIGHT RUNNING 

LEVER WASHER. 

The Brammer 

IS THE KING OP 

Rotary Washers. 

These MACHINES are 
built on correct prin- 
ciples. They are the re- 
sult of 30 years' practical 
experience in manufac- 
turing Washing Machines. 
Being pioneers in the 
business, we have spent 
much time and money in 
an endeavor to buildWash- 
ers that will combine 
LIGHT RUNNING, WITH 
BRAMMER ROTARY WASHER. THOROUGH WORK. 

EXCELSIOR MFG. CO., DAVENPORT, IOWA, Sole Manufacturers. 

*rWEiTECs. A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 




BUY THE GENUINE 

"SCOYIL" HOE I 

IT IS ACKNOWLEDGED BY ALL 
TO BE THE BEST. 




Notice TRADE MARK and LABEL. 
Beware of "Scovil Patterns," so called. 

Z^SEND US YOUR ORDERS. =§& 

A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 



$2.50 

THAT'S THE LIST PRICE OF THE 




U 

J- C 

e « 

« a 

S E 

° (8 

B J 

CO to 

— 18 

2 ° 



HAVE YOU OBTAINED OUR TRADE PRICE LIST? 

Height of Lamp, 5% inch. Weight, 16 ounces. 
Large Jewels full one inch in diameter. Reflects rays downward, and 
always a bright light fully one hundred and fifty feet in front of the wheel. 
Burner of imported German Lava, flat flame so constructed as not to clog. 
No parts to get out of order. No cleaning of valves or wicks. Simple in its 
Mechanical construction, giving a clear white light at all times, with no 
variation in power, ana so constructed that the rider need have no fear of 
light going out. Will burn from 4% to 5 hours, the last five minutes as 
bright and as clear as the first five. Burns loose carbide any size, pre- 
ferably %. inch. 

For Sale by A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 



VAUGHAN & BUSHNELL MFG. CO. 

CHICAGO. 

THE V. & B. PIPE WRENCH. 

PATENTED. 




g^The simplest and best Pipe Wrench on the market. 
Self adjusting. No springs or screws to break. Each 
Wrench takes many sizes of Pipe and Nuts. 

I^WE MAKE FULL LINES OF THESE TOOLS. 



Carried in stock 
by 





A. F. SHAPLEIGH 
HARDWARE CO. 



V. B. TOOLS are always the Highest Grade and Finish. 




THU11DT 



teolamieis 




Having the highest recom- 
mendation from thousands of 
customers. They are the 
handsomest and easiest-run- 
ning gadders made; work 
noiselessly, and are absolutely 
safe and durable. Ladders are 
made to order, and to fit all 
kinds of shelving, in various 
styles, to suit all purposes, 
and are especially adapted for 
shoe stores. 



Write for__^ 



Descriptive Catalogue. 

Q. A. MILBRADT & CO. 

1922 AND 1924 N. BROADWAY, 

•^ii ST. IvOXJlS, MO. 

For Sale by A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 



THE 

J. Barton 
Smith Co. 

PHILADELPHIA, 
PA. 

ESTABLISHED 
1842. 




The largest 
and leading 
American Manu- 
facturers of the best 
quality 

SHEEP AND HEDGE SHEARS 

in great variety. 



FOR SALE BY 

A. F. SHAPLEIGH 
HDW. CO. 




Our Shears are guar 
anteed to be equal in 
cut, temper and finish 
to the finest English 
makes. 

g^^We expect our Shears to give 
full satisfaction. 
Ask for our Brand. 

8®" Fully Guaranteed, 



Our 

FILES 

are made of the 
Best Silver Crucible 
Steel and GUARAN- 
TEED for cut, temper 
and wear. 



TOOLS and SPECIALTIES. 



WE RECOMMEND AND SOLICIT YOUR ORDERS FOR 

'CI 



ROCKING TABLE APPLE PARER 




WITH PUSH OFF. 

This machine is so ar- 
ranged that Parings and 
Juice cannot fall upon 
it. It is provided with 

Improved Clamping Device 

so that the table will not 
be jammed. 

It is stronger, more 
durable, has less gears 
and working parts, will 
pare closer to the fork, 
keep cleaner, do better 
work and more of it than 
any other machine in 
the market. 



PARER, CORER 

This machine will oper- 
ate successfully on 

LARGE OR SOFT FRUIT. 

The Fork and Slicing 
Knives are Tinned so 
that the fruit will not 
turn black. 

This is the BEST 
MACHINE for the 
money in existence. 

"THE DAISY." 

"Mound City" is our special brand of Horse Shoe Nails 
and they are very popular with our trade. We carry in stock 
all patterns of QAUTIER TOE CALKS. 

WRITE FOR QUOTATIONS. 

A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE COMPANY. 




We make 84,000 Files and Rasps daily. 



The Steel is 

High-Carbon, Crucible-Cast. 



NICHOLSON 



FILES 



Famous for Temper and Cut 



Sold to 
90% of the Largest Mfrs. in the U. S. 
85% of the Principal R. R.s in U. S. 
22 Foreign Governments. 



NICHOLSON FILE CO., Providence, R. L, U. S. A. 

Largest Makers ot Files and Rasps in the World. 
For Sale by* A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE COMPANY. 



DON'T FORGET THAT OUR 

Rugby Juvenile Bicycles 

&or &oys and Sirls 

CANNOT BE EXCELLED. 

— 'THEY ARE' 



"The Brand of Superior Quality!" 



EITHER STYLE IN 20, 24 OR 26 INCH WHEELS. 



liiPThe price is very moderate and they have 
no superior at any price. 

Full description in our catalogue, which we 
will mail you on request. 



A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 



Halladay Crank Hangers. 

(ONE PIECE.) 

INSTANTLY DETACHABLE FROM FRAME, 
SIMPLY AND PERFECTLY RELIABLE. 



WRITE FOR FULL DESCRIPTION. 




Adjustable Handle Bars, 

A POSITIVE MECHANICAL CONNECTION! 
THE NEATEST CENTER- JOINT BAR MADE! 

...MANUFACTURED BY.... 

MARION CYCLE WORKS, 

MARION, INDIANA. 

.WE ENDORSE AND SELL THIS LINE... 

A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 



THE FeRNALQ. 

CIuick Shift and Anti-Rattler. 



. . IMPROVED . . 

FERNALD 
QUICK SHIFT. 




Fits any Buggy, new or old. Can be at- 
tached and detached without the use of 
tools. The only practical Quick Shift that 
can be retailed for 50 cents per pair. 

THE BURTON No. 1. 

The Bolt Holder prevents the Bolt losing 

out in case the nut conies off 

the other side. 




BURTON'S 
ANTURATTLER 
AND BOLT 
HOLDER No. 1. 

Patented June 18, 1899. 

Canada, July 17, 1899. p »*- November 15th, 1887. 

We also manufacture the "Burton," Nos. 2 and 4 (this is 
the large size, 1% inch), "Fernald Wire," "Wire Drive," and 
"Gem" Anti-Rattlers, "Gem" Money Drawers, "Fernald" 
Lifting Jacks and Automatic Grip Neck Yoke. 

FERNALD MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 
NORTH EAST, PA., U. S. A. 

SEND YOUR ORDERS TO US. 

A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 



L. A. SAYRE & CO., NEWARK, N.J 

HARDWARE SPECIALTIES 




Revolving Spring Round Punches. 



Hand Cross Cut Timber Saw Sets. 



Shingling. Half 
Lathing. Claw. 
Barrel. 



Broad, Hunters 
Camp. Adzes. 
Boys' Axes. 




HAMMERS 




Tack, Saddlers', Upholsterers' 



Brick, Plastering. Corner 




TICKET 



PUNCHES 






Buttons Plyers 



for sale by A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 



...A GOOD... 



CLOTHES WRINGER 



ALWAYS BEARS THIS 



666666 1 



TRADE 

OTOT 




MARK. 

TOOT 



and is fully 

Warranted by the Manufacturer. 

For Sale by A. P. SHAPLEIGH HDW. CO. 



HORSESHOE BRAND HIGH GRADE 

RELIEF 

ROLLS WARRANTED FOR 3 YEARS 

WRINGER 

^REGULAR OR COMBINATION TUB CLAMPS. 




Packed 3 and 6 in a Case. 

For Sale by A. F. SHAPLE1GH HARDWARE CO. 
ST. LOUIS, 




s 




B^FOR SALE EVERYWHERE."^ 




FIRST PRIZE— GOLD MEDAL 

AT AUSTRALASIAN FILE, SAW AND AXE INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVE 
EXPOSITION AT ULVERSTONE, TASMANIA, 1899. 



BLACK DIAMOND FILE WORKS 



ESTABLISHED 1863. 
INCORPORATED 1895. 



G. & H. BARNETT COMPANY, 

PHILADELPHIA, PA. 

For Sale by A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 



EUREKA DIGGER CO 



MANUFACTURERS OF 



IMPROVED POST HOLE DIGGERS 

WE ILLUSTRATE THE "EUREKA" AND THE "ATLAS," 
WHICH ARE THE BEST ON THE MARKET. 





EUREKA. ATLAS. 

THE EUREKA DIGGER has been thoroughly tested during the past 20 
years in all parts of the country and has given perfect satisfaction. 

The blades are made of the best cast steel; the castings are made of 
malleable iron and the handles of good white ash. The blades are 9 inches 
long and the length of the Digger 5 feet. Weight, 100 pounds to the dozen. 

THE ATLAS DIGGER is the latest improvement. It is built after the 
principle of our celebrated Eureka Digger, the only,material difference in 
construction resting in the double handles. These handles are so arranged 
that it is impossible for the operator to pinch his fingers while digging a 
hole. The ATLAS is one of the most powerful Diggers made, and it has 
the advantage over other "two-handle Diggers" because the arrangement 
of the hinges causes the blades to close without opening the handles very 
far, and this enables the operator to dig a hole almost equal in depth to the 
length of the Digger and retain a uniform size. 



We solicit your orders. 



A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 



Tubular Rivet and Stud Co. 

87 LINCOLN ST. 
BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS. 



T 




OUR LINE SOLD 

BY 



^ A. F.SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO, 



A GOOD BONE CUTTER 

Is one that cuts bone fast and fine enough for 
young chicks, runs easily, cuts meat and vege- 
tables without clogging, and stands wear and tear 
without breaking. All of these virtues (and more, 
too), are contained in 

The STEARNS Green Bone Cutter 




Formerly the Webster & Han num. 
Stearns Clover Cutters and Grit Crushers are a 

necessity in every poultry yard. 



Send your address 
for treatise on poultry feeding and catalogue 
of bone cutters, clover cutters and grit crush- 
ers — they are free, but may save you half 
your feed bill. 

E. C. STEARNS & CO., SYRACUSE, N.Y. 

For Sale by A. F. Shapleigh Hdw. Co. 




Table Knives and Forks. Bread Knives, 

Kitchen or Paring Knives, Children's Knives and Forks, 

Butcher Knives, Putty Knives. 

IMPERIAL CUTLERY WORKS, 

.... MANUFACTURERS OF .... 

TABLE CUTLERY 

455 and 457 Fifteenth Avenue, 
NEWARK, N J. 

U. S. A. 




Mass'ey's Planer and Milling Vise 

Sectional View. 

X 




SEND FOR OUR 

CATALOGUE of ELEVEN 

STYLES OF 

BENCH VISES, 

PLANER and 

MILLING VISES 



SUfWe can save you 
money in cost 
and labor. 



MASSEY VISE CO. 

30-32 

S. CANAL STREET, 

CHICAGO. 

For Sale by A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE COMPANY. 



J. M. KING & CO. 

MANUFACTURERS 

STOCKS and DIES and TAPS! 

WATERFORD, N.Y. 
PRENTISS' 

PATENT 




Made by PRENTISS VISE COMPANY, 

Manufacturers of ALL KINDS OP VISES, 
44 BARCLAY STREET, - - - NEW YORK. 

Sold by A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO., St. Louis. 



DR. LEAVITT'S LATEST IMPROVEMENT 

the Screw 




Dehorner. 



Leavitt Mfg. Co., Hammond, 111., U.S.A. 

Dr. LEAVITT'S 



Double Power Dehorning Clipper! 




*»- IT CUTS ALL AROUND THE HORN. =©H 

LEAVITT MFG. COMPANY, HAMMOND, ILL., U. S. A. 

Carried in stock by A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 



BERRIDGE'S PATENT PIPE SNIPS and PIPE CRIMPERS 




Have no equal for Cutting and Crimping Stove Pipe, Con- 
ductor Pipe and Furnace Pipe. For Sale by Jobbers of 
Tinners' Tools and Sheet Metals. 

©^Satisfaction guaranteed. Send for Circular. 

BERRIDGE SHEAR CO., Sturgis, Mich. 
Sold by A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 



SEYMOUR Mf G, GO. 

RELIABLE MANUFACTURERS OF 

GRAIN CRADLES 

AND 

SCYTHE SNATHS. 

We carry this line in stock and solicit 
you orders. We have no complaint from 
customers when they specify SEYMOUR. 



A. F. 8HAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 




PRATT'S HUSKING PINS. 

Patented 
August 9th, 1898. 

Made of the Best Cold 
Rolled Steel and Strap 
of Best Oil Tanned 
Leather. 

No. T 1. 

No. T 1. The strap is provided with slots so it can be adjusted for the 
bare hand, glove and mitten. The guard and pad coming directly over the 
center of the index finger prevents wearing of the finger in case the ear is 
missed, and also prevents the Pin slipping back into the hand. 

The strap is wide enough to protect the hand from the Pin, as when the 
hand is closed the strap bends over the edges of the Pin. 

It is the most convenient Husker on the market. Can be worn over 
bare hand, glove or mitten without making a hole in the mitten. For mitten 
slip strap off of end and out of loop and back over end of Pin. 
Two sizes; packed % G ross in a B ox. 

No. T 2. An inexpen- 
sive but good, service- 
able Husking Pin. 
Same as No. T 1, with- 
out steel finger guard, 
and strap made from 
the best inside split 
Oil Tanned Leather. 
Two sizes; packed J£ 
No. T 2. Gross in a Box. 

SEND FOR QUOTATIONS. A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO., ST. LOUIS. 




BLUM MANUFACTURING CO. 

COLUNSVILLE. - - ILL. 

MAKERS OF 

STANDARD SIZES 

STOCK BELLS 

We call attention to the fact that 
the Genuine Blum's Kentucky Durham 
Stock Bells are warranted STANDARD 
SIZE, superior in SHAPE, TONE and 
FINISH to all others. 

We fully guarantee the Holstein 
Bell standard size, and in quality 
unequalled by any other — next to 
Genuine Blum's Kentucky Durham 
Bell. 

PRICES QUOTED ON APPLICATION. 

F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE COMPANY. 




THE BROWN, HINMAN 

& HUNTINGTON COMPANY, 



MANUFACTURERS OF 



FARM AND GARDEN TOOLS, 

COLUMBUS, OHIO. 

HOES, FORKS, RAKES, HOOKS, 

SCYTHE SNATHS, GRAIN CRADLES, 
HANDLES, ETC., ETC. 



Complete line for sale by A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 



Marland, Neely & Co., Limited. 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

NUTS, BOLTS, WASHERS, WIRE NAILS, Etc. 

SOUTH TWENTY-SECOND ST. 

PITTSBURG, PA. 



BRUSHES ! 



ALL KINDS. 

ALL SHAPES. 

ALL SIZES 



Made Strong 
Last Long 
Made in all 
Fibres 

We handle a 
full line. 

SHAPLEIGH 
HDW. CO. 



In tfie hands of^all good Americans 

AMERICAN" BRUSHES, 




THE CLARK MANUFACTURING CO. 

BUFFALO, - - N. Y. 

Manufacturers of BLIND HINGES, SHUTTER HINGES, SPRING HINGES, 
GATE HINGES and LATCHES, SASH PULLEYS, CAST LOOSE 
PIN BUTTS, STOVE PIPE DAMPERS, Etc., Etc. 



<^SEND FOR CATALOGUE. "^ 
A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE COMPANY, Distributors. 

Little & Becker Printing Co- 

314 NORTH THIRD STREET, 

ST. LOUIS, MO. 

..Commercial Printing.. 



WE HAVE HAD TWENTY-FIVE YEARS' EXPERIENCE IN PRINTING 
HARDWARE AND OTHER CATALOGUES. 



SEE THE NEW IYER JOHNSON 

SHOT 




A SINGLE BARREL EJECTOR GUN. 

Made on entirely New Principle. A handsome, well made and good 
Shooting Gun at a moderate price. Ask to see it. 

IVER JOHNSON GUNS and REVOLVERS 

Are Honest Goods at Honest Prices. 

SEND FOR CATALOGUE. 

IVER JOHNSON'S ARMS & CYCLE WORKS, 

FtTCHBURG, MASS. 
For Sale by A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 



GARDNER SASH BALANCE CO. 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

Steel Sash Ribbon, Sash Ribbon Attachments, 

Ribbon Sash Pulleys, Chain Sash Pulleys, 

Rope Sash Pulleys, Ventilating Sash Bolts, 

Steel Door Fasts, Gardner Steel Sash Locks. 

We Manufacture over 5,000 Different Styles and Finishes of Window 
Sash Pulleys for Sash Ribbon, Chain and Cord. 



FOR DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE ADDRESS 

GARDNER SASH BALANCE CO. 

312 First National Bank Building, Chicago, 111. 



OUR LINE FOR SALE BY 

A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 



' VOLCANO 

REVOLVING AND VENTILATING 

CHIMNEY -TOP 

BEST IN THE WORLD. 
PROTECTED BY PATENTS IN U. S. and CANADA. 

SATISFACTION GUARANTEED. 

The IRON MOUNTINGS are composed of only two 
parts, and no pins or wire are required to hold down cap. 
It protects chimney fully from rain, sleet and 
snow, and prevents all downward draft. 

It has a DEFLECTOR corresponding- with 
HOOD, by which is formed the sloped opening in 
back of hood, which creates a strong upward 
draught, and allowing free passage of smoke. 

TOP COMPLETE. 
Inches, 6 7 8 9 10 12 

Perdoz., $24.00 $26.00 $28.00 $32.00 $34.00 $40.00 

IRON MOUNTINGS WITHOUT COVER. 
Inches, 6 7 8 9 10 12 

Perdoz., $13.00 $13.50 $15.00 $16.50 $18.00 $22.00 
Patterns for hood and vane furnished free of charge. 




IWANS' 
PATENT 
IMPROVED 

Post Hole 
and Well Auger 

THE BEST in the WORLD. 
MADE TO PERFECTION. 

Received Highest Award 
World's Columbian 
Exposition. 




-MADE BY- 



Itpan Bros 

STREATOR, ILL. 




It is the only Anger 
that has met with 
universal satisfaction un- 
der all conditions of soil. 

It Should be in the Hand of 
Every Farmer, Plumber, 

Contractor, and 

Whoever May Have Use 

for a Good 

Post Hole Auger. 



Sizes, Inches, 6 7 8 9 10 
Per Doz., Pol'd, $28 $30 $30 $32 $36 



SOLO BY 

A. F. SHAPLEI6H HDW. CO. 



WARREN'S PATENT 

Glass Front Sectional Harflware SHcivim. 




Handsomely built of An- 
tique Oak in interchange- 
able sections, each exactly 
the same length, height and 
depth; when set together 
they look and are perfectly 
solid, form uniform align- 
ment, making a 

Model Hardware Store. 

Our new system classifies 
every line of goods separ- 
ately — tools for the me- 
chanic, builders' hardware 
for the contractor, and all 
shelf goods for the general 
customer. Displays samples 
of every article in plain 
sight of the buyer. Earns 
its cost in a very short 
time, and serves ever after- 
ward as a Silent Partner 
and a blessing to the hard- 
ware merchant and cus- 
tomer. 

Write to-day and learn 
how to make dull busi- 
ness bright. 

J: D. Warren Mfg. Co. 

MANUFACTURERS, 

CHICAGO. 



"The Signal" 




No. 578 SOLID BRONZE. 



LIFTS the upper Sash 
to place. 

DRAWS both Sash to- 
gether tight. 

LOCKS with certainty 
over the wide Front 
Plate. 

SIGNAL ARM in plain 
sight when unlocked . 
You can't pull Arm 
down without lock- 
ing Sash. 

PERFECTLY Burglar 
Proof, with or with- 
out spring. 



PAYSON'S 

Latest Sasn Lou 



TRY IT! 




Sectional View. 



MADE BY 



Payson Manufacturing Company, 

CHICAGO. 

For Sale by A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 



PAYSON'S 

"SOLID GRIP" 

TRANSOM LIFTERS. 



STEEL BRACKET. 

STEEL LOCK- 

WELL MADE, 
DURABLE GOODS. 

Made in all Finishes 
from Bronzed Iron to 
Oxidized and Sand = blast 
Brass, Copper, Bronze, 
Silver and Gold Bronzed 
Iron. 



No. Price Each. 

643— 3xJ4 Malleable Trimmings'. . . .$0.25 

644—4x% Malleable Trimmings 30 

654— 4x 5 /i 6 Malleable Trimmings • • • .55 
655— 5x 5 /i« Malleable Trimmings ... .65 

MADE FY - , 

Payson Manufacturing Co. 

CHICAGO. 




Carried in Stock by 
A. F. SHAPLEIQH HARDWARE COMPANY, ST. LOUIS. 



A Rare Combination 



TRY OUR 

"BALL bearing" Quality, 

SHEARS. 



Finish, 



Cutting Power 



Combined Only 
in our 



Products, 




TRADE 



Reliance 

T 



MARK. 

ailors' ["I hears, 

n miners' Scissors, 
in tiers ^nips 



The W. H. Compton Shear Go. 



NEWARK, NEW JERSEY, U. S. A, 



For sale by A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE COMPANY. 




BANK RAILINGS 
WIRE GUARDS 
IRON GUARDS 
CALF WEANERS 
DOG MUZZLES 
WIRE CLOTHS * 



ELEVATOR GUARDS 

TREE GUARDS 

PARTITION RAILINGS 

OX MUZZLES 

SAND SCREENS 

NETTINGS ETC. ETC. 



A general line of plain and ornamental goods made of steel, iron, 
copper, brass, etc., in all styles of finish. 



BARBEE WIRE & IRON WORKS 



44 and 46 Dearborn St. 
CHICAGO 



or 



LA FAYETTE, INDIANA 



The most complete Catalogue published in the Wire and Iron 
Work line, FREE on APPLICATION. 



SAINT LOUIS, MO, 

MANUFACTURERS OF 



High Grade Yale, Russia Finish, 

.Patent Lock Stove Pipe. 




Pat. February 28, 1899. Trade Mark Reg. 
ALSO MAKERS OF 

DUPLEX PATENT LOCK STOVE PIPE, 

DOUBLE LOCK PEERLESS PIPE, 

STAR BORED WELL BUCKETS, 

RAIN PROOFS, OIL CANS, Etc. 

SEND FOR CATALOGUE. 



Our complete line is handled by A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 



ST. LOUIS, MO. 

MANUFACTURERS OF THE CELEBRATED 

New Ideal Heater for Coal 




ALSO MANUFACTURERS OF THE 



Modern, Windsor and Mabel Air Tight 
Heaters for Wood. 



L 



Both lines sold by A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE COMPANY. 






"FOX-ALL-STEEL" 

The Original Steel Pulleys. 



NO i 
SCREWS 



No. 3-2% in. Wheel 




NOISELESS 
TWO STYLES 



LIGHT, 
Small 

Freight 
Bills. 




No. 7—2% in. Wheel. 



No. 3 PULLEY— 2% INCH WHEEL, FOR A FOUR-HOLE MORTISE. 
No. 7 PULLEY-2^ INCH WHEEL, FOR EITHER A FOUR HOLE OR 

MACHINE MORTISE. 
No. 9 PULLEY— 1% INCH WHEELFOR EITHER 
A THREE HOLE OR MACHINE MORTISE. 




THE ONLY PULLEYS with a 

DURABLE BUSHING in the Wheels 
TO TAKE THE WEAR. 



No. 7 and No. 9 PULLEYS 

have Interlocking FASTENERS 

which can be depended upon to "HOLD." 



Section of No. 3. 

Showing Perfect 

Construction. 




Catalogue and Samples on Request 



Fox Machine Co., 



GRAND RAPIDS, 
MICH. 



Sold by A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 



WWJw 




DRAWER. 
No. 03210.-2% INCH, - $16.50. ALL BRASS. 




WARDROBE. 
No. 03121.-2x1% INCH, - $20.00. ALL BRASS. 




CHEST. 
No. 03005.-4 INCH, . $32.50. ALL BRASS. 

For Sale by A. F. SHAPLEIGH HARDWARE CO. 



NEW IDEA SPRING HINGE 






Made in plain and ornamental patterns, all sizes and 
finishes with blanks to match. 

The NEW IDEA has a center fixed pintle, which 
beconies the axis of the door; being fixed in the ears of 
jamb, it keeps the door from violent oscillation and posi- 
tively prevents it from sagging. Carries any width of 
door with ease; admits of using two finishes to a hinge to 
match the finish of other hardware in rooms connected by 
the door. 

It possesses the highest merit and was the selective 
choice of the Architect of the U. S. Capitol for the 
mahogany doors of the Senate Chamber, and is used in 
many of the principal buildings throughout the U. S. 
and specified by the Leading Architects. 

MANUFACTURED BY 

STOVER MANUFACTURING CO. 

FREEPORT, ILL. 



EASY SPRING HINGE COMPANY, 

SHELBY, - - - - OHIO. 

MANUFACTURERS OF THE 

EASY DOUBLE=ACTINQ SPRING HINGE 



The "Easy" Hinge 
combines all essential 
features in a first- 
class hinge. Will hold 
against a draught. 
Door cannot sag from 
the jamb. Air and 
dust-proof. Tension 
screw always in sight. 
Adjustment easy 
and quick. 




As applied with Door and 

Jamb, with Face Plates 

removed. 

Interior doors not ex- 
posed to strong draughts 
may be hung on half 
blanks, giving good, 
easy service, and more 
economical. 

One pair in box, with 
Screws. 

Japanned are not 
packed with Screws. 



We recommend this HINGE. 



Write us for prices and full 
particulars. 

A. F. SHAPLEIGH HOW. CO. 



Showing Hinge and Blank when the Door is 
Hung, with Face Plates attached. 



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